^;^..":.a?- 


EMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


A 


1.0 


11.25 


14  i 


1.8 


U    111.6 


V 


/] 


:>:) 


:V 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  873-4503 


^^•* 


Ld> 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CrHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


A 


©1984 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


Th 
to 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  bm  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  imapes  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  6td  pc  9sible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-dtre  unioues  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  mdthode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiqu^s  ci-desffous. 


P< 
of 
fll 


□    Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 

□    Covers  damaged/ 
Couverture  endommagie 

□    Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurie  et/ou  pelliculde 

□    Cover  title  missing/ 
Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


□   Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 

I — I    Pages  damaged/ 


D 


v/ 


Pages  endommagies 

Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restauries  et/ou  pelliculies 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  ddcolor^es,  tacheties  ou  piqu^es 


Oi 
be 
th 
si( 
ot 
fii 
8i( 
or 


□    Coloured  maps/ 
C 


D 


D 


Cartes  gdographiques  en  couleur 


Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  tfue  bleue  ou  noire) 


Coloui^ed  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 


I I    Planches  et/ou  iUustrations  en  couleur 


Bound  with  other  materia.'/ 
Relii  avec  d'autres  documents 


□    Pages  detached/ 
Pages  ddtach^es 

rrj    Showthrough/ 
1^— I   Transparence 

□    Quality  of  print  varies/ 
Qualit^  ini&gain  de  I'impresseon 

□    Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  materiel  supplementaire 


Tl 

sr 

Tl 
w 

M 
di 
er 
b( 

"f 
re 


D 


D 


Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  re  liure  serr6e  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  intirieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajouties 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  dtait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6t6  filmdes. 


D 

D 


Only  edition  av.iilable/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  ref limed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  pnt  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6t^  filmies  A  nouveau  de  facon  d 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


D 


Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppldmentaires: 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  filmi  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqui  ci-dessous. 

10X  14X  18X  22X 


y 


26X 


30X 


12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


The  copy  filmed  here  hes  been  reproduced  thenks 
to  the  generosity  of: 


I  Library  of  the  Public 
Archives  of  Canada 


L'exemplaire  f  ilmA  f  ut  reproduit  gr&ce  t  la 
g6n6rositA  de: 

La  bibliothdque  des  Archives 
publiques  du  Canada 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  logibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Les  images  suivantes  ont  6t6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  at 
de  la  netteti  de  l'exemplaire  film6.  et  en 
conformit6  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
fiimage. 


Original  copies  in  printed  peper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  iliustratAd  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  -^-(meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 

Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  ar;d  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrnte  the 
method: 


Les  oxemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimte  sont  fiimte  en  commenpant 
par  le  premier  plat  at  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
derniAre  page  qui  comporte  una  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  salon  I?  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exempiaires 
originaux  sont  fiimis  en  commenpant  par  la 
premiftre  page  qui  comporto  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  at  en  terminant  par 
la  derniAre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  de&  symboies  suivants  apparaltra  sur  la 
dernlAre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  seion  le 
cas:  le  symbole  — ►  signifie  "A  SbiVRE",  le 
symbols  ▼  signifie  "FIN". 

Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc..  peuvent  Atre 
fiimte  A  des  taux  de  iMuction  diffirents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grani  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seui  cliche,  il  est  f  ilm6  A  partir 
de  I'angle  supArieur  gauche,  de  gauche  A  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenf»rit  le  nombre 
d'images  nicessaire.  Les  diagremmes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mAthode. 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

Akohso  Rock.— Macklnjic. 


"-  < 


i 


\\ 


i^j'*'. 


"  I 


7 


'<- 


I    I 

;;<^ 


>h 


n 


.i  - 


THE  GREAT  LAKES, 


OB 


INLAND  SEAS  OF  AMERICA; 


BMBBAOINO  ▲  rULL  DBSCUFTION  or 


LAKES  SUPEIUOR,  HURON,  MICHIGAN,  ERIE,  KW  ONTARIO;       .- 

BIVBES  ST.  MAET,  ST.  CLAIR,  DETROIT,  NIAGARA,  AND  ST.  LAWBBNOB: 

LAKE    WINNIPEG,    ETC.:  /* 


,V'*'= 


TOOXTHZS  WITH  TIU 


.    1 


COMMERCE    OF   THE    LAKES, 


'■jft-^L-     '■  /"t    ""■^^f^im.-ii  ■,»j.'i 


.■  ■<_£-   /•*-3^_-i^ 


TRIPS  THROUGH  THE  LAKES: 


s%if»< 


GIYINO    ▲    DESCRIPTION    OF    CITIES,   TOWNS,    BTO. 


POBMIKO  ALTOOXTHBB 


<'».■' Ill  »«».Mi<^ili(jliiV  II  II  *.^mM 


li  Complete  ^uibe 


FOB    THS    PLEASURE    TRAVELLER    AND    KMiaBANT. 


'T/ 


-.A.^.'-A.^V'-: 


Wii^  iSLvi^  anil  BSmbtlltclmtntB. 


.'«.-*>..-^.  *■•■•■  ."t '. 


COMPILED   BY   J.    DISTUENELL, 

AUTHOB  or  TIU  **  PCOTVBBt^CB  T0UBI8T,'"  BTa 


■•<*', 


•  Sr  .nAiH^.    ,     --«*'.','     *■  ^'^.  • 


,^;..V 


..{-t^^-r  ...  ..*^/...-.  NEW   YORK: 

PX7BI:jISSIGI>    by     CHEA^RI^SS     SCRrBKlSR* 

NO.      124r     GRAND     STREET, 


•<. 


^^<^» 


H.  M  -  a  Ik  1 


rt  r 


I  811^  ( 


M  % 


m 


■:45^»*'tf<J««j!;>!,'t^*iJ   ^    ^^f:>^..,  .,  ,  V 


''I 


4  t^  i 


.1 


i'r  mi-i:.-.mj   yU-H?!! 


I 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Oongress,  in  the  year  1863,  by 

JOHJSJ   DISTURNlLL, 

In  the  Clerk*8  OfBoe  of  the  District  Court  of  the  United  States  for  the  Southern 

DistrictofN^wTork."^       *    *     i^^i#i^ 


V 


■^^"t07  7-'fr:/' 


vv 


-  •'*ti»4si^'i"'i 


17  dl 


^  /. ;» 


7- 


■■■i'i:. 


■  Kl^*'! 


PREFACE. 


•  mam}  W  }tis«(l9.G^i  "(^iriitf;'^' 


In  presenting  to  the  Pablio  the  present  volame,  entitled  '^  The  Gbbat 
LAKESt  or  '  Inland  Sbas'  of  America,*'  embracing  the  Magnitude  of  the 
Lakes — Commerce  of  the  Lakes — ^Trip  through  the  Lakes — ^Route  from 
Lake  Superior  to  Lake  Winnipeg — ^Tables  of  Distances,  etc.,  together 
with  a  Description  of  Niagara  Falls  and  the  St.  Lawrence  River,  the 
Compiler  wishes  to  return  his  sincere  thanks  for  the  liberal  patronage 
and  the  matiy  kind  favors  received  from  those  who  have  doubly  assisted 
him,  by  contributing  reliable  and  useful  information  in  regard  to  the 
many  interesting  localities  in  which  the  Great  Valley  of  the  Lakes  and  of 
the  St*  Lawrence  abounds,  affording  altogether  many  new  and  interest- 
ing facts  of  great  importance  to  the  Tourist,  who  may  wish  to  visit  the 
Inland  Seas  of  America  for  health  or  pleasure;  the  tour  being  one  of 
the  most  healthy,  picturasque,  and  wonderful — when  viewed  as  a 
whole,  from  Lake  Winnipeg  to  .Lake  Superior,  and  thence  to  the  Gulf 
of  St.  Lawrence — on  the  fiice  of  the  globe.  i?f*5  f*s  .ry^^-^rr^^  ^•iikl '« » 

In  the  arrangement  and  compilation  of  this  work  every  attempt  has 
been  made  to  render  the  information  it  contains  concise  and  truthful. 
The  Magnitude  and  also  the  Commerce  of  the  Lakes  are  themes  of  great 
interest,  they  now  being  whitened  by  a  large  fleet  of  sail-vessels,  in  ad- 
dition to  the  swift  steamers  and  propellers  which  plough  the  waters  of 
these  Great  Lakes,  transporting  annually  large  numbers  of  passengers, 
and  an  immense  amount  of  agricultural  and  mineral  products,  to  and 
from  the  different  ports. 


iv 


PRKFACB. 


Lake  Superior,  the  Ultima  Thule  of  many  travellers,  can  now  be 
easily  reached  by  lines  of  steamers  starting  from  Cleveland  and  Detroit, 
running  through  Lake  Huron  and  the  St.  Mary's  River ;  or  from  Chi- 
cago and  Milwaukee,  passing  through  Lake  Michigan  and  the  Straits 
of  Mackinac.  All  these  routes  are  fully  described,  in  connection  with 
the  CoUingwood  Route,  and  Route  to  Green  Bay ;  affording  altogether 
ample  and  cheap  opportunities  to  visit  every  portion  of  the  Upper 
Lakes  and  their  adjacent  shores.  fi«*i^''~''''^<='***'**^'^"'*"»^^^^^^ 


^,w>WV«JiM 


The  most  noted  places  of  Resort  are  Mackinac,  Saut  Ste.  Mario,  Muni- 
sing,  near  the  Pictured  Rocks,  Marquette,  Houghton,  Copper  Harbor, 
Ontonagon,  Bayfield,  and  Superior  City.  If  to  these  should  be  added 
a  Trip  to  the  North  Shore  of  Canada,  visiting  Michipicoten  Island,  Fort 
William,  and  other  interesting  localities — passing  Isle  Royale,  attached 
to  the  State  of  Michigan — the  intelligent  Tourist  would  see  new  wonders 
of  almost  indescribable  interest,  while  inhaling  the  pure  atmosphere  of 
this  whole  region  of  Lake  Country.  Among  the  Mineral  Regions  may 
be  found  objects  of  interest  sufficient  to  induce  the  tourist  to  spend 
some  weeks  or  months  in  exploration,  hunting,  and  fishing ;  and  i^  added 
to  this,  should  be  included  a  journey  to  the  Upper  Mississippi  Valley, 
or  Lake  Winnipeg,  an  entire  season  could  be  profitably  employed,  r  ^\ 

For  a  fUll  description  of  the  Lower  St.  Lawrence,  Lake  Champlain, 
Saguenay  River,  etc.,  the  Traveller  is  referred  to  the  ^'Piotubesqux 
TouBisT,"  issued  a  few  y^tos  since.  *«jWi0e^ik*>>!fe  to  #I*imIi^ 

New  Yobk,  Jtdy,  iscd,.^^^-;. W  ^'^s^^^'l^ 


l^v;;l0-:;;ifceiiiQ:KTft*  essfi^moii  i%^^|«e 


Ji 


0^ 


H;y^\ 


CONTENTS. 


i»4 


'^w  v-i'j'^- 


PART  L 


"XW«»v'iS't«Ti**?«' 


•*t-,t'<,i-tTtil<K)&'t5.iF- 


.V- » 


l*Iagnltnde  of  the  I^akei  or  <*  Inland  Seaf.^—Iake  Superior,  13 
Lake  Michigan — Green  Bay — ^Lake  Huron — Georgian  Bay — ^Lake  St  Clair — 

Lake  Erie, -. U 

Lake  Ontario — ^Tributaries  of  the  Lakei^  Ac, 1ft 

Lake  and  River  Navigation, 16 

Altitudes — Top^raphy  and  Meteorology, 17 

Upper  Lakes— lie  White  Fish, 18 

Fish  of  the  Upper  Lakes, 19 

Physical   Character  of  the  Mississippi  Basin  .—Physical  Character  of  the 

St.  Lawrence, ; t' 20 

Dimensions  of  the  Great  Lakes — Progress  of  Devdopment, 31 

Lunar  Tidal  Wave  in  the  Great  Lakes, 22 

Remarkable  Phenomena— Rising  and  Falling  of  the  WAters,  .....* 24 


■i\4mvifii:-s  >sari-r:/rJ 


PART  Ih-h-i^ju^jyili  'h'lmwiti^f^fim^-m 


Commerce  of  the  lAket.— Early  History, . .  /r.\ . . . v.' : .  .^. 2ft-2» 

First  Steamboat  on  Lake  Erie, 29 

Tonnage  of  the  Lake  Districts  in  the  United  States 30 

Commeroe  of  Buffalo,  1864 — Canadian  Inlaud  and  Ocean  Navigation 31 

New  York"lState  Canals 32 

Imports  of  Breadstuffs  into  Great  Britain — Fisheries,  Ac. 33 

Lumber  and  Staves — Copper  of  Lake  Superior ......  *-^~i  ^  *^  •-. » « »»#,*>« . » • .     34 

Bumness  on  Lake  Superior — Shipments  of  Copper.. . ... . . : . .  ^i . ; .... ... . .     35 

Ircm  and  Iron  Ore — Shipments,  &c. 36 

Iron  and  Iron  Ore  of  Lake  Superior ,%**  <v*v  i;4i  iv^^"  ii . .  .37-38 

Peninsula  Railroad  of  Michigan .......'..'.... 39 

Canal  Commerce — Erie  Canid 40-^1 

Trade  and  Commerce  of  Chicago ,..  .^2-43 

Product  of  Breadstuffs  for  Exportation— Shipments  of  Flour  and  Grain 44 

Pork  and  Beef  Packing— Beef  Cattle ^ *    44 


'•»>'-^'.- 


PART  in. 


~ri^  ^'i 


■'ifj  la-^fh^i^im  f! ' 


■fft- '-. 


Trip  Through  the  I^kes.— BuffUo, ^ .  >. ;  v^  i . . . ; . .  46 

Buffalo  to  DaTBOir — North  Shore  Route, , . .  47 

Port  Colbome— Port  Dover — Port  Burwell — ^Port  Stanley,  Ac, 48 

Pomt  Pelee-^Detroit  River — ^Amherstburg — Sandwich — ^Windsor— fto., 49 

Roun  FBOU  Niagara  Falls  to  Haioltoit  and  Dstboit. — St.  Catharines —  . 

Dundas,  Ac., 50 

Paris— Weodstodkr-Ingersoll — London — Chatham,  Ae.,.. SI 


flONTKlCTS. 


\ 


Buffalo  to  Godbrioh,  0.  W.— Dunville— Brantford,  Ac, 5S 

Godorich—Tablo  of  Distanoes  from  BuilUo  to  Toledo, . , 63 

Buffalo  to  Clevbland,  Tolido,  Ac— Dunkirk,  Barcelona,  Ac, 64 

Brie — Conneaut — Ashtabula — Fairport,  Paineaville,  Ac, 66 

Cleveland — Perry  Monument, 66 

Stsauboat  Routbfrom  Clbvsland  to  Dxtroit, 67 

Black  River — Vermilion — Huron — Sandusky — Toledo,  Ac, ....   68 

.  Bailroads  Diverging  from  Toledo — Perrysburgh, 69 

Maumee  Gity — Monroe— Trenton,  Ac. — Route  Around  Lake  Erie, 60 

Ohio  and  Erie  Canals — Fort  Wayne, 61 

Table  of  Distances  from  Cleveland  and  Detroit  to  Superior, 62 

•Detboit— Railroads,  Ac, '. 63 

■    Detroit  River^-Ile  la  Perche, • 64 

Dbtboit  to  Milwaukbb — Increase  of  Lake  Cities, 66 

Qrand  Rapids — Grand  Haven,  Ac, 66 

Tbip  from  Detroit  to  Magkinao,  Chicago,  Ac. — Trip  Across  Lake  Michigan, . .  '67 

Ashby,  Algonao — Newport — St.  Clair,  Ac., *.• .  j«'#«i^i; .  68 

'    Southerland — Port  Huron — Fort  Gratiot — Sarnia,  Ac, i^...\..  69 

BoiTTR  FROM  Sarnia  TO  GoDiRiCH,  Ac. — Kincardine — Saugeen, 70 

BouTB  FROM  Port  Huron  to  Saoinaw  City— East  Saginaw,  Ac, 71 

Lake  Huron— Si^aw  Bay — ^Tawas  Bay,  Ac, -. 72 

LowBR  Peninsula  of  Mighioak — Alpenu — Duncan,  Ac, . .  • 73 

Old  Mackinac — Grand  Traverse  City — Manistee — Grand  Haven,  Ac, 74 

Steamboat  Route  from  Detroit  to  Green  Bay,  Ac, 76 

,    Green  Bay — ^Port  Howard— Oconto,  Ac, ..-. .<.*..«.r... ..:....  76 

.  Nenomee  City — Pensaiikee — Peshtigo — Gcna,  Ac,, 77 

Orbbn   Bat  to  Fond  Du  Lao. — DePere— Kaukauna — Appleton — Neenah — 

Oshkosb,  Ac, .;»,-r,«K«^ ^■■yv-*  ^  •  • 77^78 

Fond  Du  Lac— Meeting  of  th^  Waters, 79 

Ports  of  Lake  Michigan. — Michigan  City,  Ac, 79 

New  Buffalo— St.  Joseph— Niles— South  Haven— Holland,  Ac, 80 

Chicago.— Railroad  Routes,  Ac, 80-81 

Distances  from  Chicago  to  Mackinac,  Ac, ...;,.,•  82 

Ni-VAL  VESSELa  on  the  LABJea — Mississippi  and  Michigan  Canaly. . .  .-i.ji.^,^:,^  83 

Route  from  Chicago  to  Mackinac  and  Saut  Stb.  Maris,  .,|.,^|H««r«:jtM>irii»*;^r«  ^^ 

.  Waukegan — Kenosha — Bacino— Milwaukee, ; .♦.....'.  8C 

Granaries  of  Iowa,  Minnesota  and  Wisconsin, 86 

.  Sheybo;  gan — Manitouwoc — Kewaunee — Ahneepee,  Ac, 87 

Manitou  Islands— Fox  Islands— Beaver  Islands— Strait  of  Mackiuac,  Ac, 88 

MAOKiNAa— =1^e  Town  and  Fortress, 89 

Lover's  Leap— Altitudes  of  Various  Points, 90 

Arched  Rock — Sugar  ■  Loaf,  Ac, 91 

Island  of  Mackinac, - 91-92 

ilound  Island— St.  Martm's  Bay— Doint  de  Town— St.  Joseph's  Island—  ?■ 

Lime  Island,  Ac ^3 

^  JTebish  Ishmd— Sugar  Island- Lake  George— Church's  Landing,  Ac ; 94 

St  Mart's  River— Description  of 96 

Saut  Stb.  Marie— Fort  Brady, 96 

Bt,  Marj's  Sh%>  OaBal^—dosoripMeA  cf . . .  4^^*:*^:; «  :U% m*' ............ r^  ^ w^> :  97 


4 


CONTlirTt. 


▼tt 


Dutahoh  from  Ck^LLiNowooo  TO  Saut  Ste.  If  ABia— opening  and  Closing  of 

Navigation, ft 

CoUingwood— Fisheries  Ac, •....".  .;..:.V  ^10 

OsoROiAN  Bat — CJollinuwood  to  Saut  Stc  Maris — PoneUuQ'mishene,  &o.,. . . .  100 
Owen's  Sound — Lonely  Island — Smith's  Bay — She-ba-wa-ui  -ning,  Aa,..f . . .  101 
Man-i-tou-wah-ning — Little  Curreut — ^Bnice  Mines,  Ac., « 102 

TlliP  FROM  COLLINOWOOD  TO  FORT  WiLUAM,  C.  W., 103-106 

Distances  Around  Lake  Superior, , 106 

Obaio)  Pleasure  Excursion  Around  Lajks  Supibiob, 106 

Keweenaw  Point — Light  Houses,  &a, 107 

White  Fish  Point— Point  au  Sable, 108 

PiOTURRD  RooK»— The  Chapel,  Ac, 109-113 

Luke  Superior  Region — Grand  Island — Muuising,  Ac, 1  l4i 

Remabkablr  Phenomena — Monumental  Rock, 115-118 

Rise  and  Fall  of  the  Waters  of  Lake  Superior, 117 

MARQUETTE — Iron  Mountain, '. 118 

Trout  Fishing — Bay  de  Noquet  and  Marquette  Railroad, 119 

Granite  Island — Huron  Isles — L'/ince — Portage  Entry — Houghton, 120 

Portage  Lake — Hancockw— Keweenaw  Point, 121 

Copper  Harbor — Agate  Harbor— Eagle  Harbor — Eagle  River — Ontonagon. . .  122 
Lake  Superior — Its  Climate  and  Health-Restoring  Influence 123 

;  Ia  Pomte— ^Madeline  Island, 124 

''  Layfield — Ashland — Twelve  Apostles'  Islands, 126 

Healthy  Influence  of  Lake  Superior, ....   128 

Superior  City— Tablo  of  Distances — Fond  du  Lac, 127 

St  Louis  River — Portland — Cli(ton — Buchanan — Encampment — Beaver  Bay — 
Pigeon  Bay  and  River, 128 

Northern  Shore  of  Lake  Superior — Isle  Royale,.. ,,ix,mi,^i,  Il0 

Fisheries  of  I^ake  Superior — ^Trout  Fishing, ..»•...  130 

.  f  Vessels  Lost  in  the  Lake  Superior  Trade, •-#,. «..«».. .  131 

The  Lakes — Land  of  the  Free,  Ac, ;i .  ^.  '132 

Trip  Alon^  the  North  Shore  or  Lake  Superior, 133 

Taquamenon  Bay — Mamainse  Point — Montreal  Island — Michipiooten  Harbor,  133 

.  4:  Midiipicoten  Island — Caribou  Island — Otter  Bay — Slate  Island, 134 

i  ^  Copper  Regions  of  Lake  Superior — North  Shore, *  .-'* » v.-;  •  i  *1. ; '1^4 

<;  >  Fort  William,  C.  W.— McKay 's  Mountain— Kaministiquai  River, 13tt 

'^Thunder  Bay— Pie  Island— Black  Bay— Neepigon  Bay— Island  of  St.  IgnMe^  138 


Houte  from   Lake   Superior  to   I^ake  'VHnniptif ^ 

^        Dog  Lake — Savan  or  Prarie  Portage,  Ac, \  ^  ,^ ^ . .  j3t 

::tS>vftii  River— Rainy  Lake  and  River — Lake  of  the  Woods, ^ ... .  ,138 

.V  .^Winnipeg  River — Lake  Wi»nipeg, 13% 

c-  Lakes  in  the  Valley  of  the  Saskatchewan — Red  Riy^r  of  the  Nqr^. . . ......  140 


Red  River  Settlejment, 


;  \\ 


1421 


XHstaMW  frMi  Vtrt  WiUiMi  t9 Fort  Alexaiid#r,  Fort  Q«ai7,  A*., 14i 


riiX 

""nrtpool  and  RaDida—inii     '■■-• 148 

^P^^  of  them  uZ:r^';i-;;^ ^''^^^  ^es^Situation. 

• 162 


-»t» 


''^'^''^^^mA&^Mk^aqi^^ni,:^        PART  VT 


.  ^^^iS^l^Jt'^^^^  *■'■■■■■■■■ 

„,.   ^PIJ.  4c. '^"^"'M  to  GreMTflJf^;" 1»S 

*•'••  "'" »'«^«B  ADmnaa.ssiiT'**''^"'-  ' ■■■■■■"■ "* 


■    I      '  ■*  ,.  ' 

>  '-       • 

TAILS  OP  DI8TAKCS8, 

From  Boston,  Mew  York,  PlUladolpbla  an^  Baltimore,  to 
BllaffHra  Falls,  BnHkilo,  Cleveland.  Ac. 

Milea. 

1.  BoBTOir  to  Albany,  via  Wutam  Railroad  of  Massachusetts, 200 

Albany  to  Ntaoara  Falls,  via  New  York  Cereal  Bailroad, 300 — 506 

Nlaoara  Falls  to  Detroit,  Mich.,  via  Oreat  Weatem  Railtoay  of  Canada,.  280 — ?36 

2.  "Skw  YOUK  to  Alb Axr,  y\A  Hudton  Rumr  Railroad, 145 

Albany  to  Buffalo,  via  Nsw  York  Central  Railroad, 298 — 443 

3.  Niw  York  to  Buffalo,  via  Brie  Railway, 432 

Buffalo  to  Cleveland,  Ohio,  via.  Lake  Shore  Railroad, 1R3 — 615 

4.  Ksw  ToBK  to  Harrisbubo,  via  iV.  J.  Central  Railway, 181 

Harbibbubo  to  Pittsburgh,  via  Penntylvvnia  Central  Raihvad, 249 — 131 

PiTTSBUKdH  to  CLEVELAtn>,  via  Pittsburgh  and  Cleveland  Ibnlway, 160 — 581 

6    Philaoelhhia  to  Pittsburgh,  via  Pennsylvania  Central  Railroad, 366 

PiTTBBUBGH  to  CLEVELAND.  Via  Pittsburgh  and  Cleveland  Railroad, 150 — 506 

6.  Philadelphia  to  Eluiba,  via  Philadelphia  and  Elmira  Railway, .^  •  v      SV6 

Elmiba  to  Buffalo,  via  Erie  Railway, , 159—434 

7.  BAi/nifOBE  to  Habbisbubg,  via  Northern  Central  Railway ^, 85 

Harribburg  to  Eliora,  N.  Y.       *♦-  "■ ' '^    f    ^-  '■:  ^    "..,.......  .ITl— 256 

Elmiba  to  Buffalo,  via  Erie  Railway, .159 — il5 

8.  Baltimobb  to  PitTSBtTROH,  via  Pennsylvania  Central  Railroad, 334 

PrrTSBUBOH  to  Cliv.>  iANS,  Ohio,  via  Pittsburgh  and  Cleveland  RaHroad,,  150 — 484 
Cleveland  to  Dbtboi.,  Mich.,  via  Steamboat  Route,.. : 120 — 604 

Boston  to  New  YOBK,  i?a»rroadi?oa««,.V.V; 236 

Kew  Yobk  to  Philadelphia,  Railroad  Route, 90 — 326 

PmiiAIMELPHIA  to  BaLTDI OBE,         "  "    98-— 124 

Baltimobb  to  Washxnoton,         "  "    40 — 164 


i> 


4-  ' 

«if ^^^^li»lfl  BAILBOAB  AHB  BTEAKBOAT  KOtlTZ,  ^'^^^  ****5  ^ 
;f  ;    >  Prom  Hew  York  to  jAke  Superior.  .  (^^eji 

■■■"■•r  • '':'^'  >■  >jf.-i;s;w«j:'.^"fti"  t*J..'J.-'»'w   Vr^^'i'arjji^.- 

^^ii^^li/v    ST0PPINOPLA0B8.       HH^'i  »  »i^i?    s^*'^    Totol  Miles.      TTeual  Tiina.  'I*^'^ 

,  ;'ih,   '■"■        .    w;-A,j.-«.-^..  ^"•«*i*^^^  i?r-'v  j::-^  ^...-■.  .,   -,  Hours.      "'^■••^ 

^iv     Nbw  Yoke  to  Aiuuant,  by  RaOroad :>  j,.    l46  '  ' ''  ^  #  ^  >->^>i   -^ 

^  ^     Albany  TO  BuFPAio,  ^^"  ^-    " 298     443  10    '*^  "^^"^ 

—^^1      Albany  to  Nuoara  Falls,     " 304         '   •■    -      *  -    -   -^i^^i^   ^^ 

BUPFALO  to  ClevblaniJ,  Ohio,  " 183     626  '      -^.  •>  ?<   <  i 

Glbysland  TO  Detroit,  by  <Sifeam&oai; 120     746  -.'•    ^  >♦>   ^-^'^' 

DsTRorf  TO  Port  Huron,       " 13     819  fV^rt 

'          Port  Huron  to  SautStb.  Marie  " 271(1,096  i| 

f^-      Saut  Stb.  Marie  to  Marquette  " 160  1,256  '     Jit  Ji^^        ' 

:^V*.,-  ■ -^^ -;-H -< .  .i   ■ 

Marquette  to  Ontonagon,         " 226  1,482              ft           ^  -ii 

Ontonagon  to  Bayfield,            "......      78  1,560           ;^  ^  J/ .    •  Z 

Baytibld  to  Superior  OiTT,        " 80  1,640                t  2 

.    ,  „  Total  Running  Time,  4  days  and  12  hours.  ^  ;      r^    .v^u  v  4  4 

■   W   ..'"-'"^    ;    K- .  ,,^«.    ,■•.    .    ■     ■;,)'  ■     -,   ■     ■  ■    •      •     •  ■i.„,i«^»^_  ■       ■     '"'■i- 

,      .  ■     -     ,    '...     -v.  ..i»4  .■•     •      V   ,'3'. -.•y-'' _.,?*  Jt  ■iJ' 

Usual  Fabs  lh>m  New  York  to  Buffalo. $9  36 

fe>.v ?./.•*        •*      New  York  to  Oleveland,  C 14  36         & 

>iJ  ^    f     •         •  New  York  to  Dciroit,  Mich 16  35-:^''^ 

'mi-  •  •:■-  >'q 

.^»^^,^  Diroon  to  Lake  Superior  and  Return ^   -a  >    .,,; , 

fe-&'^ ,     .....'■         -       .■-"-   '''■•'"'  ■"*'■* -^"'"^..'S 

_.v-^  -z^-     ^   .,■..--.,....■....  .         •  ^  -     f  .     .  ^ 

o  * 

"  •  ^-  -.      -  i  ■  ■  ^  '     • "  V 

■-■ ,'  '"-'  ■•'  .  -       ,    .,  t<J© 

.      '■-.-.       .  .....  '.■•.,  .  >.      ■  A*l 


•^^■Mi^  kmft  tiT.i  ^fs-tt/y^f 


■  Q JJJ^-  • ',  *  ''  "^"^      Marquette  In  1M4.    ' ^  »<^^^^»<<  ^f-  .»^;iti^3«^ 


:.^n:^ 


:\ 


15  ■  '^  ^^ 


.t'ja 


Extract  from  the  Lake  Superior  Mning  Jowmai,  Ikeember,  1864. 


d  'W}  ^iiif^ 


Baring  the  present  year  our  town  and 
vicinity  have  made  steady  and  substan- 
tial advance  in  all  its  interests.  Our  iron 
— ^the  great  staple  of  the  district,  the  in- 
dex of  civilization  on  the  dial-plate  of 
time — has  become  moro  widely  known, 
and  secured  the  investment  of  nearly 
$4,000,000  of  capital  in  our  county,  large- 
ly increasing  the  valuation  of  red  cstHio 
as  well  as  idl  other  property.  Thirteen 
new  mines  have  been  opened,  out  of 
which  only  one  has  afforded  so  poor  a 
prospect  as  to  be  abandoned. 

We  have  shipped  248,000  gross  tons  of 
iron  ore  from  our  docks,  and  supplied 
about  25,000  tons  to  tlio  several  furnaces, 
making  a  product  of  nearly  HOO.UOO  net 
tons  for  the  district  The  prit'C  of  this 
ore  on  the  docks  has  ranged  from  five 
dollars  to  seven  and  one-half  dollars  per 
ton,  or  an  aggregate  valuation  of  $1,500,- 
000.  The  sum  total  of  shipments  for  the 
several  mines  for  the  season  have  been 
as  follows: 

Jackson 6&,228  grou  tons. 

Lak68uperlor 98.929 

Pittabarch  and  Lake  Angcline. .  19,000         ** 
Clevelaad 64,148         •♦ 

Our  charcoal  pig  furnaces  have  become 
a  very  valuable  adjunct  to  our  iron  mi- 
ning. We  have  now  seven  stacks  com- 
pleted, with  a  capacity  to  consuce  45,000 
tons  of  ore  next  season^  and  all  the  "  signs 
of  tiie  times"  indicate  that  they  will  be 
fully  employed.  The  manufacture  of 
charcoal  pig  has  this  year  proved  one  of 
the  very  best  investuients  in  the  county 
— as  the  statements  of  the  profits  of  the 
Morgan  Furnace,  which  appeared  in  our 
columns  a  few  weeks  ago,  will  show — a 
net  profit  of  220  per  cent,  in  ten  months. 

In  addition  to  cu"  iron  business,  the 
last  year  has  developed  a  new  and  valua- 


ble iuterest  in  two  parallel  ranges  of  hillfl 
which  extend  across  that  part  of  the  Up- 
per Peninsula  lying  between  Presque  Islo 
— three  miles  north  of  Marquette — and 
the  head  of  Keweenaw  Bay.  This  is 
known  as  the  Gk>ld  and  Silver  Lead  Region. 

The  geology  and  topography  of  this  dis- 
trict are  c'jite  peculiar,  and  we  think  the 
former  not  yet  well  known.  As  far  as  we 
have  seen  it  ourselves,  it  consists  prin- 
cipally of  metamorphic  slate — chlorltic, 
talcose,  silicious,  and  sometimes  bom- 
blendic  The  formation  is  very  irregular, 
and  frequently  cut  through  by  granite 
and  trap-dykes.  It  consists  for  the  most 
part  of  two  series  of  small  parallel  ridges 
running  in  a  northerly  and  southerly  di- 
rection, which  series  of  ridges  constitute 
two  parallel  hill  chains  extending  in  a 
west-northwest  and  east-southeast  direc- 
tion across  the  above-mentioned  part  of 
our  country.  These  ridges  are  quite 
abundant  in  quartz  veins,  whidi  have 
been  found  to  carry  auriferous  and  argen- 
tiferous ores.  -.  -  V 

Agriculturally,  rre  have  not  yet  at- 
tracted much  attention.  But  now,  the 
days  of  our  infancy  having  passed,  and 
the  word  having  gone  forth  that  we  are 
to  live,  it  is  beginning  to  be  understood 
that  we  afford  one  of  the  best  merkets  in 
the  States  for  all  kinds  of  produce.*  Our 
soil,  too,  contrary  to  an  opinion  generally 
received  a  few  years  ago,  ia  proving  rich 
for  agricultural  purposes.  The  foUov/ing 
products  for  this  year  are  believed  to  be 
very  near  the  exact  figures  for  thecotmty. 
We  expect  to  be  able,  however,  to  give 
our  readers  a  carefully  prepared  agricul- 
tural report  for  this  year,  compared  with 
the  products  of  last  year,  compiled  by 
Sidney  Adams,  Esq., — th«  moft  Qxteasivs 
farmer  in  the  county. 


^   *>K-! 


COPPER   AND    IRON    ORE. 


There  were  raised  20,000  bushels  of 
potatoes,  3,000  bushels  oi^ruta  bagas,  200 
tons  of  hay.  Some  estimate  of  the  prob- 
able amount  of  land  cultivated  in  potatoes 
can  be  made  from  Mr.  Adamses  farm.  He 
planted  seventeen  acres,  and  dug  nineteen 
hundred  bushels.  The  cost  of  cultivating 
the  hmd  was  $850,  and  the  value  of  the 
crop  $2,850,  making  a  clear  gain  of  $2,000. 

Mr.  George  Bublein  informed  us  a  few 
weeks  itgo  that  from  about  one  acre  of 
land  he  had  this  year  raised  three  hun- 
dred busbols  of  this  valuable  crop.  This 
was  a  large  yield,  but  there  no  longer  re- 
mains a  question  that  capital  invested 
here  in  agricultural  pursuits  will  return 
as  large  a  dividend  as  in  any  enterprise 
on  the  Lake. 

There  is  every  leason  to  believe  that 
wheat,  oats,  hay,  potatoes,  turnips,  and 
other  garden  vegetable  ^j  apples,  pears, 
cherries,  and  many  other  fruits,  can  be 
raised  here  abundantly. 

The  climate  of  Lake  Superior  is  well 
adapted  to  mining  and  manufacturing  iron 
upon  a  large  scale.  The  air  is  pure,  cool, 
and  bracing,  and  men  labor  without  fa- 
t^ue  or  depression  of  spirits ;  fevers  of 
every  description  are  unknown,  and  even 
contagious  diseases  lose  their  virulence 
in  that  invigorating  atmosphere.     It  is 


by  no  means  the  h3rperboreftn  and  inhos- 
pitable  region  which  it  is  by  many  sup- 
posed to  be.  Agricultural  products  which 
can  be  successfully  raised  in  Northern 
New  England  and  Lower  Canada,  can  be 
raised  in  the  Lake  Superior  region  as 
welL 

The  former  is  a  theory  of  thermomet- 
rical  observations  for  two  years,  ending 
September,  1859,  ^aken  at  Marquette,  and 
reported  to  the  Smithsonian  Institute ;  it 
will  serve  to  dispel  any  extravagant  no- 
tions, as  to  the  severity  of  the  cli^te : 


High. 

8ept  86" 
Oct  72 
Not.  49 
Dec.  41 
Jan.  44 
Feb.  49 
Mftr.  58 
April  65 
May  6d 
Juue  94 
July  92 
Aug.  90 


-1867-8- 

Low- 

Mt. 


-1858-9- 


88' 

25 
1 
5 
8 

12 

IS 

19 

28 

89 

44 

40 


MetkB  of 

th«  month. 

58.15-100* 
45ill 

23.87 

2ai6 

2&58 
12.72 
2a68 
87.19 
4475 
69.87 
68.68 
68.55 


Hish- 

Mt. 

88* 

78 

44 

88 
40 
41 
67 
62 
84 
81 
98 
97 


Loir- 
csU 

40* 
86 

15 

8 

9 
10 

1 

12 
84 
81 
40 
40 


MtMl  of 

iho  month. 

56.66-100* 

45.88 

81.09 

2460 

21.27 

19.76 

80.89 

3a79 

60.54 

64.13 

6&81 

61.17 


Mean  for  the  year. 

"  **      Autumn. . 

•'  •*     Winter  . . 

"  "     Spring... 

•*  **     Summer . 


1867-91 

.41.86 
.44.04 
.22.14 
.8a87 
.62.86 


1858-9. 

41.4ft 
4484 
21.87 
88J7 
61.98 


..I, 


Copper  and  Eron  Ore,  Tolls,  Ac. 

BxATURXT  of  Copper  and  Iron  Ore;  also,  Iron  lit  bars,  Ac,  passing  through  St  Mary^a  IShlp  Omal, 
.  ,  from  1865  to  1864  inolosive. 


Copper  

Iroa  ore  

Iron  in  bars,  dw. 


Tons, 


1855 

8,199 
1,447 


Copper  

Iron  ore 

Iron  in  bars,  &o. 


I860 

Tons,      8,614 

116,998 

5,1(69 


u 
w 


186S 

6,727 

11,597 
1,040 

18«1 

7,645 

45,887 

4,194 


1867 

6,760 

26,184 

1,825 


6,881 

118,014 

6,488 


18S8 

6,944 

81,085 

2,597 

1863 

10,018 

181,567 

8,000 


ISSt 

7,805 

66,769 

6,060 

1864 

8,662 

286,166 

12,961 


1' 


..'J 


Statkmint,  showing  the  Receipts  for  Toll  on  St  Mary>  Ship  Canal  *"      :.' 

1855     1856     1857     1858     1859     1860     1861     136S     1868     1864 

BMalpta 14,874       T,604     9,406     10,889     16,941    24,^77      16673     81,607     80,574     85,714 


and  inhos- 
Y  many  sup- 
Kiucts  which 
n  Northern 
lada,  can  be 

region  as 

thermomet- 
>ars,  en«Ung 
rquette,  and 
nstitute;  it 
^vagant  no- 
climate: 

Mean  of 

th«  moath. 

66.66.100* 

45.88 

81.09 

2i.60 

21.27^" 

19.T6    V- 

80.69 

8a79 

60.64 

64.13 

6&81 

6117 

r-a  1858-*. 


i"-*X^i. ;;  nx', 


a  ~i  /•  .*.        /J  V    ■■  ■ )       ;i  ; .'  "  '■■•■i  i\  2;  jk*' , . 


■'i  >  ->  '.'.S"^i;*-..vji!L''  M" 


^1 


■  r-. 


■fe. 


)4 
14 
J7 
16 


41.45 
44.84 
21.87 
8&87 
61.88 


185t 

.805       ,, 

;080   ,    '• 

l««4      vV 

,66S 
166 

951  '    -' 


IN4 

a^n4 


MAGNITUDE  OF  THE  LAKES,  OR  "INLAND  SEAS." 


)THING  but  a 
I  voyage  over  all  of 
[the  great  bodies  of 
I  water  forming  the 
"  Inland  Seas," 
[can  furnish  the 
tourist,  or  scientific 
explorer,  a  just 
idea  of  the  extent, 
depth,  and  clear- 
ness of  the  waters 
of  the  Great  Lakes  of  America,  together 
with  the  healthy  influence,  fertility,  and 
romantic  beauty  of  the  numerous  inlands, 
and  surrounding  shores,  forming  a  circuit 
of  about  4,000  miles,  with  an  area  of 
r\000  square  miles,  or  about  twice  the 
extent  of  the  State  of  New  York— ex- 
tending through  eight  degress  of  latitude, 
and  sixteen  degrees  of  longitude — this 
region  embracing  the  entire  hortli  half  of 
the  temperate  zoue,  where  the  purity  of 
the  atmosphere  vies  with  the  purity  of 
these  e-M^nsive  waters,  or  '*  Inland  Seas," 
being  connected  by  navigable  rivers  or 
straits. 

The  States,  washed  by  the  Great  Lakes, 
are  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  Mich- 
igan, Indiana,  IlUnois,  Wisconsin,  Minne- 
sota, and  Canada  West — ^the  boundary 
line  between  the  United  States  and  the 
British  Possessions  running  through  the 
centre  of  Lakes  Superior,  Huron,  St. 
Clair,  Erie,  and  Ontario,  together  with 
the  connecting  rivers  or  straits,  and  down 
the  St.  Lawrence  River  to  the  4Sth  paral- 
lel of  latitude.  From  thence  the  St. 
Lawrence  flows  in  a  northeast  direction 
throu^^  Canada  into  the  Gulf  of  St.  Law- 


'.'•■.  ■  ■■•  • 


rence.  The  romantic  beauty  of  the  rapids 
of  this  noble  stream,  and  its  majestic  flow 
through  a  healthy  and  rich  section  of 
country,  is  unsurpassed  for  grand  lake 
and  river  scenery. 

Lake  Superior,  the  largest  of  the 
Inland  Seas,  lying  between  46^  30'  and 
49"  north  latitude,  and  between  84''  30' 
and  92"  30'  west  longitude  from  Green« 
wich,  is  situated  at  a  height  of  600  feet 
above  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  from 
which  it  is  distant  about  1,500  miles  by 
the  course  of  itb  outlet  and  the  St.  Law- 
rence river.  It  is  460  miles  long  from 
east  to  west,  and  170  miles  broad  in  its 
widest  part,  with  an  average  breadth  of 
85  miles ;  the  entire  circuit  being  about 
1,200  miles.  It  is  800  feet  in  greatest 
depth,  extending  200  feet  below  the  level 
of  the  ocean.  Estimated  area,  31,500 
square  miles,  being  by  far  the  largest 
body  of  fresh  water  on  the  face  of  the 
globes-celebrated  alike  for  its  sparkling 
purity,  romantic  scenery,  and  uealthy  in- 
fluence of  its  surrounding  climate.  About 
one  hundred  rivers  and  creeks  are  said  to 
flow  into  the  lake,  the  greatest  part  being 
small  streams,  and  but  few  navigable  ex- 
cept for  canoes,  owing  to  numerous  falls 
and  rapids.  It  discharges  its  waters  east- 
ward, by  the  strait,  or  river  St.  Mary,  60 
miles  long,  into  Lake  Huron,  which  lies 
26  feet  below,  there  being  about  20  feet 
descent  at  the  Saut  Ste  Marie,  which  is 
overcome  by  means  of  two  locks  and  a 
ship  canal.  Its  outlet,  is  a  most  lovely 
and  romantic  stream,  embosoming  a  num- 
ber of  large  and  fertile  islands,  covered 
with  a  rich  foliage.  .  , 


'■Xt. 


14 


MAONITUDK 


OF    THE    LACEi, 


I^ake  michl^aii,  lying  576  ft.  above 
the  sea,  is  320  miles  long,  86  miles  broad, 
and  700  feet  deep;  area,  22,000  square 
miles.  This  lake  lies  wholly  within  the 
oonfines  of  the  United  States.  It  pre- 
sents a  large  expanse  of  water,  with  but 
few  islands,  except  near  its  entrance  into 
the  Straits  of  Mackinac,  through  which  it 
discharges  its  surplus  waters.  The  strait 
is  30  or  40  miles  in  length,  and  discharges 
its  accumulated  waters  into  Lake  Huron, 
on  nearly  a  level  with  Lake  Michigan. 
At  the  north  end  of  the  lake,  and  in  the 
Straits,  are  several  large  and  romantic 
islands,  affording  delightful  resorts. 

Oreeil  Bay,  a  most  beautify  ex- 
panse of  water,  containing  several  small 
islands,  lies  at  about  the  same  elevation 
as  Lake  Michigatf ;  it  irf  100  miles  long, 
20  miles  broad,  and  60  feet  deep ;  area, 
2,000  square  miles.  This  is  a  remarkably 
pure  body  of  water,  presenting  lovely 
shores,  surrounded  by  a  fruitful  and 
beftlthy  section  of  country. 
^  I^ake  Huron,  lying  at  a  height  of 
674  feet  above  the  sea,  is  250  miles  long, 
100  miles  broad,  and  750  feet  greatest 
depth;  area,  21,000  square  miles.  This 
lake  is  almost  entirely  free  of  islands, 
presenting  a  large  expanse  of  pure  water. 
Its  most  remarkable  feature  is  Saginaw 
Bay,  lying  on  its  western  border.  The 
waters  of  this  lake  are  now  whitened  by 
the  sails  of  commerce,  it  being  the  great 
thoroughfare  to  and  from  Lakes  Michigan 
and  Superior. 

Geors^ian  Bay,  lying  northeast  of 
Lake  Huron,  and  of  the  same  altitude, 
being  separated  by  islands  and  headlands, 
lies  wholly  within  the  confiues  of  Canada. 
It  is  140  miles  long.  55  miles  broad,  and 
500  feet  in  depth ;  area,  5,000  square 
miles.  In  the  Nbrtk  Channel,  which  com- 
municates with  St.  Mary's  River,  and  in 
Georgian  Bay,  are  innumerable  islands 
and  islets,  forming  an  interesting  and  ro- 
mantic feature  to  this  pure  body  of  water. 
All  the  above  bodies  of  water,  into  which 


are  discharged  a  great  number  of  streami, 
find  an  outlet  by  the  River  St.  Clair,  com- 
mencing  at  the  foot  of  Lake  Huron, 
where  it  has  only  a  width  of  1,000  feet, 
and  a  depth  of  from  20  to  60  feet,  flowi&g 
with  a  rapid  current  downward,  38  miles, 
into 

E<ake  St.  Clair,  which  is  26  miles 
long  and  about  as  majiiy  broad,  with  ^ 
small  depth  of  water;  the  most  difiScui 
navigation  being  encountered  in  passing 
over  " St.  Clair  Flats"  where  only  about 
12  feet  of  water  is  aiTorded.  Detroit  Riv^, 
27  miles  in  length,  is  the  recipient  of  all 
the  above  waters,  flowing  southward 
through  a  fine  section  of  country  int- 

l<ake  Erie,  the  fowrtk  great  lake 
of  this  immense  chain.  This  latter  lak3 
again,  at  an  elevation  above  the  sea  of 
564  feet,  250  miles  long,  60  miles  broad, 
and  204  feet  at  its  greatest  depth,  but,  on 
an  average,  considerably  less  than  100 
feet  deep,  discharges  its  surplus  waters  by 
the  Niagara  River  and  ^Falls,  into  Lake 
Ontario,  330  feet  below;  51  feet  of  this 
descent  being  in  the  rapids  immediately 
above  the  Falls,  160  feet  at  the  Falls 
themselves,  and  the  rest  chiefly  in  the 
rapids  between  the  Falls  and  the  mouth 
of  the  river,  36  miles  below  Lake  Erie. 
This  is  comparatively  a  shallow  body  of 
water;  and  the  relative  depths  of  the 
great  series  of  lakes  may  be  illustrated 
by  saying,  that  the  surplus  waters  poured 
from  the  vast  banins  of  Superior,  Michi- 
gan, and  Huron,  flow  across  the  pbite  of  Erie 
into  tlie  deep  bond  of  ()ntario.  Lake  Eri'i 
is  reputed  to  bo  the  only  one  of  the  series 
in  which  any  current  is  perceptible.  The 
fact,  if  it  is  one,  is  usually  ascribed  to 
its  shallowness;  but  the  vast  volume  of 
its  outlet — the  Niagara  River — with  its 
strong  current,  is  a  much  more  favorable 
cause  than  the  sir.ali  depth  o(  its  water, 
whioli  may  be  far  more  appi  opriately  ad- 
duced as  the  reason  why  the  navigation 
is  obstructed  by  ice  much  more  than  either 
of  the  other  great  lakes. 


LAKB   ONTARIO TRIBUTARIES    OF   THB    LAKSt. 


15 


?r  of  streami, 
^i.  Clair,  com> 
.ake  Huron, 
f  1,000  feet, 
feet,  flowing 
»rd,  38  miles, 

ih  is  26  miles 

road,  with  ^ 

uost  diflBcui 

Mi  in  passing 

■e  only  about 

Detroit  Biv^, 

dpient  of  all 

southward 

atry  int- 

k  great  lake 

3  latter  laka 

)  the  sea  of 

miles  broad, 

epth,  but,  on 

ss  than  100 

as  waters  by 

3,  into  Lake 

feet  of  this 

immediately 

t  the  Falls 

iefly  in  the 

the  mouth 

Lake  Erie. 

ow  body  of 

ths  of  the 

illustrated 

iers  poured 

ior,  Miclii- 

)&i/«ofErfe 

Lake  Erti 

the  series 

ible.     The 

scribed  to 

volume  of 

—with  its 

favorable 

its  water, 

lately  ad- 

avigation 

uux  either 


not  exceed  from  600  to  2,60<0  feet  abore 
the  level  of  tlie  ocean,  while  the  altitude 
of  the  land  which  forms  the  water-.shcd 
of  Lake  Champlaiu  and  the  lower  tribu- 
taries of  the  St.  Lawrence  River  rises 
from  4,000  to  5,000  above  the  level  of  the 
sea  or  tide-water,  in  the  States  of  Ver- 
mont  and  New  York. 

The  divide  which  separates  the  waters 
of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  from  those  flow- 
ing northeast  into  tiie  St.  Lawrence,  do 
not  in  some  places  exceed  ten  or  twenty 
feet  above  the  level  of  Lakes  Michig^ 
and  Superior ;  in  fact,  it  is  said  that  Lake 
Michigan,  when  under  the  influence  of 
high  water  and  a  strong  northerly  wind, 
discharges  some  of  its  surplus  waters  into 
the  Illinois  River,  and  thence  into  the 
Mississippi  and  Gulf  of  Mexico— so  low 
is  the  divide  at  its  southern  terminus. 

When  we  consider  the  magpaitude  of 
these  Great  Lakes,  the  largest  body  of 
fresh  water  on  the  globe,  being  connected 
by  navigable  Straits,  or  canals,  we  may 
quote  with  emphasis  the  words  of  an 
EngUsh  writer:  "How  little  are  tbey 
aware,  in  Europe,  of  the  extent  of  com- 
merce upon  these  ^Inland  Seas,'  whose 
coasts  are  now  Uned  with  flourishing 
towns  and  cities ;  whose  waters  are  plow- 
ed with  magnificent  steamers,  and  hund- 
reds of  vessels  crowded  with  merchandise! 
Even  the  Americans  themselves  are  not 
fully  aware  of  the  rising  importance  of 
these  great  lakes,  as  connected  with  the 
Far  West.  -.. /,  .-^  ■.  sr  ':.t--:    '< 

....  ;.:     <    '  ''■*   .'"^■^i*:'«■  <  ,^-'  '^/^t.-J 

TBIEXTTAItlES  OF  THE  GREAT  LAKES  AHB  ST.  LAWBEKCE 


The  ascertained  temperature  in  the  mid- 
9  of  Lake  Erie,  August,  1845,  was  tem- 
rature  of  air  76*^  Fahrenheit,  at  noon — 
ater  at  surface  73" — at  bottom  53". 
Lake  Ontario,  the  Jifth  and  last 
f  the  Great  Lakes  of  America,  is  eleva- 
ed  234  feet  above  tide-water  at  Three 
ivers  on  the  St.  Lawrence;  it  is  180 
lies  long,  60  miles  broad,  600  feet  deep. 
Thus  basin  succeeds  basin,  like  the  locks 
of  a  great  canal,  the  whole  length  of 
waters  from  Lake  Superior  to  the  Gulf  of 
St.  Lawrence  being  rendered  navigable 
for  vessels  of  a  large  class  by  means  of 
the  Welland  and  St.  Lawrence  canals — 
thus  enabling  a  goaded  vessel  to  ascend  or 
descend  600  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
ocean,  or  tide-water.  Of  these  five  great 
lakes,  Lake  Superior  has  by  far  the  larg- 
est area,  and  Lake  Ontkrio  has  the  least, 
havmg  a  surface  only  about  one-fifth  of 
thai  of  Lake  Superior,  and  being  some- 
vthat  less  in  area  than  Lake  Erie,  although 
not  much  less,  if  any,  \n  the  circuit  of  its 
shores.  Lake  Ontario  is  the  safest  body 
of  water  for  navigation,  and  Lake  Erie 
the  most  dangerous.  The  lakes  of  great- 
est interest  to  the  tourist  or  scientific 
traveler  are  Ontario,  Huron,  together  with 
Georgian  Bay  and  North  Channel,  and 
Lake  Superior.  The  many  picturesque 
islands  and  headlands,  together  with  the 
pure  dark  green  waters  of  the  Upper 
Lakes,  form  a  most  lovely  contrast  during 
the  summer  and  autumn  months. 

The  altitude  of  the  land  which  forms 
the  water-shed  of  the  Upper  Lakes  does 


Unlike  the  tributaries  of  the  Mississip- 
pi, the  streams  falling  into  the  Great  Lakes 
or  the  St.  Lawrence  River  are  mostly 
rapid,  and  navigable  only  for  a  short  dis- 
tance from  their  mouths. 


The  following  are  the  principal  Rivers 
that  are  navigable  for  any  oonsideraUe 
length: 


;-f--*  i< 


?1  ".■*•■' 


If 


./tXAJLi  MAONITUDK    OF  THS   LAKK8.-^tr  !«2rA»i: 


St  Louis  River,  Min. . . . .,,.. Superior  to  Fond  da  Lao 2i 

Fok,  or  Neen&h,  Wis Green  Bay  to  Lake  Winnebago* 3 

St.  Joseph,  Mich.'.  i'J^^.*".  vi^ St.  Joseph  to  Niles 2 

Grand  River,  "  .  i  ;>V^ Grand  Haven  to  Grand  Rapids. . .  v.-r  4 

Muskegon,       "  .ViT.\ Muskegfon  to  Newaygo 

Saginaw           "  Saginaw  Bay  to  Upper  Sag^aw 2 

Maumee,  Ohio  Maumee  Bay  to  Perrysburgh 18' 

Genesee,  N.Y../ Charlotte  to  Rochester 6 

CANADIAN  SIDK.  MflcS. 

Thames - Lake  St.  Olair  to  Chatham 24 

Ottawa « •  *  \* ^  Chine  to  Cfurillon 40 

"      , . .  .* (^  means  of  locks  to  Ottawa  City)\. . .  70 

Richelieu  or  Sorel Sorel  to  Lake  Champlain  {by  locht)  76 

Saguenay Tadusac  to  Chicoutimi .'....  70 

■■mf^i^.'-'^-^y    LAKE  AHB  RIYEB  HAVIGATIOH,  :^**''''t'**"';*-'''*'"; 

-'*^     FROM  FOND  DU  LAO,  LAKE  SUPBRIOE,  TO  THB  GULP  OF  ST.  LAWRBNbB. 

ti-  T  AirM  PrvwM  wnn  Length  III    Grefttest       Av. 

|.i.^.*       LAKM,Enn«a,Ma      .  .;.-  ^y^^       breadth,    breadth. 

Superior 460  170    --^^ 

St.  Mary's  River 60  5  3 

Michigan 320  85  68 

Green  Bay 100  25  18 

Strait  of  Mackinac 40  20  10 

Huron 250  100  70 

North  Channel 160  20  10 

Georgian  Bay 140  66  40 

St.  Clair  River 38  .     li  1 

Lake  St.  Clair* 26  26  18 

Detroit  River 27  3  1 

Erie 250  70  40 

Niagara  River 36'  3  1 

Ontario 180  58  40 

St.  Lawrence  River 760  100  2 

.Lake  St.  Francis,  foot  Long  Saut.. .  4 

Lake  St.  Louis,  foot  Cascade  Rapids  I 

'At  Montreal t 

Lake  St.  Peter »:^^..  tJ.  fUtMB  ^lE'lMPCC) 


Tide- water  at  Three  Rivers. . . 
At  Quebec. 


IE 


I 
1 


Depth 
in  feet. 

EL  above 

8ea. 

800 

600  ft. 

10  to  100 

700 

676    " 

I     »;..        100 

676    " 

20  to  200 

575    " 

700 

674   " 

20  to  200 

574   " 

500 

674   " 

20  to    60 

10  to    20 

668   " 

10  to    60 

200 

664   " 

i-r^ii. 

234   " 

■■«.;;.  t.v  ' 

142    " 

•■ 

68    " 

18    " 

J  ^ai££TO^.  6. " 

t 

0   " 

\ 

0   " 

r\.    Total  miles  navigivtion 2,835 

'"^^  B7  means  of  17  locks,  oreroomlng  an  elevation  of  170.  feet 

t  The  navigation  for  Bteamers  extends  100  miles  above  Ottawa  Ulty,  by  means  of  portages  ana  locKB. 

*  The  Si.  Clair  JTtofA,  which  have  to  be  passed  by  all  lai^  steamers  and  sail  vessels  running  from 
Lake  Erie  to  the  Upper  Lakes,  now  affords  twelve  i«et  uf  water,  the  «Mj7  ekaniul  being  very  narrow 
and  winding,  where  stands  a  light  and  buoys  to  guide  the  mariner. 


ALTITUDES — TOPOOaiA^lir   AND    M£TBOKOLOGT. 


rit 


...........   2 

jbago* 3 

2 

apida.  ..t'.'rAfi 

>•••••*«••'•     4v; 

iginaw 261 

rgh 18! 

6 

MQes. 

24 

40 

va  City)\...  10 
by  locM)         75 

no 

)hn,  60  m.) 

WBENCB. 

>th  EL  above 

lieet.  Bea. 

800  600  ft. 

100 

700  676    " 

100  676    " 

200  676    " 

00  674   " 

!00  674   " 

>00  674   " 

60 

20  668    ** 

60 

00  664   " 


00 


234   " 


142 
68 
18 

0 
0 

■• ;.  i  It 
•'.'iHAt^jJ 

tagesandlockt. 
1  running  from 
ig  verjnaiTow 


ALTiriTDE  OF  YAEIOTIB  PODTTS  OH 

•         ,   ;    SUPBKIOE. 

LooAiJma. 

Lake  Superior 

Point  Iroquois,  South  Shore 

Groa  Gap,  0.  W,,  North  Shore. .. : 

Grand  Sable,        South  Shore 

Pictured  Bocka,  "  

Iron  Mouat&ias,  "  

Quincy  Copper  Mine,  Portage  Lake. 

Mount  Houghton,  near  Keweenaw  Point 

Porcupine  Mountains,  South  Shore. . .   

Isle  Royale,  Michigan 

Minnesota  Mountains  (estimated). 

Michipicoten  Island,  0.  W. 

Pie  Island, 

St.  Ignace  (estimated) 

McKay's  Mountain, 

Thunder  Gape, 


THS  SHOBBS  OF JLAKE 

Abore  Lake  Saperior.     Above  the  Be^ 


41 
« 


U 


'♦f*> 


000  feet 

600 

8  5 

(( 

960 

700 

(i 

1,300 

346 

<i 

in^.r    946 

200 

(1 

800 

860 

t< 

1,460 

660 

11 

1,160 

1,000 

u 

•  r*,1«:ff  1,600 

1,380 

(1 

1,980 

300 

t( 

900 

1,200 

it 

sertl.   1,800 

800 

u 

1,400 

760 

41 

1,360 

1,200 

44 

1,800 

1,000 

44 

'V  .,a  1,600 

1,360 

44 

^   1,960 

44 
44 
44 
44 
44 
44 
44 
44 

-4- 

44 
«4 
44 
11 

M 

H 


4^t^,hnt  ^£,<l.u^ 


TOPOGBAPHT  AND  METEOBOLOaT. 


'■ms'-'r^- 


"The  mountains  of  the  region  along 
the  south  shore  of  Lake  Superior,  conaist 
of  two  granite  belts  in  the  northwest,  the 
Hwron  Mouniaina  to  the  aouthward,  a  trap 
rang^  starting  from  the  head  of  Kewee- 
naw Point,  and  runiii^ig  west  and  south- 
west into  Wiscon^u*b,e  Porcupine  Moun- 
tains,  and  tlie  dete%j|ji|ik8.  The  Huron 
Mountmns  in  places  attain  an  elevation  of 
1.200  feet  above  the  Li^e.  Tlie  highest 
ehvation  attained  by  the  Porcupine  Moun- 
tains is  1,380  feet. 

"  Meteorological  observations  were  in- 
stituted by  order  of  the  Gk>verament  at 
three  military  posts  in  the  District,  viz. : 
Forts  Wilkins  (Copper  Harbor),  Brady, 
and  Mackinac.  From  these  observations 
it  appears  that  the  mean  annual  tempera- 
ture of  Fort  Brady  is  about  one  degree 
lower  than  that  of  Fort  Wilkins,  although 
the  latter  post  is  nearly  a  degree  further 
north.  This  difference  arises  from  the 
insular  position  of  Keweenaw  Point, 
which  is  surrounded  on  three  sides  by 
water.  Tho  dimate  at  Fort  Brady,  dur- 
2 


ing  the  whole  season,  corresponds  in  • 
remarkable  degree  with  that  of  St.  Peters- 
burg. The  temperature  ^  '•  the  region  is 
very  favorable  to  the  gro  :h  of  oereals. 
Tlie  annual  ratio  of  fai  days  at  Fort 
Brady  is  1G8 ;  of  cloudy  days,  77 ;  rainy 
days,  71 ;  snowy  days,  47. 

'^  The  temperature  of  the  water  of  Lake 
Superior  during  the  summer,  a  fathom  or 
two  below  the  surface,  is  but  a  few  de- 
grees above  the  freezing  point.  In  the 
western  portion,  the  water  is  much  colder 
than  in  the  eastern — ^the  surface  flow  be- 
coming warmer  as  it  advances  toward  l^e 
outlet.  The  mirage  which  frequently  oc- 
curs, is  occasioned  by  the  difference  be- 
tween the  temperature  of  the  air  and  the 
Lake.  Great  difficulties  are  experienced 
ivova.  this  cause  in  making  astronomical 
observations.  '.  tfF' 

•'Auroras,  even  in  midsummer,  are  of 
frequent  occurrence,  and  exhibit  a  bril- 
liancy rarely  observed  in  lower  latitudes." 
— F(»Ux  db  Whi^tey^a  Report 


u 


^f'MJ*- 


tfAONITUDS    OF   THE    LAKES. 


ijr.iA 


l^ 


THE  UPPER  LAKES,  OB  "IHLANB  i3EA,''  OF  AMEBICA. 


/ 


This  appellation  applies  to  Lakes  Hu- 
/      ton,   Midiigan,   and  Superior,   including 
Green  Bay,  lying  within  the  confines  of 
the  United  States,  and  (Georgian  Bay, 
which  lies  entirely  in  Canada. 

These  bodies  of  water  embrace  an  area 
Of  abont  75,000  square  miles,  and,  as  a 
whole,  are  deserving  of  the  name  of  the 
*  Inland  Sea,'  being  closely  connected  by 
straits  or  water-courses,  navigable  for  the 
largest  class  of  steamers  or  sail  vessels. 
The  shores,  although  not  elevated,  are 
bold,  and  free  fh>m  marsh  or  swampy 
lancU,  presenting  one  dean  range  of  coast 
for  about  3,000  miles. 

By  a  late  decision  of  the    Supreme 
Court  of  the  U.  States,  the  Upper  Lakes 
mduding  Lake  Erie,  with  their  connect 
.  ing  waters,  were  declared  to  be  sea$,  com- 
mercially and  legally.    Congress,  under 
.  this  dedsion,  is  empowered  to  improve 
'a,  the  harbors  of  the  lakes  and  the  connect- 
>  ing  struts,  precisely  as  it  has  power  to 
I,  dp  the  same  on  the  seaboard.    This  will 
:  probably  lead  to  a  vigorous  policy  in  the 
«.  maintenance  of  Federal  authority,  both  in 
.  improving  the  harbors,  and  making  pro- 
,  vision  for  the  safety  of  commerce,  and 
.i  protection  of  life,   as  well  as  guarding 
against  foreign  invasion.     The  only  forti- 
fication  of  importance  that  is  garrisoned 
is  Ihrt  Mackinac,  guarding  the  passage 
Uirough  the  Straits  of  Mackinac- 
'tkl  The  islands  of  these  lakes  are  numer- 
ous,  particularly  in  the  Straits  of  Mackinac, 
and  in  G^rgian  Bay,  retaining  the  same 
bold  and  virgin  appearance  as  the  main- 
land ;  most  of  them  are  fertile  and  sus- 
ceptible of  high  cultivation,  although,  as 
yet,  but  few  are  inhabited  to  anv  oonsid- 
*  erable  extent.  s  . 


.11.: 


■'*^'V, 


i--* 


The  dark  g^en  waters  of  the  Upper! 
Lakes,  when  agitated  by  a  storm,  or  the 
motion  &:  a  passing  steamer,  presents  aj 
brilliancy  peculiar  only  to  Uiese  trans- 
parent waters — they  theu  assume  the  ad- 
mixture of  white  foam,  with  a  lively  green  | 
tinge,  assuming  a  crystal-like  appearance, 
m  this  pure  water,  the  white  fish,  and  I 
other  spedes  of  the  finny  tribe,  delight 
to  gambol,  affording  the  sportsman  and' 
epicurean  untold  pleasure,  which  is  well  | 
described  in  the  followiDg  poem: 

THE  WHITE  FISH. 

Hknrt  B.  SoHOOLCRArr,  in  his  poem. 
"Thb  White  Fish,"  says: 

**  All  friends  to  trood  living  bj  tnreen  and  dlab, 
Cobcur  in  exulting  tbie  prince  (>f  ft  flsh ; 
So  fine  in  a  platter,  so  tempting  a  fry. 
So  rich  an  a  gridiron,  bo  aweetln  a  pie: 
That  even  before  it  the  Balmon  mustflul, 
And  that  mightv  bonne-bouche,  of  the  land- 

beaver^s  tail. 
•  •  *  * 

Tis  s  morsel  alike  for  the  goormand  or  (hster, 
While,  white  AS  a  tablet  of  pure  alabaster  I 
Its  beauty  or  flavor  no  person  can  doubt, 
When  seen  in  tfaejoMr  or  tasted  without; 
And  all  the  disp<|0nitt  opinion  ere  mnkes 
Of  this  king  of  lake  flsbes,  this  'deer  qfths 

lake*:* 
Begard  not  its  choicenc3s  to  ponder  or  sup. 
But  the  best  mode  of  dressing  and  serving  it  npw 
«  *  «  • 

Here  too,  might  a  fancy  to  descant  inclined, 
Contemplate  the  love  that  pertains  to  the  kin4, 
And  bring  up  the  red  man,  in  fanciful  strains, 
To  prove  its-creation  iVom  feminine  brains.*^ 


*  A  translation  of  Ad-dik-ke»m-maig,  tlM  In* 
dian  name  for  this  fish, 
t  Vide ''  Indian  Teles  and  Legends.*  . 

;,  ■  ■;.•    /     ;,.  "'     -     :...■■      ,   ^-"      ■  '.  f**"t 
■      ...-■  ~<  '■>'  ■    ""■    T  ■        ■  "•  ■'.  '■'■^''V 

^ .  ■  '  •  z 


y  \ 


FISn    OP   TUB    UPPKR   LAKK9. 


,v- 


1» 


Mim6k>Mm  FISH  OF  THE  UPPER  LAKES. 


& 


KSi<' 


"  The  numbers,  ▼aneties,  and  excellent 
lality  of  lake  fish  are  worthy  of  notice. 

is  believed  that  no  Aresh  waters  known 
ftn,  in  any  respect,  bear  comparison, 
ley  are,  with  some  exceptions,  of  the 

le  kind  in  aU  the  lakes.    Those  found 

Laku  Superior  and  the  straits  of  St. 

[ary  are  of  the  best  quality,  owing  to  the 

)oler  te-^pera'  'ire  of  the  water.    Their 

[uantities  are  burprising,  and  apparently 

inexhaustible,  as  to  warrant  the  belief 
hat  were  a  population  of  millions  to  in- 
habit the  lake  shore,  they  would  furnish 
ample  supply  of  this  article  of  food 
nt^out  any  sensible  diminution.  There 
seyeral  kinds  found  in  Lake  Superior, 
id  some  of  the  most  delicious  quality, 
lat  are  not  found  in  the  lakes  below,  as 
le  siskowit  and  muckwaw,  which  grow 
the  weight  of  eight  or  ten  pounds. 
the  salmon  and  some  others  are  found  in 
)ntario,  but  not  above  the  Falls  of  Niag- 
ra. 

"  The  following  is  a  very  partial  list  of 

few  of  the  prominent  varieties:  the 
rhite  fish,  Mackinac  and  salmon-trout, 
turgeon,  muscaluoje,  siskowit,  pickerel, 
^ike,  perch,  herring,  white,  black,  and 
)ck  bass,  cat,  pou^  eel-pout,  bull-head, 
)ach,  sun-fish,  dace,  sucker,  carp,  mullet, 

il-flsh,  sword-fish,  bull-fiuBh,  stone-carrier, 
leeps-head,  g^r,  &c. 

"  The  lamprey-eel  is  found  in  all,  but 
le  common  eel  is  found  in  neither  of  the 
^kes,  nor  in  any  of  their  tributaries,  except 
le.  The  weight  to  which  some  of  these 
ttain  is  not  exceeded  by  the  fish  of  any 
ther  inland  freeh  waters,  except  the  Mis- 
^ssippt.    ♦  ♦  *  « 

"  The  fish  seem  to  be  more  numerous 
)ine  years  than  others,  and  likewise  of 
stter  quality.    The  kinds  best  for  pick- 

ig  and  export  are  the  white  fish,  Mack- 
and  salmon  trout,    sturgeon,    and 
Sckerel.    The  fisheries  at  which  these 
caught  are  at  MaoTrinac,  at  several 


points  in  each  of  the  four  straits,  the 
southeast  part  of  Lake  Superior,  Thunder 
Bay,  Saginaw  Bay,  and  Fort  Gratiot  near 
foot  of  Lake  Huron.  The  sport  of  taking 
the  brook  trout,  which  are  found  in  great 
abundance  in  the  rapids  at  the  Saut  Ste 
Marie,  and  most  all  of  the  streams  falling 
into  the  Upper  Lakes,  affords  healthful 
amusement  to  hundreds  of  amateur  fish- 
ermen during  the  summer  and  fall  months. 
The  modes  of  taking  the  diiferont  kinds  of 
fish  are  in  seines,  dip-nets,  and  gill-nets, 
and  the  trout  with  hooks. 

"  Those  engc^d  in  catching  fish  in  the 
Straits  of  Mackinac,  are  composed  of 
Americans,  Irish,  French,  half  breeds, 
and  Indians.  Some  are  employed  by  cap- 
italists, others  have  their  own  boats  and 
nets.  Each  one  is  furnished  with  a  boat, 
and  from  fifty  to  one  hundred  nets,  re- 
quiring constantly  two  or  three  men  for 
each  boat,  to  run  the  different  gangs  of 
nets.  The  fish  caught  are  principally 
white  fish,  with  some  trout.  The  demand 
for  exportation  increases  every  year,  and 
although  immense  quantities  are  caught 
every  season,  still  no  diminution  in  their 
number  is  perceived. 

"  A  fleet  iSf  two  hundred  fish-boats  art, 
eng^ed  in  and  about  the  Straits,  em- 
bracing,  however,  all  the  Beaver  group. 
Each  boat  will  average  one  barrel  of  fish 
per  day  during  the  fishing  season. 
*  *  «  *  « 

"  Te,  who  are  fond  of  sport  and  fun, 
who  wish  for  wealth  and  strength;  ye, 
who  love  angling;  ye,  who  believe  that 
God  has  given  us  a  time  to  pray,  a  time 
to  dance,  Ac,  kc,  go  to  these  fishing- 
grounds,  gain  health  and  strength,  and 
pull  out  Mackinac  trout  from  20  to  40  lbs. 
in  weight  One  hook  and  line  has,  in 
three  to  four  hours,  pulled  out  enough  to 
fill  three  to  four  barrels  of  fish,'  without 
taking  the  sport  in^o  consideration. 

"Yours,  W.  M.  J.' 


90 


MAONITUDK   OF   THE    LAKES. 


PHTSICAL  CHABACTEB  OF  THE  MISSISSIPPI  BASIK. 


fl.  "  The  Valley  of  the  MiBoissippi,  bounded 
on  the  one  hand  by  the  Rooky  Mountains, 
and  on  the  other  by  the  AUeghanies,  em- 
braces a  drainage  area  of  1,244,000  square 
miles,  which  is  more  than  one-half  of  the 
entire  area  of  the  United  States.  The 
Upper  Mississippi  Valley  is  composed  of 
three  subordinate  basins,  whose  respective 
dimensions  are  as  follows : 

Square  miles. 

The  Ohio  basin 814,000 

The  Upper  Mississippi 109,000 

The  Missouri 618,00(» 

,,^«U  Mal(iDg  a  total  of 901,000 

V,;     tts  navigable  rivers  are  as  follows: 

Miles. 

Missouri,  to  near  the  Oreat  Falls 8,160 

Missouri,  above  Great  Falls  to  Three  Forks  160 

Osafre,  to  Osceola 800 

Kansas 100 

BifrSioux 76 

TcUow-stone 800 

Upper  Mississippi,  to  St.  Paul 668 

St.  Anthony,  to  Sauk  Rapids 80 

Above  Little  Fall^  to  Pokegima  Falls 860 

Minnesota,  to  Patterson's  liapids 896 

St  Croix,  to  St  Croix  Falls 60 

Illinois,  to  La  Salle 880 

Ohio,  to  Pittsburgh 976 

Monongahela,to  G  eheva(Black- water,4  locks)  91 

Mnsklnf  um,  to  Dresden         "           8    **  100 

Green  River  to  BowlingOreen**          6    "  186 

Kentucky,  to  Brooklyn           "          6    "  117 

Kanawha,  to  Gauley  Bridge 100 

Wabash,  tu  Lafayette 886 

Salt,  to  Sbepherdsvllle 80 

Sandy,  to  lA>uisa 86 

Tennessee,  to  Muscle  Shoals 600 

Cumberland,  to  Borkesville 870 


.»*3i|»if^i«i»        Total  navigation 8.967 

KoTB.— Steamboats  have  ascended  the  Des 
Moines  to  Des  Moines  City,  Iowa  River  to  Iowa 
City,  Cedar  River  to  Cedar  Rapids,  and  the  Maquo- 
keta  to  Maquoketa  City,  bat  only  during  tempo- 
fary  floods. 


■i     i."-J,»     »J     i-i.ir';-j.-. 


^?  ,r 


"It  would  thus  appear  that  the  internal 
navigation  of  the  Upper  Mississippi  Val- 
ley is  about  9,000  miles  in  extent;  but, 
during  the  summer  months,  even  through 
the  main  channels,  it  becomes  precarious, 
and  at  times  is  practically  suspended. 

"The  Mississippi  Valley,  viewed  as  a 
whole,  may  be  regarded  as  one  g^eat  plain 
between  two  diverging  coast  ranges,  ele- 
vated fVom  400  to  800  feet  above  the  sea. 
St.  Paul,  the  head  of  the  navigation  of  tho 
Mississippi,  is  800  feet  above  the  ocean; 
Pittsburgh,  at  the  junction  of  the  Monon- 
gahela  and  Alleghany,  forming  the  Ohio, 
699  feet ;  Lake  Superior  on  the  north,  600 
feet ;  but  the  water-shed  on  the  west,  at 
South  Pass,  rises  to  nearly  7,500  feet. 

"It  is  traversed  by  no  mountain  ranges, 
but  the  surface  swells  into  hills  and  ridges, 
and  is  diversified  by  forest  and  prairie. 
Leaving  out  the  sterile  portions  west  of 
the  Missouri,  the  soil  is  almost  uniformly 
fertile,  easily  cultivated,  and  yields  an 
abundant  return.  The  climate  is  healthy 
and  invigorating,  and  altogether  the  region 
is  the  most  attractive  for  immig^ration  of 
any  portion  of  the  earth." 

By  means  of  a  Ship  Canal,  connectinc: 
with  the  Illinois  River,  the  waters  of  the 
Mississippi  will  be'united  with  the  waters 
of  Lake  Michigan — thus  forming  an  un- 
interrupted navigation  for  armed  Yesselfl 
of  a  large  class  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico 
to  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  forming  an 
inland  navigation  of  about  3,000  miles- 
running  through  the  sub-tropical  and 
temperate  zones,  where  nature  ia  nost 
lavish  of  her  gifts. 


■ill 


,st- 


PHYSICAL  CHARAGTEB  OF  THE  ST.  LAWREHCE. 


»^ 


The  sources  of  the  Mississippi  on  the 
east  interlock  with  those  of  the  St.  Law- 
rence, which,  with  its  associated  lakes- 


and  rivers,  presetnts  a  system  of  water- 
■ooBDmunioatioD  of  nearly  equal  extent  aad 

■grandeur. iiacxiiMii  'k  ■^iz,-:'i^Ms^'-' Mi 


■la 


PUVBICAL  nrARACTlR  OF  TIIK  ST.  LAWRVVCI — DIVXLOPMINT. 


21 


Kblb  SHowma  the  niMBysiovs  or  the 

riVB  ORBAT   AMERICAN   LAKES. 


Lakmm. 

MIVm. 

Superior 460 

Miclilgan 8'iO 

Ilunm 260 

Krie 240 

)nUrio 180 


OrMtMt      OrcntMt  Height 

laneth.      brtadth.  abov*  Ma 

MllM.  F««U 

no  600 

86  &76 

160  574 

70  5<6 

60 


,*ft.r"'   i> 


ArM  III 
nq.  mllM, 

81,&00 

22,000 

20,400 

9,600 

6,fi00 


ToUl., 


.1,460.   90,000 


"  Tho  entire  area  drained  by  these  lakes 
U  estimated  at  336,500  square  miles,  and 
their  shore  lines  are  nearly  6,000  miles  in 
extent. 

"  These  rivers  are  as  diverse  in  charac- 

Iter  as  in  direction.     The  Mississippi  is  the 

{longer,  but  the  St.  Lawrence  discharges 

[the  greater  volume  of  water;   the  one 

abounds  in  difficult  rapids,  the  other  in 

stupendous  cataracts ;  the  one  is  subject 

to  great  fluctuations,  the  other  preserves 

an  almost  unvarying  level;  the  waters  of 

the  one  are  turbid,  those  of  the  other  pos- 

I  Bess   an  almost  crystal  purity;  the  one 

I  affords  few  lake-like  expansions,  the  other 

f  swells  into  vast  inland  seas.     Both  have 

become  the  great  highways  of  commerce, 


enriching  the  regions  through  whion  they 
flow,  and  supplying  the  inhabitants  with 
the  '.'iried  firfKlucta  of  distant  climes." — 
Foster  and  Whitney's  Report  on  Lake  Supe- 
rior. 

••The  commerce  of  these  lakes,  whose 
annual  vahio  reaches  $460,000,000 — more 
than  twice  the  external  commerce  of  the 
whole  country — is  earned  on  by  a  fleet  of 
1,643  vessels,  of  the  following  classes: — 

Stoftmcrs 148 

Propellers 2^ 

BarkB 74 

Brij?» 86 

Schooners 1,068 

Slo'jps  16 

Barg«s 8 

Totals 1,648      418,026      $18,257,020 

The  following  are  the  distances  of  some 
of  the  commercial  routes,  taking  Chicago 
as  the  initial  point : 

Chicago  to  Mackinac  (direct) 860  milac 

»'        "*  Fond  <lu  Lac  Superior 900 

"        "  Georgian  Bay 650 

"        "  BalTalo,  N.  Y 960 

*  Quectec 1,580 

"*  Gulf  of  St  Lawrence.....  1,950 


ToamuM. 

ValML 
$2,190,800 

70,268 

8,678.806 

88,208 

982,900 

24,K81 

626.200 

227,881 

6,9W,6ftO 

667 

12,770 

8,719 

17,000 

u 
It 


It 


I'f  .'';T    "P '•(■i-«— I. 


PROOBESS  OF  DEYELOPMEKT. 


ti  ■>"■■' 


■>>; 


The  first  colony  of  English  extraction, 
planted  in  the  territory  of  the  Upper  Mis- 
sissippi, was  in  1788 — just  seventy-five 
years  ago— at  Marietta^  within  the  present 
limits  of  Ohio.  This  was  the  origin  of 
that  spirit  of  colonization,  which,  within 
the  lifetime  of  many  living  men,  has  peo- 
pled this  region  with  nine  millions  of  hu- 
man beings;  has  subdued  and  brought 
under  cultivation,  an  area  greater  than 
that  of  all  the  cultivated  lands  of  the  Brit- 
ish Empire ;  has  connected  the  principal 
commercial  points  with  a  net- work  of  rail- 
ways more  than  eleven  thousand  miles  in 
extent;  and  has  built  up  a  domestic  in- 
.dustry,  the  value  of  whose  annual  product 
is  in  excess  of  three  hundred  and  fifty 
millions  of  dollars.   .Out  of  this  territory 


ha-  9  been  carved  not  less  than  nine  States, 
which  are  indissolubly  linked  together  by 
a  similarity  of  conditions  in  soil  and  cli- 
mate, and  by  the  geographical  features  of 
the  country.  They  have  already  received 
the  appellation  of  the  "  Food-pboducino" 
States — an  appellation  which  they  are 
destined  to  retain  for  all  time. 
.  The  rivers  and  the  lakes,  which  water 
this  region,  offer  the  most  magnificent  sys- 
tem of  internal  communication  to  be  found 
on  the  surface  of  the  earth.  No  mountain 
barriers  interpose  to  divide  the  people  in- 
to hostile  clans,  or  divert  the  great  cur- 
rents of  trade  in  their  flow  to  the  markets 
of  tho  world.  With  a  soU  sufficiently  rich 
in  organic  matter  for  fifty  successive  crops ; 
with  almost  boundless  fields  of  coal,  stored 


•*  ^,.  ,„  *i 


22 


MAGNTTUniE    OP   THE    LAKIB. 


away  for  Aiture  use ;  with  vast  depoRits 
of  the  usefal  ores,  and  the  precious  metals, 
on  the  rim  of  the  great  basin ;  and  with 
a  climate  most  favorable  to  the  develop- 
ment of  human  energy,  it  is  impossible 
for  the  mindf  even  in  its  most  daring  spec- 
ulations, to  assign  limits  to  the  growth  of 
the  North-west  When  all  of  these  ele- 
ments of  wealth,  now  in  a  crude  state, 
shall  have  been  fidly  developed,  there  will 
be  an  exhibition  of  human  power  and 
greatness  such  as  no  other  people  ever  at- 
tained. 
Oomparing  the  whole  superfloial  oon- 


tonts  of  these  States  with  the  portions  cul- 
tivated, it  will  be  seen  that  only  about  16 
per  cent,  of  the  surface  has  been  sub- 
dued ;  and,  if  population  and  cultivation 
increase  in  the  same  ratio  in  the  fViture  aa 
they  have  in  the  past,  before  the  lapse  of 
another  decado  there  wiU  be  collected  an<- 
nually,  on  the  borders  of  the  Great  Lakes, 
more  than  200,000,000  bushels  of  cereals 
for  exportation,  giving  employment  to  a 
fleet  of  more  than  3,000  vessels,  and  re- 
quiring avenues  of  more  than  twice  tha 
capacity  of  existing  ones. 


w-'' 


A  LTIHAE  TIDAL  WAVE 
In  the  If  orth  American  Ijakea. 


•>•>.. 


T4,i- 


Extrfitjrom  a  Paper  read  ly  Lt.-Gol.  Graham,  before  the  American  AseociaUonfor  (h* 
.,.,  Advancement  of  Science,  Atigustj  IBSO.     ^  ,,.,     , 


"Much  has  been  written,  at  various 
periods,  on  the  fluctuations  in  the  eleva- 
tion of  the  surface  waters  of  the  great 
freshwater  lalces  of  North  America.  Val- 
uable and  interesting  memoirs  have  ap- 
peared from  time  to  time  in  the  American 
Journal  of  Science  and  Arts,  published 
monthly  at  New  Haven,  Connecticut, 
within  the  last  thirty  years,  on  this  sub- 
ject, written  by  the  late  Brevet  Brigadier- 
General  Henry  Whiting,  of  the  U.  S.  Ar- 
my, when  a  captain,  by  Major  Lachlan, 
Charles  Whittlesey,  Esq.,  and  others. 
The  observations  contained  in  their  me- 
moirs have,  however,  been  directed  chiefly 
to  investigations  of  the  extent  of  the  sec- 
ular and  annual  variations  in  elevation  of 
the  surfaces  of  these  lakes. 

"  The  learned  Jesuit  fathers  of  the  time 
of  Marquette,  a  period  near  two  centuries 
ago,  and  at  later  periods  the  Baron  do  la 
Hcntan,  Charlevois,  Carver,  and  others, 
noticed  in  their  writings  the  changes  of 
elevation,  and  somo  peculiar  fluctuations 
which  take  place  on  these  inland  seas. 


In  the  speculations  indulged  in  by  some 
of  these  writers  a  slight  lunar  tide  is 
sometimes  suspected,  then  again  such  an 
influence  on  the  swelling  and  receding 
waters  is  doubted,  and  their  disturbance 
is  attributed  to  the  varying  courses  and 
forces  of  the  winds. 

"  But  we  have  nowhere  seen  that  any 
systematic  course  of  observation  was  ever 
instituted  and  carried  on  by  these  early 
explorers,  or  by  any  of  their  successors 
who  have  mentioned  the  subject,  giving 
the  tidal  readings  at  small  enough  inter- 
vals of  time  apart,  and  of  long  enough 
duration  to  develop  the  problem  of  a  diur- 
nal lunar  tidal  wave  on  these  lakes.  The 
general  idea  has  undoubtedly  been  that 
no  such  lunar  influence  was  here  percep- 
tible. 

"In  April,  185'i,  I  was  stationed  at 
Chicago  by  the  orders  of  the  Govern- 
ment, and  charged  with  the  direction  of 
the  harbor  improvements  on  Lake  Mich- 
igan. In  the  latter  part  of  August  of 
that  year,  I  caused  to  bo  erected  at  the 


▲    LUNAR   TIDAL    WAVK. 


east  or  lakeward  extremity  of  tho  North 
harbor  pier,  a  permantint  tide-gauge  for 
ttio  purpose  of  making  daily  obsenratioDS 
uf  t*ie  relative  heights  and  flnotuatiuns 
of  the  aurfaeu  of  this  hUce.  The  position 
thus  chosen  for  the  observi^tions  projects 
into  the  lake,  entirely  beyond  the  mouth 
of  the  Chicago  River,  and  altogether  out 
of  the  reach  of  any  influence  from  the 
river  current,  upon  the  fluctuations  of  the 
tide-gauge.  It  was  the  fluctuations  of 
tho  lake  surface  alone,  that  could  affect 
the  reading^  of  the  tide- gauge. 

"  On  the  first  day  of  September,  1854, 
a  course  of  observations  was  commenced 
on  this  tide-gauge,  and  continued  at  least 
once  a  day,  until  the  Slst  day  of  Decem- 
ber, inclusive,  1858.  During  each  of  the 
tlrst  three  winters  a  portion  of  the  daily 
observations  was  lost,  owing  to  the  tide- 
gauge  being  frozen  fast  in  its  box,  but 
they  constituted  only  a  small  number  in 
proportion  to  that  embraced  in  the  series. 
During  the  subsequent  winters  artificial 
means  were  resorted  to,  to  prevent  this 
freezing. 

"These  observations  were  instituted 
chiefiy  for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining 
with  accuracy  tiie  amount  of  the  annu^ 
and  also  of  the  secular  variation  in  the 
elevation  of  the  lake  surface,  with  a  view 
to  regulating  the  heights  of  break-waters 
and  piers  to  be  erected  for  the  protection 
of  vessels,  and  for  improving  the  lake 
harbors." 

After  a  series  of  dose  observations  from 
1854  to  1858,  Lieut. -Colonel  Graham  ob- 
serves:— 

"  The  difference  of  elevation  of  the  lake 
SOTface,  between  the  periods  of  lunar  low 
and  lunar  high-water  at  the  mean  spring 
tides  is  here  shown  to  be  two  hundred 
and  fifty-four  thousandths  (.254)  of  a  foot, 
and  the  time  of  high- water  at  the  full  and 


change  of  the  moon  Is  shown  to  bo  thirty 
(30)  minutes  after  the  time  of  tho  moon'a 
meridian  transit 

"  We,  therefore,  in  accordance  with  cua 
torn  in  Uke  cases,  indicate  as  the  uUMisK' 
mint  for  the  port  of  Chicago, 

h.    m.  r  „ 

i  Foot,  0  30. 

"  Although  this  knowledge  may  be  of 
but  small  practical  advantage  to  naviga- 
tors, yet  it  may  serve  as  a  memorandum 
of  a  physical  phenomenon  whose  exist- 
ence has  generally  heretofore  been  either 
denied  or  doubted. 

"  We  think  it  probable  that,  if  the  ef- 
feet  of  unfavorable  winds  and  all  other 
extraneous  forces  which  produce  irregular 
oscillations  in  the  elevation  of  the  lake 
surface  could  be  fully  eliminated,  a  seaii- 
diurnal  lunar  spring  tide  would  be  shown 
of  as  much  as  one-third  of  a  foot  for  the 
periods  of  highest  tides. 

The  time  of  low-water  and  the  relative 
times  of  duration  of  the  flood  and  ebb 
tides  arc  given  only  approximately.  The 
extreme  rise  of  the  tide  being  so  little, 
the  precise  time  of  tho  change  from  ebb 
to  flood,  and  hence  the  duration  of  the 
flow  of  each,  can  only  be  accurately  de- 
termined by  numerous  observations  at 
short  intervals,  say  three  to  five  minutes 
of  time  apart,  from  about  an  hour  before 
to  an  hour  after  the  actual  time  of  low- 
water. 

"  In  conclusion,  we  offer  the  above  ob- 
servations as  solving  the  problem  in  ques- 
tion, and  as  proving  the  existence  of  a 
semi-diurnal  lunar  tildal  wave  on  Lake 
Michigan,  and  consequently  on  the  other 
great  freshwater  lakes  of  North  America, 
whose  co-ordinate  of  altitude  is,  at  its 
summit,  as  much  as  .15  to  .25  {i^^  to  -^ 
of  a  foot,  United  States'  measure." 


% 


'/it  t 


!       J.,"«''»^'     V'*'.'      '''  "♦-i".'^'^ 


34 


MAGNITUDE    OF  THE    LAKES. 


'-:Nlf*'- 


BEHAEKABLE  PHEHOMEHA. 


r?-.. 


-.,.1  ^  *^ 


Prof,  Mather,  who  observed  the  bar- 
ometer at  Fort  "Wilkins,  Copper  Harbor, 
47*  30'  north  lat.,  during  the  prevalence 
of  one  of  these  remarkable  disturbances ' 
which  are  peculiar  to  all  the  Upper  Lakes, 
remarks : — "  As  a  general  thing,  fluctua- 
tions in  the  barometer  accompanied  the 
fluctuations  in  the  level  of  the  water,  but 
sometimes  the  water-level  varied  rapidly 
in  the  harbor,  while  no  such  variation 
occurred  in  the  baromofcer  at  the  place  of 
observation.  The  variation  in  the  level 
df  the  water  may  be  caused  by  varied 
barometnc  pressure  of  the  air  on  the 
water,  either  at  the  place  c^  observation, 
07  at  some  distant  point.  A  local  in- 
ordased  pressure  of  the  atmosphere  at 
the  place  of  observation,  would  lower  the 
water-level  where  there  is  a  wide  expanse 
of  water ;  or  a  diminished  pressure,  under 
the  same  circumstances,  would  cause  the 
water  to  rise  above  its  usual  Ir-^el." 


In  the  summer  of  1864,  according  to 
the  Report  of  Foster  and  Whitney,  niade 
to  Congress  in  1850,^  "an  extraordinary 
retrocession  of  the  waters  took  place  at 
the  Saut  Ste  Marie.  The  river  here  is 
nearly  a  mile  in  width,  and  the  depth  of 
water  over  the^i^andstone  rapids  is  about 
three  feet.  The  phenomena  occurred  at 
noon ;  the  day  was  calm  but  cloudy ;  tho 
water  retired  suddenly,  leaving  the  bed 
of  the  river  bare,  except,  for  the  distance 
of  about  twenty  rods  where  the  channel 
is.  deepest^  and  remained  so  for  the  space 
of  an  hour.  Persons  went  out  and  caught 
fish  in  the  pools  formed  in  the  rocky  cavi- 
ties. The  return  of  the  waters  was  sud- 
den, and  presented  a  sublime  spectacle. 
They  came  down  like  an  immense  surge, 
roaring  and  foaming,  and  those  who  had 
incautiously  wandered  into  the  river  bed, 
had  barely  time  to  escape  being  over* 
whelmed." 


7*-. 


I 


Bifling  and  Falling^  of  the  Waters  of  Lake  Miclugan. 

..i..,^.^  .,  .  [From  the  Chieago  7Hiytm0,  May  2S,  1861.']      .  .  .> 


One  of  those  singular  oscillations  in  the 
Lakes,  or  "Inland  Seas,"  which  have 
been  observed  occasionally  fVom  the  time 
of  the  exploration  of  the  Jesuit  Fathers, 
was  witnessed  yesterday  in  Lake  Michi- 
gan. A  variety  of  signs,  such  as  the 
mirage  of  the  distant  shore,  unusual  de- 
pression of  the  barometer,  and  a  sudden 
rise  of  the  temperature  from  a  cool,  bracing 
air,  to  a  sultry  heat,  indicated  an  unusual 
commotion  in  the  atmospheric  elements. 
About  eleven  o'clock  a.  m.,  when  our  at- 
tention was  first  called  to  the  phenomena, 
the  waters  of  the  lake  had  risen  about 
thirty-one  inches  above  the  ordinary  level, 
and  in  the  course  of  half  an  hour  they 
•gain  receded.  Throughout  the  whole 
day  they  continued  to  ebb  and  flow  at  in- 
tervals of  fifteen  or  twenty  minutes,  and 


the  current  between  the  outer  and  inner 
breakwater,  near  the  Illinois  Central  Raif- 
road  House,  was  so  great  at  times  that  a 
row-boat  made  Uttle  or  no  headway  against 
it.  The  extreme  variation  between  high 
and  low  water  was  nearly  three  feet. 
The  wind  all  day  \/as  off  shore  (from  the 
southwest),  the  effect  of  wh'.^b  was  to 
keep  down  the  waters  instead  of  accumu- 
lating them  at  this  point.  About  eight 
o'clock  in  the  evening  it  veered  suddenly 
to  the  northwest,  and  blew  a  violent  gale, 
accompanied  by  vivid  electrical  displays. 
This  morning  (Monday)  we  hear  of  tele- 
graphic lines  prostra  .^d,  of  persons  killed 
by  lightning,  <kc.,  while  the  lake,  although 
agitated,  exhibits  nc;ie  of  the  pulsations 
of  yesterday. 


HT    fO 


(    ■    f/•,.!i^•^i    Us."/  ■ 


^^" 
f^^ 

,;v  ,r 

■■■'..  ^  --,  ■; 

'    I"*        ' 

•'•'-''  .' 

'..i;, 

.i«.  t''/*':  ■-■ 

COMMERCE  OF  THE  LAKE& 

Eztraot  from  the  Annual  Beport  of  the  Trade  and  Commerce  of 

Bnfijedo, 


"  In  presenting  to  the  public  our  Annual 
Review  of  tlie  Trade  and  Commerce  of 
BuSdlo,  for  the  last  year  it  will  not  be 
mappropriate  to  revert  to  the  past  to  show 
the  ilse  end  progress,  the  extent  and 
growth  of  the  commerce  of  these  vast 
*  Inland  Seas.' 

"  When  in  the  year  1679,  the  Chevalier 
de  La  Salle  obtained  permission  of  the 
Seneca  Indians  to  build  a  vessel  at  Cayuga 
Creek,  six  mile^above  Niagara  Falls,  which 
was  launched  in  1679,  and  was  the  first 
vessel  moved  with  sails  upon  the  waters 
of  Lake  Erie,  every  portion  of  the  great 
West  was  covered  with  its  ancient  forests. 
The  echoing  axe  had  never  rung  through 
their  solitudes,  and  the  battle  for  mastery 
was  yet  undecided  between  the  wild  beast 
and  his  wild  foe  the  savage  hunter.  The 
three  guns  which  were  fired  when  the 
•Griffin'  was  launched,  were,  probably, 
the  tirnt  sounds  of  gunpowder  that  ever 
broke  upon  the  stilhiess  of  this  vast  re- 
gion. The  wondering  Senecas  heard  in 
them  the  thunders,  and  saw  the  lightnings 
of  heaven.  The  white  man  was  equally 
an  object  of  admiration  and  fear. 

"  The  arts  of  navigation,  at  this  period, 


■hi 


upon  this  great  inland  sea,  were  confined 
to  tiie  bark  canoe  and  the  rude  paddle 
•with  which  it  was  propelled.  Never  be- 
fore had  the  canvas  here  opened  itself  to 
the  wind.  The  voyage  of  La  Salle  was 
an  era  in  the  history  of  this  portion  of  the 
world.  The  immense  fur  trade  with  the 
natives  at  the  extremities  of  these  lakes, 
which  was  carried  on  first  by  the  French 
and  afterward  by  the  English,  was  then 
almost  entirely  unknown.  It  was  but  the 
year  before  the  sites  of  the  first  trading- 
houses  had  been  selected.  La  Salle  set 
sail  from  the  foot  of  Lake  Erie,  on  the  7th 
day  of  August,  1679,  with  a  crew  of  thirty 
men,  and  arrived  at  Mackinac  on  the  £8th 
day  of  thai;  month.  The  first  cargo  of 
furs  was  put  on  board  the  Griffin,  and  she 
was  ordered  by  La  Salle  to  return  with  a 
crew  of  six  men  to  Niagara.  But  a  storm 
was  encountered,  and  tbe  vessel  and  carg^, 
valued  at  fifty  to  sixty  thousand  francs, 
with  all  on  board,  was  lost.  Thus  was 
made  tlie  first  great  sacrifice  of  life  and 
property  to  the  commerce  of  Lake  Erie. 

"  Since  that  period  the  changes  that  have 
been  wrought  in  the  country  ^ordering  up- 
on and  lying  beyond  these  lakes,  surpass 
the  dreuras  of  enchantment.  Enterprise 
and  energy  have  penetrated  those  vast 
solitudes ;  the  beasts  of  prey  have  slunk 
back  into  the  doop  fastnesses  of  the  woods, 
the  native  tribes  have  vanished  away  like 
their  own  majestic  forests,  aud  the  white 
man  following  fast  upon  their  rustling 
footsteps,  has  subdued  the  wilderness  to 
the  forms  of  civilization. 

"  The  country  from  which  the  ftirs  were 
gathered  at  tlie  trading  posts  at  Niagara 


26 


rOMMBROB    OF   TflE    LAKES. 


Detroit,  and  Mackinac,  including  a  large 
portion  of  Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Michi- 
gan, and  Wisconsin,  now  contains  a  pop- 
ulation of  6,926,8*74.  Since  the  day  when 
La  Salle  first  opened,  as  it  wore,  to  future 
generations  the  great  higb';/ay  upon  the 
v/aters  of  Lakes  Erie  and  Huron,  the  pro- 
genitors of  this  mighty  multitude  hare 
been  borne  upon  its  waves  by  favoring 
winds ;  and  innumerable  little  bands  gain- 
ing the  mouth  of  some  fair  river,  have 
tbence  radiated  over  the  wide-spread  do- 
mam  from  which  their  descendants  are  now 
pouring  down  upon  the  trusting  bosom 
of  the  lake,  the  abundant  products  of  an 
almost  inexhaustible  fertility. 

"Great  as  has  been  the  change  since 
the  country  was  first  explored,  it  has  al- 
most wholly  taken  place  Hince  the  year 
1800.  The  population  of  Ohio  in  that  y  ear 
wat  only  45,365 ;  and  that  was  the  only 
State,  with  the  exception  of  New  York 
and  Pennsylvania,  of  p,Il  those  bordering 
upon  the  great  lakes,  wliich  coatainod  any 
considerable  settlements,  or  in  which  any 
enumeration  of  the  people  was  taken. 
Even  Ohio  was  not  then  admitted  into 
the  Union ;  and  the  commercial  advantage 
ot  Lake  Erie  were  scarcely  begun  to  be 
developed  till  twenty-fivre  years  afterward. 
The  first  vessel  bearing  the  American  flag 
upon  Lake  Erie  was  the  sloop  Detroit,  of 
seventy  tons,  which  was  purchased  of  the 
Northwest  Pur  Company,  by  the  Greneral 
Government,  in  1196.  She  was,  however, 
soon  condemned  as  unseaworthy,  and 
abandoned.  Up  to  the  time  of  the  decla- 
ration of  war  in  1812,  the  whole  number 
of  vessels  of  all  descriptions  on  these 
lakes,  did  not  exceed  twelve,  and  these 
were  employed  either  in  the  fur  trade,  or 
in  transporting  to  the  West  such  goods 
and  merchandise  as  were  required  for  the 
scattered  population  that  had  found  their 
way  there.  A  few  vessels  were  built  dur- 
ing the  war,  but,  probably,  as  many  or 
more  were  destroyed.  And  during  the 
tliree  years  of  its  continuance,  as  all  emi- 


gration to  the  West,  if  any  had  before  ex- 
isted, must  have  ceased,  there  cannot  b«' 
said  to  have  been  any  commerce  on  tlie 
lakes. 

"  In  March,  1791,  Col.  Thomas  Proctor 
visited  the  Scnecas  of  Buffalo  Creek,  and 
from  him  the  first  authentic  notice  of  Buf 
falo  is  given.  He  mentions  a  storehouse 
kept  by  an  Indian  trader  named  Winne, 
at  Lake  Erie. 

"In  June,  1795,  a  French  nobleman, 
named  La  Rochefoucauld  Liancourt,  visit- 
ed  Buffalo  and  the  neighboring  Indian  vil- 
lages. At  this  ^-iace  there  were  then  but 
few  liouses.  lie  mentions  an  Inn  where 
he  was  obliged  to  sleep  on  the  floor  in  his 
clothes.  ,  ^  v,» 

"In  August,  1796,  ^'udge  Porter,  ac- 
companied by  Judah  Colt,  went  to  Presque 
Isle,  now  Erie,  through  Buffalo.    Judge 
Porter  makes  mention  '  that  one  Johnson, 
the  British  Indian  interpreter,  Winne,  the 
trader,  and  Middaugh,  a  Dutchman,  with 
his  family,  lived  at  Buffalo.'    The  only 
road  between  Buffalo  and  Avon,  in  the 
year  1797,  was  an  Indian  trail,  and  the 
only  house  on  this  trail  was  one,  about 
one  and  one-half  miles  east  of  the  present 
village  of  Le  Roy,  occupied  by  a  Mr. 
Wilder.    As  late  as  1812  the  roads  were 
next  to  impassable,  and  to  obtain  supplies 
from  Albany,  trade  was  carried  on  by  a 
circuitous  route,    'through  the  Niagara 
river  to  Schlosser,  tlience  by  portage  to 
Lewiston,  thence  by  water  to  Oswego  and 
up  the  Oswego  River,  through  the  Oneida 
Lake  and  Wood  Creek,  and  across  a  short 
portage  to  the  Mohawk  River,  thence  by 
that  river  and  around  the  portage  of  Little 
Palls  to  Schenectady — and  thence  over  the 
arid  pine  plains  to  Albany.'    The  late 
Judge  Townsend  and  George  Coit,  Esq., 
came  to  Buffalo  as  traders,  in  1811  by  this 
route,  bringing  about  twenty  tons  of  mer- 
chandise from  Albany  at  a  cost  of  fifty 
dollars  a  ton.     At  this  time  there  were 
less  than  one  hundred  dwellings  hero,  and 
the  population  did  not  exceed  five  hun- 


?  li 


KARLT   III8T0RT. 


97 


dred.    The  mouth  o(  Buffalo  Creek  was 
then  obstructed  by  a  sand-bar,  frequently 
preventing  the  entrance  of  small  vessels, 
ard  even  frail  Indian  bark  canoes  were 
frequently  shut  out,  and  footmen  walked 
across  its  mouth  on  dry  land.     Vessels 
then  received  and  discharged  their  cargoes 
at  Bird  Island  wharf^  near  Black  Rock. 
To  remedy  the  obstructions  in  the  creek 
by  the  sand-bar  at  its  outlet  into  the  lake, 
it  was  proposed,  in  the  year  1811,  to  run 
a  pier  into  the  lake,  but  nothing  of  moment 
was  done  till  the  spring  of  1820,  when  a 
subscription  was  raised,  by  the  then  vil- 
lagers of  Buffalo,   amounting  to  $1,361. 
The  late  Hon.  Samuel  Wilkson  was  the 
originator  and  projector  of  this  movement, 
and  temporary  improve^^  ents  were  made 
which  carried  away  the  obstructing  sand- 
bar.    In  1822  the  village  iu  its  corporate 
capacity  paid  John  T.  Lacy  for  building  a 
rand-scow  for  working  in  the  harbor  $534. 
The  first  corporate  notice  of  the  harbor 
was  made  in  the  latter  year.     Buffalo  was 
incorporated  as  a  village  in  April,  1813, 
and  as  a  city  on  20th  of  April,  1832. 

"Melish  says,  'the  population  by  the 
last  census  was  365,  and  it  was  computed 
in  1811  at  500,  and  is  rapidly  increasing.' 
In  1825  the  population  was  2,412;  in 
1830,  8,668;  in  1835,  15,661;  in  1840, 
18,213;  in  1845,  29,973;  in  1850,  42,261; 
in  1860,  81,129;  and  at  the  end  of  the 
year  1862  the  population  is  estimated  at 
over  100,000.  In  1817  the  taxable  prop- 
erty of  the  village  was  $134,400,  and  on 
this  valuation  an  assessment  of  $'*.00  vas 
made  during  that  year.  The  valuation  of 
the  real  and  personal  property  of  the  city 
in  1862  is  $30,911,014. 

"  The  population  and  valuation  of  prop- 
erty, the  harbor  and  harbor  improve- 
ments, the  manufactures  and  commerce, 
the  canal,  railway,  and  water  connections 
by  lake  with  other  portions  of  the  country, 
the  population  and  productions  of  the 
West  and  Northwest,  the  large  lake,  canaj. 


the  present  time,  when  compared  with 

what  they  were  fifty  years  ago,  *;iro  mar- 
vellous in  our  eyes,'  and  If  8omf»  Tir-'seeing 
miud,  alialf  century  since,  had  ,>ro,>he.sied 
results  of  such  vast  magnitude,  he  would 
have  been  denominated  an  idb  dreamer, 
and  a  fit  subject  for  a  lunatic  asrlura. 

"  The  States  and  Territories  bordering 
on,  and  tributary  to  the  great  lake  basio 
that  had  fifby  years  ago  but  a  few  thousand 
population,  have  now  nearly  seven  millions, 
which  will  soon  be  augmented   by  the 
natural  increase  and  by  immigration  to 
thirty  millioi  s,  and  Buffalo  with   its  500 
inhabitants  iu  1811,  81,000  in  1860,  will 
have  a  population  of  three  or  four  hun- 
dred thousand  before  the  present  century 
shall  have  passed  away.     Within  the  lim- 
its of  these  lake  States,  where,  less  than 
forty  years  ago,  there  were  neither  canals 
nor  railways,  there  are  now  14,484  miles 
of  railway,  and  3,345  miles  of  navigable 
canals,  of  which  latter  about  760  miles 
are  slack-water  navigation. 

**The  whole  West  and  Northwest  'a 
now  traversed  by  a  net-work  of  railways, 
with  important  canal  connections  between 
the  different  States,  where  there  was  a 
sparsely  populated,  almost  intermtuable 
forest  or  uninhabited  prairie.  In  this 
march  of  improvement,  making  more  in- 
timate the  social  and  commercial  relations 
of  these  widely  separated  sections  of  the 
country,  the  Empire  State  has  nobly  led 
the  way.  The  far-seeing  mind  of  her 
honored  son,  Governor  Clinton,  projected 
the  Erie  Canal  which  was  completed  in 
1825,  uniting  the  waters  of  the  Hudson 
with  the  lakes.  A  brighter  day  then 
dawned  upon  the  West,  the  population 
was  rapidly  augmented,  which  was  soon 
succeeded  by  largely  increased  agricultu- 
ral productions  that  gave  new  life  to  com- 
merce. The  era  of  railways  was  com- 
meuced  iu  about  the  year  1830. 

"  With  these  largely  increased  rail  fa- 
cilities, and  the  capacity  of  the  New  York 


I 


and  railway  facilities  for  transportation  at  I  canals  nearly  quadrupled,  the  augmenting 


28 


COMMERCE    OP   THE    LARES. 


facilities  do  tiot  keep  pace  with  the  rapid- 
ly augmenting  population  and  largely  in- 
creased production.  Tinproved  channels 
of  communication,  both  by  rail  and  water, 
must  be  made,  to  enable  the  producer  at 
the  West  to  get  his  products  more  cheap- 
ly to  market.  A  country  vast  in  extent, 
bordering  upon  the  upper  Mississippi,  the 
Ohio,  Cumberland,  Tennessee,  Arkansas, 
Red,  and  Missouri  rivers  and  their  tribu- 
taries, and  the  Red  river  of  the  North, 
traversed  by  more  than  twenty  thousand 
miles  of  navigable  waters,  will  soon  be 
densely  peopled;  new  States  to  the  west 
of  those  already  admitted  will  soon  knock 
for  admission  into  the  Union;  the  supera- 
bundant products  of  an  almost  inexhaust- 
ible fertility  will  be  pouring  over  the  lakes 
and  railways,  and  through  the  rivers  and 
canals,  imparting  activity  to  trade,  giving 
life,  strength  and  vital  energy  to  the  large- 
ly augmenting  commerce  of  the  West. 
As  the  star  of  empire  westward  wends  its 
way,  widening  the  distance  from  the  great 
sea-board  marts  of  trade,  the  prospective 
wants  and  increased  productions  of  scores 
of  millions  of  people  will  from  necessity 
create  cheaper  and  more  expeditious  facil- 
ities for  the  transportation  of  their  surplus 
products  to  market.  There  is  no  country 
on  the  face  of  the  globe  that  has  so  many 
natural  advantages  for  a  large  and  extend- 
ed internal  trade  as  the  great  West  and 
Northwest. 

"The  great  basin  east  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains  is  drained  by  the  Mississippi 
and  Missouri  Rivers  and  their  tributaries, 
and  their  waters  find  an  outlet  in  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico.  The  great  lakes,  having 
en  area  equal  to  one  twenty-fifth  part  of 
the  Atlantic  Ocean,  are  drained  by  the 
river  St.  Lawrence,  and  find  an  outlet  in 
the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence.  The  construc- 
tion of  a  few  miles  of  canal  makes  a  nav- 
igable connection  from  the  ocean  to  the 
great  chain  of  lakes.  These  natural  ad- 
vantages have  been  improved  to  some  ex- 
tent in  the  United  States  by  the  construc- 


tion of  a  canal  through  the  State  of  New 
York,  that  now  has  a  prism  forty-five  feet 
at  the  bottom  and  seventy  feet  at  the  top 
with  seven  feet  of  water,  with  locks  18 
feet  6  inches  wide  by  100  feet  long. 
There  is  also  a  canal  one  hundred  miles 
long  connecting  the  Illinois  river  with 
lake  Michigan  at  Chicago,  and  slack  water 
navigation  connecting  Green  Bay,  Wiscon- 
sin, with  the  Mississippi  river.  By  the 
construction  of  a  ship  canal  about  three- 
fourths  of  a  mile  in  length,  from  Big 
Stone  Lake  to  Lake  Traver  in  Minnesota^ 
steamboats  f^om  St.  Paul  could  navigate 
both  the  Minnesota  river  and  the  Red 
river  of  the  North  to  Lake  Winnepeg,  a 
diotance  of  seven  hundred  miles.  The 
country  traversed  by  these  rivers  is  sur- 
passingly fertile  and  capable  of  sustaining 
a  dense  population.  Lake  Winnepeg  is 
larger  than  Lake  Ontario,  and  receives  the 
Sas-katch-e-wan  river  from  the  West. 
Tiie  Sas-katch-e-wan  river  is  navigable  to 
a  point  (Edmonton  House)  near  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  seven  hundred  miles  west  of 
Lake  Winnepeg,  and  only  150  miles  cast 
of  the  celebrated  gold  diggings  on  Frazer 
river  in  British  Columbia.  The  digging 
of  that  one  mile  of  canal,  would,  there- 
fore, enable  a  steamboat  at  New  Orleans 
to  pass  into  Lake  Winnepeg  and  from 
thence  to  Edmonton  House,  some  5,000 
miles.  A  move  has  already  been  made 
for  constructing  this  short  canal.  By  en- 
larging the  Illinois  and  Michigan  canal 
and  improving  the  navigation  of  the  Illi- 
nois river,  and  improving  and  completing 
the  slack  water  navigation  of  the  Fox 
river  in  Wisconsin,  connecting  Green  Bay 
witli  the  Mississippi  river,  and  still  fur- 
ther enlarging  the  main  trunk  of  the  New 
York  canals,  steamers  could  be  passed 
from  New  York  or  the  Gulf  of  St.  Law- 
rence, either  through  tlie  canals  of  New 
York  or  Canada  into  the  great  lakes,  and 
from  thence  to  the  head  waters  of  the 
Sas-katch-e-wan,  the  Missouri,  the  Yellow 
Stone  rivers,  being  some  5,000  to  6,000 


FIRST    STBAMBOAT    ON   LAKE    ERfB. 


20 


miles.  The  coreal  product  of  the  States 
bordering  on  and  tributary  to  the  lakes 
was  267,295,877  bushels  in  1840;  434,- 
862,661  bushels  in  1850,  against  679,031,- 
659  bushels  in  1860,  and  the  population 
of  these  States  has  kept  pace  with  their 
cereal  products,  being  6,259,345  in  1840; 
9,178,003  in  1850,  against  13,355,093  in 
1860,  au  increase  of  nearly  fifty  per  cent, 
in  population  and  cereal  products  in  each 
decade.  If  tho  same  rate  per  cent,  of  in- 
crease in  population  and  cereal  products 
shall  be  continued,  these  States  in  1870 
will  have  a  population  of  20.032,639,  with 
a  cereal  product  of  1,008,557,338  bushels; 
in  1880,  a  population  of  30,048,958,  with 
a  cereal  product  of  1,512,821,000  bushels ; 
in  1890,  a  population  of  55,073,437,  with 
a  cereal  product  of  2,269,231,610  bushels, 
and  in  1900  a  population  of  67,610,155,  i 
with  a  cereal  product  of  3,403,847,265. 

'*  The  grain  trade  of  Buffalo  for  a  series 
of  years,  given  in  this  report,  has  already 
reached  upwards  of  72,000,000  bushels  for 
the  year  1862.  If  a  crop  of  680,000,000 
of  bushels  of  cereal  products,  gives  Buf- 
falo 72,000,000  of  bushels  of  that  crop; 
in  the  year  1900,  with  a  crop  of  3,403,- 
847,265  bushels  of  cereal  products,  the 
grain  trade  of  Buffalo  will  be  upward  of 
360,000,000  of  bushels.  The  calculations 
of  the  forty  years  of  the  future  are  baaed 
on  the  actual  results  of  the  last  thirty 
years.  The  year  1870  will  give  to  Buffalo 
a  grain  trade  of  upwards  of  107,000,000 
of  bushels,  and  if  there  shall  be  a  propor- 
tionate increase  in  the  grain  trade  of 
Oswego,  the  present  capacity  of  the  New 
York  canals  will  be  entirei^  inadequate 
to  pass  through  them  tliis  large  amount 
of  grain  in  addition  to  the  large  increase 
in  the  tonnage  of  other  commodities,  say- 
ing nothing  of  the  capacity  that  will  be 
required  for  the  augmented  business  in 
1880,  1890,  and  1900." 


The  Flmt  Steamboat  on 
I^ake  Erie.  r 


■m 


The  Detroit  Tribune  furnishes  some  in- 
teresting extracts  on  tliis  subject,  taken 
from  the  files  of  the  Detroit  Gazette,  of 
1818.  We  select  the  following  descrip- 
tion of  tho  reception  of  this  monster  of 
the  great  deep  by  the  '•  Wolverinea^^  of  that 
day. 

"August  26,  1818: — Yesterday,  be- 
tween the  hours  of  10  and  11  a.  m.,  the 
elegant  steamboat  Walk-in-the-  Water,  Capt 
J.  Fish,  arrived. — As  she  pasaed  the  pub- 
lic wharf,  and  that  owned  by  Mr.  S.  S. 
Roby,  she  was  cheered  by  hundreds  of 
the  inhabitants,  who  ha4  collected  to  wit- 
ness this  (in  these  waters)  truly  novel  and 
grand  spectacle.  She  came  to  at  Wing's 
wharf  She  left  Buffalo  at  half-past  1 
o'clock  on  the  23d,  and  arrived  off  Dun- 
kirk at  35  minutes  past  6  on  the  same 
day.  On  the  next  morning  she  arrived 
at  Erie,  Capt.  Fish  having  reduced  her 
steam  during  the  night,  in  order  not  to 
pass  that  place,  where  she  took  in  a  sup- 
ply of  wood.  At  half-past  7  p.  m.  she  left 
Erie,  and  came  to  at  Cleveland  at  11  o'clock. 
On  Friday,  at  20  minutes  past  6  o'clock, 
p.  M.,  sailed  and  arrived  off  Sandusky 
Bay  at  1  o'clock  on  Wednesday ;  lay  at 
anchor  during  the  night,  and  then  pro- 
ceeded to  Venice  to  wood ;  left  Venice  at 
3  p.  M.,  and  arrived  at  tho  mouth  of  the 
Detroit  River,  where  she  anchored  during 
the  night— the  whole  time  employed  in 
sailing,  in  this  first  voyage  from  Buffalo 
to  this,  being  about  44  hours  and  10  min- 
utes ;  the  wind  ahead  during  nearly  the 
whole  passage.  Not  the  slightest  accident 
happened  during  the  voyage,  and  all  our 
machinery  worked  admirably. 

"  Nothing  could  exceed  the  surprise  of 
the  sons  of  the  forest  on  seeing  the  Walk- 
in-the-  Water  moving  majestically  and  rap- 
idly against  a  strong  current,  without  the 
assistance  of  sails  or  oars.  They  lined 
the  banks  near  Maldon,  and  expressed 


■■■■i 


30 


COMMKROX    OF   THE    LAKES. 


their  astonishment  by  repeated  shouts  of 
'  Tai-yoh  nichec.^  A  report  had  been  cir- 
culated among  them,  that  a  ^big  canoe^ 
would  soon  come  from  the  noisy  waters, 
which,  by  order  of  the  great  father  of  the 
Cho-mo-ho-mims,  would  be  drawn  through 
the  lakes  and  rivers  by  sturgeon  I  Of  the 
truth  of  the  report  they  are  now  per- 
fectly  satisfied.  The  cabins  of  this  boat 
are  fitted  up  in  a  neat,  convenient,  and 


elegant  style ;  and  the  manner  in  which 
she  is  found,  docs  honor  to  tho  proprie- 
tors and  to  her  commander.  A  passage 
between  this  place  and  Buffalo  is  now  not 
merely  tolerable,  but  truly  pleasant.  To- 
day she  will  make  a  trip  to  Lake  St.  Clair, 
with  a  large  party  of  ladies  and  gentle>- 
men.  She  will  leave  for  Buffedo  t^mor^ 
row,  and  may  be  expected  to  visit  m 
again  next  week." 


'  u.i  S 

'>*?•  » 


TABLE^ 


■X  >i 


-#  * 


tv  ik 

7 

1"'. 

..     ).,^ 

- 

f  < 

»     ( 

,.»  5  {  . 

vr 

V  "... 

i 

Sm* 

r.-**^':. 

*. 

it  «< 

'•t't 

'.     -!        I 

'.{,'- 

^  V 

ExHiBiTiiro  THB  ToHHASB  (/<A«  MMTol  Lake  Districts  in  ths  United  States,  on  Ihe  WitK  June,  1801 

DnTBtofi.  Btetd.  Lske0,  Ao.                 Total  Tonnftge. 

Burlington Vermont Ghamplain 7,774  19 

Champlain. New  York "        1,79171 

Oswegatchie "        St.  Lawrence  Biver. .          7,332  53 

Cape  Vincent »*.... "    ^.^^^  .*^,^^     6,228  70 

S  icketi  's  Haroor. ...      .  .   **        Ontario  .....*« ». . . .  •           888  66 

Oswego #f f  #;£}>^> " -65,562  41 


u 
It 

II 


'«...«....«     -      'Jt'"j''*:*i- 


II 


(}enesee 

Niagara, 

BuflEklo. 

Dunkirk 

Presque  Isle  (Erie) . .  Pennsylvania 

Cuyahoga  (Cleveland)     Ohio 

Sandusky "    

Toledo "    

Detroit Michigan. Detroit  River 

Michilimackinac  ....         "  Huron 

Chicago . , Illinois. Michigan. . . . 

Milwaukee Wisconsin '*    

Minnesota , . .    Supejrio'  . . . , 


2,981  84 

"     774  48 

Brie 108,224  00 

4,274  26 


(I 
II 
II 
II 
i< 


7,369  09 
82,618  87 
16.860  24 

61468  70 
66,887  89 

4,747  69 
86,743  66 
27,048  19 


TotalTonnage 600,466  90 


*? 


i  -r 


L      I 


j,j.    ^  -« 


*.  > 


!  >l(. 


^    ^     ^t 


li;  M 


OAJSADlkXt   XVLAHD   AXO   OOSAN    NAVIGATIOir. 


c:-'^ 


81 


1'  1 


LAKE  C0XMS2CE. 
Commerce  of  Bullhlo— 1994. 


'■»",T    I';/     ^- 


t,.., 


/  • 


fl       M. 


The  following  statement  shows  the  «r« 

rivals  and  clearances  at  and  from  BulDTalo 

of  American  and  Foreign  vessels  to  and 

fVom  Canadian  ports;  also  the  arrivals 

s~*'\  clearances  of  American  vessels  to 

from  American  ports,  the  tonnage  of 

same,  aud  the  number  of  men  com* 

ng  the  crews  arriving  and  departing ; 

.  ..9  comparative  Statement  of  the  same 

for  a  series  of  years : 


i 


Fran  qvAwntn. 

No.  VmmU. 

CkMSting  vesMls  entered  ...       1 
A  merican  vessels  entered . .   805 

Forelffn  vessels  entered 

CoMting  vessels  cleared 

American  vessels  cleared  ..    865    409,165    4,015 
Foreign  vessels  cleared.... 


Tonnag*. ' 
844 
409,165 


Ciwws, 

9 

4,015 


Totals 671     818,674     8,089 


SKOOKO  gCAKTKB. 

•    '  NowVeMelfc 

Coasting  vessels  entered . . .  1,560 
American  vessels  entered . .  872 
Foreisn  vessels  entered  . . .  217 
Oottsting  vessels  cleared..  .1,685 
American  vess«;ls  cleared . .  482 
Foreign  vessels  cleared 207 


Tonnage. 
59i478 
898,497 
19,729 
650,197 
409.2S5 
6,474 


Crewa. 

18,076 
4,158 
1,046 

19.668 
4,586 
1,0SS 


Totals 4,523  2,082,655  48,571 


)•},.    V    :<         TniRD  QUARTER. 
No.  Veuelt. 

Coasting  vessels  entered  ..1,744 
American  vessels  entered . .  465 
Foreign  vessels  entered  . . .  845 
Coasting  vessels  cleared  . .  .1,880 
American  vessels  cleared . .  496 
Foreign  vessels  cleared ....  842 


Tonnmge. 
681,791 
888,741 

26,261 
693,485 
406,684 

81,571 


Cr«w». 

21,847 
4,250 
1,794 

21,508 
4,228 

V 


TotaU 5,282  2,228,548  54,710 


Coasting  vessels  entered . . . 
American  vesdels  entered  . 
Foreign  vessels  entered  . . . 
Coasting  vessels  cleared  . . . 
American  vessels  cleared. . 
Foreign  vessel*  cleared..  . 


roVRH  qVAMTKL 

H»  VmmIil  Toaaifi, 

1,064  481,477 

461  449,865 

864  96,481 

948  882,609 

467  444,789 

266  26,862 


Crawa. 

18,011 
4679 
1,888 

11,727 
4.660 
1,865 


Totals 8,669  1,761,476  86,861 


i  • '-.« twit 


BUMMABT  FOB  TAB  TBAB  1861 

N&     Tonnafa.    Crtwa. 

American  vessels  entered..  1,668  1,641,258  17,102 
Foreign  vessels  entered  . .  926  72.424  4,229 
Coasting  vessels  entered..  4,868  1,708,086  62,442 

Total  entered  for  the  year.. 6,958  8,421,767  78,178 


J* 


No. 


Tonnafa.    Crtwa, 

American  vessels  cleared.  .1,810  1,669,888  17,424 
Foreign  vesrels  cleared  ...  H14  64,407  4.066 
Coasting  vessels  cleared. .  .4,523  1,785.291  52,898 


Total  cleared  for  the 

year.. 7,147  8,468,681 

i  14,898 

Grand  Total  1864... 

•                       1  -r 

...14,105    6.891,848 

148,161 

b* 

u 

1868... 

...1^876    6,767.908 

167.415 

M 

u 

1862... 

...1&890    6.6»9,181 

166^188 

tt 

it 

1861... 

...18,866    5.963,586 

141,178 

u 

u 

1860... 

...11,627    4,710,175 

120,497 

kk 

u 

1860... 

...10,521    6.592,626 

118,109 

t( 

Ik 

1858... 

...  a313    8,829,246 

86,887 

u 

u 

1867... 

...  7,581    8,226.006 

132,188 

«t 

It 

1866... 

...  8,128    8,018,689 

112,051 

tt 

M 

1866... 

.   .  9,211    8,860.283 

111,675 

t» 

tt 

1864... 

...  8,912    8,990.284 

120,888 

u 

u 

1868... 

...  8,298    3,252,978 

128,112 

u 

u 

1862... 

...  9,441    8,092,247 

127,481 

Canadian  Inlaud  and  Oeean  NaTlgatton. 


The  following, .  from  a  pamphlet  pub- 
lished in  Montreal^  pictures  in  glowing 
colors  the  advantages  to  bo  derived  from 
the  great  iiiUand  water  high  ways  of  the 


Canadian  Provinces:  "Montreal,  at  the 
head  of  sea  navigation  proper,  is  the  port 
for  the  great  chain  of  river,  lake,  and 
cmdl  navigatioo,   whkh  extends  west- 


32 


i  I 


OOMMKBCC   or  THS 


LAXXS*    • 


«f    i    «!  »»■  t»l 


ward  to  Fond  du  Lac,  Lake  Superior,  and 
Chicago,  on  Lake  Michigan,  a  distance  of 
about  fifteen  hundred  miles,  embracing 
the  largest  extent  of  inland  water  com- 
munication in  the  world."  For  extent  of 
lake  and  river  navigation,  see  page  16. 


Canadian  Can'alf. 


Lrarth  in 
ml 


LtehiM  :.". ....  :V.- . . .    8* 

Betuharnois Hi 

Cornwall Hi 

Farrand^s  Point 

Rapid  Plat 

Point  IroqaolB 

Gallop's 

Welland. .'...  28 


Na 


rth  in    Depth 

iTIm.     in  tUt.  Lift,  fMk'  Lock*. 


9* 


10 
10 
10 
10 
10 
10 
10 
10 


441 

82i 
48 

4 

IH 
6 
8 

880 


Totals......; 


«• 


M0| 


27 
M 


Proposed  Ottawa  Ship  Canal. 

The  saving  in  the  distance  between 
Montreal  and  Chicago,  by  this  direct 
route,  over  the  present  circuitous  line 
through  the  Lower  Lakes  and  the  St. 
Lawrence,  is  842^  miles.  It  has  64  locks, 
with  a  total  lift  of  665i  feet.  The  work, 
in  quality  at  least  equal  to  the  St.  Law- 
rence Canals,  is  estimated  to  cost  $12,- 
057,680,  exclusive  of  the  Lachine  Canal, 
which  is  already  completed.  It  is  dis- 
tributed in  the  following  divisions,  natural 
and  artificial: 


Lachine 

MilMOf 

River  and  Laka. 

MllM  of 
Canal. 

8.&0 

Lake  St  Loola 

...  18.81 

St.  Anne's 

1-19 

Lake  of  Two  Mountains. . , 

Carillon  to  Grenville 

Green  Shoals 

...  24.70 
...     7.78 

6.00 
.10 

Ottawa  lilver 

...  65.9T 

Chaudi^re  des  Chenes 

Des  Chenes  Lake 

...     8.75 
...  26.89 

2.61 

Chats i.. 

,  .     1.70 

.60 

Chats' Lake .'. 

Snow's  to  Black  Falls. . . . . 
Klver  and  Lake  Goulonge. 
Cbonean  and  L*Islet. 

.:':  19.28 

...  18.82 
...  24.98 
...    4.86 

1.06 
.14 

Peep  River , 

...  88.58 

Joicbim'B  to  Mattawan  . . . 

...  61.T4 

2.88 

\\ 


♦If  %;  J 


MIlMof  MilMOf 

lUvar  and  Lakai    Canal. 


River  MatUwan 16.22 

Snmmit  Level  and  Oat 61 .  16 

French  JSiver 47.52 


Total 401.44 


1.06 

6.97 

.82 

29.82 


This  extensive  line  of  interior  waters, 
with  short  land  portages,  formed  for  many 
years  the  principal  route  for  the  vessels 
and  voyageurs  of  the  Hudson  Bay  Com- 
pany and  the  Northwest  Company. 


»«;. 


No. 

S(M 

Lift  of 

Locks. 

Lock*. 

Loekc 

71 

110x18 

669 

112 

90x16 

1,489 

11 

110x18 

761 

27 

90x15 

277 

49 

90x15 

155 

116 

110x18 

1,015 

18 

90x16 

155 

100 

a  •  •  • 

1,082 

88 

110x18 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

a  •  •  • 

100x16 

227 

7 

90x16 

60 

2 

120x801 

16* 

sir 


THevi  York  Canals. 

Lbnotu,  Sizb,  Looks,  sra 

*•'  Length. 

'  i  i>  .  i 

Erie  (enlarged) 860^ 

Genesee    Valley     and 

Extension 124f 

Cayuira  and  Seneca  . . .  241 

Crooked  Lake 8 

Chemung  tSc  Feeder...  89 

Chenango 97 

Oswego 88 

Black  Kivertfe  Feeder.  60 
Black  River  Imp't....  42^ 

Champlain 66^ 

Glens  Falls  Feeder  ...    7 

Oneida  Lake 7 

Oneida  River  Imp't...  20 
Oneida  Lake 28 


The  ESrie  and  Champlain  Canals,  when 
first  completed  in  1825,  had  a  prism  28 
feet  wide  at  the  bottom,  and  40  feet  wide 
at  the  surface  of  the  water,  which  was 
four  feet  in  depth.  The  chambers  of  the 
locks  were  90  feet  long  by  15  feet  wide, 
admitting  boats  75  feet  long,  carrying 
about  45  to  50  tons.  The  w'-^  of  the 
present  locks  is  given  in  tne  foiegoing' 
table.  The  boats  now  navigating  the 
Erie  and  Oswego  Canals  have  a  burden 
of  about  225  to  250  tons  in  six  feet 
draught  of  water. 

The  Erie  Enlarged  Canal  has  71  locks, 
with  a  total  lift  of  660  feet,  and  the  Oswe- 
go Canal  has  la  lodcB,  with  a  total  lift  of 
165  feet. 


BRB  A  !>BTUFF8 —  FI8HSBXB8— FISH . 


83 


The  grain  trade  of  the  great  West  and 
Northwest  is  yet  in  its  infancy.  Everv 
year  the  population  is  augmented  by  emi- 
gration from  the  Eastern  and  Middle 
States  as  well  ,a8  from  Europe.  The 
strong  arms  of  freemen  are  bringing  un- 


der cultivacttoh  the  broad  prairies  upon 
wnich  the  indusstrious  and  enterprising 
settlers  scatter  broad-cast  the  seed,  to  be 
returned  to  them  again  in  fields  of  waving 
grain,  from  which  will  be  rea|)ed  a  boun- 
tiful harTest  , 

'    ■    ■■     ■'*  .       r^      ''  ■  '-..lit,':,;'. 


^i-.:lJ 


■•♦     '■<) 


V«4     .' 


Imports  of  Breadstnffs  into  Great  Britain. 


>. 


The  following  Arom  the  London  Times  will  show  the  imports  of  breadstuff's  into 
Great  Britain  for  the  years  1860, 1861,  and  1862,  ending  December  31st  in  each  year, 


VIZ.: 


1860. 

1861. 

1862. 

5,139,188 

6,331,375 

7,314,317 

5,903,175 

6,966,844 

9,542,362 

1,885,694 

3,106,595 

2,761,265 

2,308,380 

1,875,574 

1,622,919 

2,122,016 

1,407,501 

1,863,683 

96,898 

54,142 

1,694 

317,548 

402,933 

230,132 

•  •  •  • 

714 

5,143 

440,860 

664,477 

479,758 

Wheat,  Flour,  Meal,  owt 

Wheat.,  qrs.  of  8  bush , 

Corn,  "  "  , 

Oats,  "  "  

Barley,        "  "  

Rye,  "  "  

Peas,  "  "  

Buckwheat, "  "  

Beans,  "  " 

Total  Grain,  qrs.  8  bush  ..... .     13,044,471    14,377,780    16,496,966 


/^ 


The  Times  says:  "The  accounts  have 
now  been  made  up  of  the  quantities  of 
grain  and  flour  imported  into  Great  Bri- 
tain on  the  last  year  and  preceding  years 
since  the  introduction  of  free  trade,  and 
the  result  is  remarkable,  showing  an  ex- 
traordinary inc  'ease  during  the  past  year. 
Taking  wheat  and  flour  alone,  we  find 
that  the  lowest  year  was  1835,  when  the 
quantity  of  wheat  imported  into  Great 
Britain  was  only  46,530  quarters,  and  of 
flour  84,684  owt.,.whae  in  1862,  no  less 
than  9,541,362  quarters  of  wheat,  and 
7,314,317  cwt.  of  flour  were  imported  into 
the  various  ;^rts  of  the  country." 

The  increase  in  1862  over  1861  is  982,- 
942  cwt.  of  flour,  and  2,676,518  quarters 
of  wheat.  There  is  a  decrease  on  Indian 
corn  of  355,330  quarters.     " 


FISHEBIES-FISH. 


M.  ■? 


In  the  Sandusky  bay,  in  the  Maumee 
bay  and  Maumee  river,  in  the  Monroe 
bay,  in  the  Detroit  river,  in  the  St  Glair 
river  and  rapids,  in  Lake  Huron,  from 
Huron  to  Point  aux  Barques,  in  the  Au 
Sable  river,  in  Thunder  bay  above  Au 
Sable  river,  including  Sugar  Island,  in 
Saginaw  bay  and  river,  in  Tawas  bay, 
between  Thunder  bay  and  Mackinac,  in- 
cluding Hammond's  bay,  in  and  about 
Mackinac  at  Beaver  Island  and  its  sur- 
roundings, between  the  De  Tour  and  the 
Sault,  along  the  Eastern  shore  of  Lake 
Michigan,  in  Green  bay,  in  Wisconsin 
and  Michigan,  at  Presque  Isle,  Pa.,  in 
Lake  Superior's  numerous  bays  and  in- 
lets,   are    found    the   principal    fishing 


.  f. 


94 


COMMEKCC    OF   THK    LAKI8. 


grounds  of  the  lakes;  and  the  annual 
catch  ranges  from  60  to  100  thousand 
barrels,  v^ued  at  four  to  six  hundred 
thousand  dollars.  The  lake  fisheries  are 
only  second  to  the  cod  fisheries  off  the 
Atlantic  coast,  from  Cape  Cod  Bay  to 
Gape  Breton,  and  are  a  source  of  very 
considerable  wealth. 

The  stock  here  will,  probably,  not  ex- 
ceed twenty-five  hundred  packages : 


Lakb  Imports  op  Fish. 


tin,  Bbk  TMn. 

1854 11,762  18fi0.. 

18U T,241  I860.. 

1866 6,260  1861.. 

1867..., 6,290  1869.. 

1868 4,208 


BMt. 

18,.«91 

26,666 

8,818 

8,647 


LUMBEB  AND  STAVES. 

The  Lundber  and  Stave  trade  constitutes 
a  yery  large  portion  of  the  freight  carried 
on  the  lakes  and  canals,  and  is  only  second 
to  g^ain.  The  larger  portion  uf  the  East- 
ward movement  usually  takes  place  in  mid- 
summer, when  low  rates  of  transporta- 
tion rule.  The  principal  sources  of  sup- 
ply are  the  States  of  Ohio,  Indiana,  Mich- 
igan, Canada  West,  and  Pennsylvania,  of 
which  more  than  fifty  per  cent,  is  from 
Michigan  alone.  In  the  northern  penin- 
sula of  that  State,  in  and  around  Saginaw, 
at  Port  Huron,  on  St.  Clair  river,  are  the 
largest  and  finest  lumber  districts  in  the 
West  and  Northwest. 

The  supply  of  staves  is  derived  from 
Ohio,  Indiana,  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  and 
Canada  West,  of  which  more  than  eighty 
per  cent,  of  the  receipts  at  Buffalo  come 
from  the  States  first  mentioned.    *     '-■":'"' 

The  following  will  show  the  imports  at 
Buffalo  of  staves  and  lumber  from  1846 
to  1862,  inclusive,  and  the  canal  exports 
^om  1849  to  1862,  inclusive: 


./  Lake  Impobtb. 

i 

T«iin.  SUtm,  No. 

1846 10.762,600 

JS47 8,80O/K)0 

l»48 a,091,000  . 

It49 14,188.608 

fsW) 18^6W,8e0 

1851 10,696,006 

1852 12,998,614 

1868 9,215,240 

1864 15,464,554 

1856 16,421,668 

1866 18,666^009 

1867 28,024,218 

J868 1M19,019 

1860 28,277,028 

1860 28,807,889 

1861 26,228,978 

1862 80,410,263 


Lamfwr,  ftA 
U.686,000 
:  18,818,000 
91,425,000 
88,98.\76S 
6»,076.009 
68,006,000 
72,887,225 
89,294,01  K) 
67,407,008 
72,026,661 
60,684,812 
68,288,819 
67,069,178 

111,072,446 

111,094,496 
68,082,718 

126,289,971 


COFPEB-LAKE  8TJPEBI0B. 

The  Copper  Mines  of  Lake  Superior 
wer'?  first  brought  into  public  notice  in 
1845,  when  speculation  was  rife  in  all 
that  spur  of  the  Porcupine  Mountains  on 
the  south  shore  of  Superior,  extending 
far  into  the  lake,  having  for  its  base  a  line 
drawn  across  L'Anso  Bay  to  Ontonagon. 
This  was  then  the  Northern  El  Dorado.  In 
this  year  operations  were  commenced  at 
the  Minnesota  mine,  which  is  about  fifteei: 
miles  back  of  Ontonagon.  The  first  large 
mass  of  native  copper,  weighing  about 
seven  tons,  was  found  in  a  pit  dug  by  the 
original  lords  of  the  soil. 

It  ip  now  only  fourteen  years  since  thia 
mine  was  opened.  At  that  time  the  rapids 
in  the  Sault  St.  Marie  prevented  the  pas- 
sage of  vessels  from  the  lower  lakes,  and 
the  adventurers  that  sought  out  this  new 
El  Dorado,  had  many  obstacles  to  over- 
come. The  courtry  was  then  covered  by 
a  vast  wilderness,  without  inhabitants,  ex- 
cepting a  few  Indiana. 

All  supplies  were  brought  from  the 
lower  lakes,  and  then  had  to  be  passed 
over  the  Portage  at  St.  Mary,  and  thence 
carried  in  frail  vessels  coasting  to  tl>e 
westward,  hundreds  of  miles  to  the  cop- 
per regions,  and  then  carried  on  the  back 


COPPKR — LAK.     SUPERIOR. 


85 


of  man  and  beaat  to  the  supposed  places 
of  the  copper  deposit.  Kvery  stroke  of 
the  pick  was  made  at  a  cost  ten-fold  more 
than  ia  populated  districts,  every  disaster 
delayed  operations  for  weeks  and  even 
months. 

The  opening  of  the  St  Mary  Canal,  in 
1856,  has  produced  a  wondrous  change  in 
1  all  this  wilderness  region.  The  only  set- 
tlements on  the  south  shore  of  the  lake, 
at  the  present~~time,  are  Marquette,  Port- 
age Lake,  Ontonagon,  Copper  Harbor, 
Eagle  Harbor,  Eagle  River,  and  the  ad- 
jacent mines — all  else  is  a  vast  wilderness, 
without  sign  of  human  habitation. 

The  Copper  region  is  divided  into  the 
three  districts  of  Ontonagon,  Keweenaw 
Point,  and  Portage  Lake.  Since  1845,  120 
Copper  Mining  Companies  have  been  or- 
ganized under  the  General  Law  of  Michi- 
gan; more  than  six  millions  of  dollars 
have  been  expended  in  explorations  and 
mining  improvements.  The  Minnesota 
and  Cliff  mines  have  declared  and  paid 
over  two  millions  of  dollars  in  dividends 
since  the  organization  and  working  of 
those  companies. 

Until  1 860  all  the  Copper  of  the  Lake 
Superior  mines  was  smelted  at  Detroit, 
Cleveland,  and  Boston — since  which  time 
a  Boston  company  have  erected  smelting 
works  at  Portage,  Lake  Superior,  and 
new  smelting  works  have  been  erected  at 
Ontonagon. 

There  is  an  annual  product  of  Copper 
of  about  2,500  to  5,000  tons  at  the  Wel- 
lington mines,  Lake  Huron,  which  are 
worked  by  a  Canadian  company. 

Product  of  the  Coffee  Districts — 
1864 

The  total  copper  product  of  Lake  Supe- 
rior in  1864,  as  per  tables  published  in 
the  Mining  Gazette  and  Miner,  is  8,561^ 
tons,  producing  about  6,850  tons  of  ingot 
copper,  worth  $6,850,000;  and  from  each 
district  as  follows: 


Tont.       Lb*. 
Keweenaw  District. . . . :  .2,043       809  shipned. 

Portage  Lake    "      4,2V2  1,691  pnxluced. 

Ontonagvn        "      1,722       6U0  shipped. 

Total 8,661    1,000 

This  amount  would  have  been  from 
1,500  to  2,000  tons  larger  had  it  not  been 
for  the  great  falling  off  in  the  products  of 
Minnesota — the  scarcity  of  labor  in  some  of 
the  districts,  and  its  employment  largely 
in  opening  new  minos.  Instead  of  the 
whole  amount  of  copper  thus  produced 
having  been  the  yield  of  from  10  to  16 
mines,  as  was  the  case  a  few  years  ago— 
it  is  the  product  of  50 ;  of  which  18  are 
in  tlie  Keweenaw  District ;  13  in  the 
Portage  Lake— which  produced  nearly 
one-half  of  the  whole  amount — and  19  in 
tlie  Ontonagon,  a  fact  that  augurs  giand 
results  for  the  future.  The  mines  are  as 
follows: 

KEWEENAW  DISTRICT. 

rSOM  XAOLB  HABBOB. 

Ten*.       Lb*. 

Central 609  814 

CopperFalls 246  815 

Pennsylvania 186  1,158 

Amygdaloid 83  175 

Delaware 42  019 

Fhcenix 8  600 

Petherlck 6  1,003 

Madison —  259 

Total ,. 1,180     1,742 

FBOM  EAOUE  BtTEK. 

Ton*.        Lb& 

CUflfMino J,!88  1,898 

Phoenix  Mine 225  442 

BayState 86  907 

OardenOlty 11  808 

St.  Clair 6  098 

Manhattan 2  1,129 

J.  Pooley  (tribute  from  Eagle  River)  0  1,808 

Arnold. 0  986 

Total 1,415     1,066 

PORTAGE  LAKE  DISTRICT. 

Torn.  Lb*. 

SnincyMlne 1,485  1,862 

BwablcMlno 982  791 

FrankUnMlne 781  880 

Isle  Boyale  Mln« 868  1,676 


!1 

if 

'I 
t 
1 


OOMMIRCB    OF   TUB    LAKES. 


Teu       Lb*. 

Oruid  Portage  Mine  ..^ 816  196 

Huron  Mine 810  1,92« 

Hancock  Mine 60  188 

MesnardMine 28  190 

SbeUlon-GwIiimbian  Mine 11  028 

Arcadian  Mine 6  680 

Albany  and  Boston  Mine 8  040 

I)«)agla8a  Mlnft S  l,4fi9 

BtM«7'tMln« 9  600 

Total 4,W2    1,691 

ONTONAGON  DISTRICT. 

Tont.       Lb*. 

National...*..... 626  1,000 

MlnnuMUMlne 487  1,000 

Evergreen  Bluff 224  1,600 

Rockland 197  829 

Knowlton 100  1,461 

Bohemian 47  600 

Superior    89  777 

Carp  Lake 86  .... 

Oglma 26  1,768 

Flint  Steel  River 19  1,000 

Caledonia 16  .... 

Norwich 12  1,864 

Ridge. 12  840 

Hilton 7  600 

Mass 7  270 

Aztec,  estimited 6  .... 

Winona,  estimated 1  .... 

Lake  8iii>tfrt»r 1  1,261 

Adventure 1  746 

' : : ;.       Total  for  the  season 1,722       600 

'  The  ^tna  and  Empire  Mines  have  also 
shipped  a  small  amount  from  Copper  Har- 
bor— a  few  tons. 

In  all  the  Districts  Copper  Mining  has 
been  placed  upon  a  firmer  basis  than 
heretofore  existed,  a.  the  development  of 
new  and  rich  lode  j,  and  the  large  accu- 
mulation of  machi.erj  and  engines  for 
still  greater  developments — as  at  the 
^tna,  Empire,  Pennsylvania,  Delaware, 
Amygdaloid,  and  Bay  State  Mines,  m  the 
Keweenaw  District;  in  the  very  rich 
openings  upon  the  North  Isle  Royal  lode, 
at  the  Douglass,  Arcadian,  and  Edwards 
Mines,  in  the  discovery  and  partial  open- 
ing of  the  South  Pewabic  lode,  and  in  the 
continued  richness  of  the  Albany  and 
Boston  conglomerate,  in  the  Portage  Lake 


District ;  in  the  discovery  and  opening  of 
the  Winona  lode — reported  to  be  among 
the  largest  anu  richest  ever  opened  upon 
the  lake,  with  new  and  valuable  develop- 
ments at  the  many  otiier  mines  in  the 
Ontonagon  District;  with  the  entry  and 
partial  exploration  of  the  70.00U  acres  of 
copper'bearing  lands  upon  Isle  Royale — 
by  some  of  the  leading  capitalists,  as  well 
as  oldest  and  most  successful  copper  men 
in  New  York  City,  who  have  organized 
upon  it  a  company,  known  as  the  North 
American  Mineral  Land  Co.,  that  will  at 
once  prosecute  mining  vigorously  and 
largely, — ^the  explorations  of  the  past 
summer  having  revealed  the  fact  more 
fully  than  before  known,  that  it  abounds 
with  very  rich  copper-bearing  lodes,  and 
especially  upon  the  north  side  of  the  isl- 
and, where  numerous  fissure  veins  exist, 
carrying  often  heavy  mass  coppelr,  and 
upon  many  of  which  are  very  extensive 
*'  ancient  diggings." 

The  following  will  show  the  shipments 
of  Copper  from  the  several  Districts  of 
Lake  Superior,  from  1845  to  1864,  indu' 
sive,  viz.: 

AOOBBOATK  BHIPHKfTS  Or  COPPIB  ntOM  LAKB 


SUPBBIOB. 

t             •      ' 

^ 

. Ton*. 

Lbi. 

Vkloa^ 

1846 

•  •••                  •••• 

1,800 

$       290 

1846 

29 

2,619 

1847 

289 

107,660 

1848 

616 

206,400 

1849 

750 

801,200 

1860 

640 

266,000 

1861 

872 

848,800 

1862 

887 

800,450 

1868 

....      1,462 

608,200 

1864 

....       2,800 

805,000 

1865 

....      ai96 

1,487,000 

1866 

....      6,726 

2,400,100 

1867 

....      6,769 

2,015,650 

1858 

....      ^896 

1,610.000 

1869 

....      6,041 

1,<.I82.000 

1860 

....      8,614 

8,620,000 

1861 

.   ..     10,887 

8,180,000 

1862 

....    11,790 

4,78a000 

1868  ...... 

....     10,000 

6,500,000 

1864 

....      8,661 

1,666 

6,318,660 

'•;.}  jHvVsl 

;.''.i 

IRON   ORE   AND   IRON. 


\'  •,M'^f^(i  V'   .'J'^/.f  .ti'."{»rf*^j*  ■  'ii-»'     ♦;?!'.   'I' *•    •  r'    ..'fv"  'f»»''r^     yr^'r.'.^t  i 


H.    lEON  OKE. 


•4  \      ,14  KMlrt  if  ^   I      . 

•V  1^'    "I  r-r*  1  ',    ■ 


/  'yu^i!  '.  n  i" 


Tlie  connecting  of  the  waters  of  Lake 
Superior  with  the  waters  of  Lake  Huron, 
by  the  construction  of  a  ship  canal  three- 
jfourths  of  a  mile  in  length,  around  the 
-apids  in  the  Sault  St.  Mury  River,  with 
prism  and  locks  of  sufficient  capacity  for 
passing  the  largest  class  of  vessels  navi- 
gating the  lakes,  completed  very  soon  af- 
ter the  discovery  and  working  of  the  iron 
mines,  has  opened  an  already  extensive 
commerce  in  iron  ore,  and  pig-iron  manu- 
factured cear  the  mines,  wliich  are  four- 
teen to  eighteen  miles  from  Marquette. 
These  mines  are  about  seven  hundred  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  lake,  and  are  con- 
nected with  Marquette  by  a  railroad. 

To  show  the  ris*)  and  progression  of 
this  trade,  we  give  below  an  interesting 
statement  from  the  Marquette  Jotimai  of 
a  late  date: 

THB  IRON  PRODnOT  Or  LAKK  BUPEBIOB — 
SHIPMBMT8  or  IRON  ORE. 


IkckMrn       CI«Ttl«nd      Laka  SupV 

Total 

Tmt.           Iron  Co.         Iron  Co.         Iron  Co.    Gmm  Tou. 

1866 1,447           ..:. 

1,447 

1856....     4,491           7,100 

J  1,507 

1857....  18,913         12,272 

26,184 

1858...  11,104         19,981 

81,085 

1859....  10,6«2         80,844          24,668 

65.679 

I860....  41,286         42,696          83.016 

116,998 

1861....  12.9J9           7,811          26.200 

45,480 

1862....  42.767         85,244         87.710 

115.721 

1868  ...  60,798         48,676          74.057 

188.426 

1864....  69,089         64,148          98,929 

286,166 

Total  amount  shipped  from  1856  to  1864 
Pittsburgh  and  IJike'Angeline,  1864. .... 

.888,688 
.  19,000 

Grand  total  for  ten  years. 

.852,688 

Total  amoont  of  nig  iron  shipp*  d  from  Mar- 
quette, from  1868  to  1864 48,050  tons. 

)"  .-. 


RXCAFTTULATIOir. 


groM. 

1865 1,447 

1856 11,697 

1857 26,184 

1868 31,086 

1859 65.679 

1860 116,993 

1861 4^4^0 

1862 116,721 

18C8 188,426 

186A 286,166 


Tom  Pif , 

groM. 


1,627 
7,253 
5,660 
7,970 
6,690 
8000 
12,951 


ToUl 
Valna. 

$14,470 

92,776 

2r»9,473 

249,269 

676,521 

736,4C0 

410,460 

(M,»76 

1,018,6(4 

1,957,390 


It  will  be  seen  from  this  statement  that 
the  shipments  of  iron  ore  in  1864  were 
236,166  tons,  against  1,447  tons  in  1855 ; 
and  12,951  tons  of  pig  iron  in  18G4, 
against  1,627  tons  in  1858. 

Marquette  is  the  only  point  on  Lake 
Superior  where  iron  mines  have  been 
openedf  although  there  are  iron  deposits 
in  the  mountains  back  of  L' Anse.  About 
eighteen  miles  from  Marquette  are  the 
Iron  mountains  named  the  Lake  Superior, 
the  Jackson,  the  Collins,  and  the  Cleve- 
land; farther  back,  in  the  St.  Clair  Moun- 
(am,  now  the  property  of  tho  Washington 
Iron  Company,  is  a  highly  magnetic  ore. 
The  mines  now  worked  are  the  Jackson, 
Cleveland,  Lake  Superior,  Iron  Mountain, 
Pittsburgh  and  Lake  Angeline,  and  Wash- 
ington, but  these  alone  contain  enough 
iron  to  supply  the  trade  for  many  genera- 
tions. Still  farther  back  from  the  lake 
rise  mountains  to  eight  hundred  feet  high, 
covering  many  hundreds  of  acres,  which, 
it  is  believed  from  explorations  already 
made,  are  solid  iron  ore.  There  are  now 
in  operation  at  Marquette  six  iron  mining 
companies,  and  six  blast  furnaces,  for 
making  charcoal  pig-iron. 

The  yield  of  these  iron  ores  is  66]-  per 
cent.,  and  of  the  best  known  to  the  com- 
meroe  of  the  world ;  and  smelts  with  less 
than  half  of  the  fuel  he*etofore  required 


;l  i 


9a 


COMMSBCB    OF   1|?E    LAKES. 


11 


bv  other  ores  of  the  West,  thus  doubling 
the  product  of  a  furnace  without  any  in- 
crease for  cost  of  fuel  or  labor — advan- 
tages that  insure,  at  no  remote  period,  a 
demand  and  annual  production  of  millions 
of  tons,  and  inevitably  calculated  to 
speedily  revolutionize  the  whole  iron  trade 
of  the  West 

The  quality  of  the  Lake  Superior  iron 
is  conceded,  by  all  who  have  given  it  a 
trial,  to  be  superior  to  any  iron  in  the 
world,  as  is  shown  by  the  following  anal- 
ysis of  Professor  Johnson,  giving  the 
strength  per  square  inch  in  pounds : 


Salisbury,  Conn.,  Iron  . 6^,000 

Swedish  (best) 68,184 

English  Cable 69,105 

Centre  County,  Pa. 59,400 

Essex  County,  New  York 69,962 

Lancaster  County,  Penn 76,069 

Common  English  and  American 80,000 

Lake  Superior. 89,562 


Large  quantities  of  iron  ore  are  taken 


from  Marquette,  Mich.,  to  Detroit,  Cleve- 
land, Toledo,  Erie,  and  Buffalo. 

There  is  in  the  Lake  Superior  iron  dis- 
trict enough  ore  to  supply  the  world  with 
iron.  A  new  era  in  ship  and  boat  build- 
ing is  near  at  hand.  Iron  vessels  will 
take  the  place  of  wood,  when  a  largo 
amount  of  iron  plates  and  beams  will  be 
required  to  construct  iron  ships  and 
steamers.  There  is  a  network  of  rail- 
ways centring  here,  which  will  require 
a  very  large  amount  of  railroad  iron  to 
replace  that  now  in  use. 

The  opening  of  the  irop.  trade  of  Lake 
Superior  will,  in  the  future,  have  an  im- 
portant bearing  upon  v/ie  trade  of  the 
New  York  canals.  The  East  will  soon 
obtain  its  supply  of  pig,  bar,  and  railroad 
iron  from  the  West. 

With  better  and  cheaper  facilities  for 
the  transportation  on  the  Erie  Canal,  the 
tonnage  will  assume  a  ma|2:nitude  and  im- 
portance CO'  jaensurate  with  the  demand 
for  this  all-important  mineral  product. 


lAke  Superior  Iron  Reg^ion. 


The  discovery  of  the  Iron  Mountain 
and  mines  of  Lake  Superior,  situated  on 
the  upper  peninsula  of  Michigan,  was 
made  in  1846,  but  owing  to  the  cost  of 
transhipment  and  transportation  across 
the  Portage  at  the  Falls  of  St.  Mary's 
River,  but  little  was  done  to  develop  them 
until  the  completion  of  the  St.  Mary's 
Falls  Ship  Canal  in  1855,  whicli  gave  a 
new  and  lively  impetus  to  the  business, 
it  now  forming  an  important  feature  of  the 
Lake  Superior  trade,  employing  a  large 
number  of  sail-vessels  and  steamers. 

The  mines  at  present  worked  are  situ- 
ated from  fourteen  to  twenty  miles  west 
of  Marquette,  on  the  line  of  the  Bty  de  Mb' 
qatt  and  Mtrquette  Jiailroad,  and  termina- 
tion of  the  Peninsula  Railroad  of  Michigan, 
affording  every  needed  facility  for  trans- 
jporting  the  ore  by  a  down  grade  to  the 


piers  at  Marquette    and    Escanaba  for 

transhipment. 

The  Jackson  Iron  Mountairiy  owned  and 
worked  by  tlie  Jackson  Iron  Company,  is 
14  miles  from  Marquette ,  the  Cleveland 
Mountain,  bwned  and  worked  by  the 
Cleveland  Iron  Mining  Company,  is  2 
miles  beyond  Marquette  Iron  Company  in 
the  same  vicinity;  the  mines  of  the  Lake 
Superior  Iron  Company  are  18  miles,  and 
the  Pittsburgh  and  Lake  Iron  Mine  19 
miles  from  Marquette,  the  railroad  being 
finished  two  miles  farther. 

riiree  of  the  above  companies  have 
separate  docks,  besides  one  owned  by  the 
railroad  company  for  general  purposes, 
from  'which  the  o-o  is  shipped  to  the 
Eastern  markets.  The  railroad  has  an  as- 
cending grade  for  11  miles,  over«)miug 
an  elovatioa  of  85U  foet  bcioro  ro.icliiug 


d 


THK    TEXIXSULA    EAILUOAO. 


30 


the  Iron  Mountean,  which  rises  abrapdy 
about  100  feet. 

Other  mines  or  mountains  of  iron  ore 
are  situated  farther  inland  on  the  line  of 
a  proposed  railroad  to  extend  to  Ontona- 
gou,  passing  near  Lake  Michigamme,  over 
the  rich  copper  region  of  Lake  Superior. 
These  mountains  are  a  solid  mass  of  iron 
ore,  yielding  from  60  to  70  per  cent,  of 
the  best  iron  in  the  world. 

Foster  and  Whitney,  in  their  report  of 


1856,  when  speaking  of  the  Jackson  and 
Cleveland  mines,  say,  "  It  would  be  utter- 
ly impossible  to  give  an  adequate  idea  of 
the  immense  amount  of  ore  at  this  point 
— it  lies  piled  up  in  huge  masses  above 
the  surfaco,  and  the  depth  of  it  cannot  be 
determined,  but  probably  extends  farther 
down  than  ever  will  be  dug  to  get  it 
Indeed,  there  is  enough  upon  the  surface 
to  last  for  ages,  to  say  nothing  of  other 
localities  yet  to  be  explored." 


The  Peiilnaula  Railroad  of  JfHehlgaii. 

From  the  Lake  Superior  Mining  Journal,  Dee.  16,  1864. 


This  road  is  now  completed  and  run- 
ning daily  trains  through  to  Negaunee — 
the  junction  with  the  Bay  de  Noqutt  and 
Marquette  Railroad.  The  first  stake  was 
stuck  on  it  on  the  4th  of  July,  1863, 
hence  it  has  been  eighteen  months  in 
building.  It  is  sixty-ihree  and  a  half 
miles  in  length,  and  has  no  grade  which 
exceeds  sixty  feet  to  the  mile.  It  con- 
nects what  has  heretofore  been  <K)nsid- 
ered  the  great  focal  point  of  the  iron  dis- 
trict with  Little  Bay  de  Noquet,,ataplace 
known  as  Sand  Point,  where  the  village 
of  EscANABA.  has,  since  the  commence- 
ment of  the  road,  been  built.  The  im- 
portance of  this  road  to  our  mining  inter- 
ests cannot  be  well  over-estimated,  not 
because  it  can  carry  all  the  ore  that  is  to 
be  mined  at  less  ratos  than  it  can  be  car- 
ried by  Lake  Superior,  but  because  it  adds 
another  outlet  for  our  inexhaustible  sup- 
ply of  mineral  wealth. 

Heretofore  we  have  been  shut  up  from 
the  world  one  half  the  year,  because,  how- 
ever pleasant  steamboats  may  bo  for  sum- 
mer travel,  they  cannot  reach  us  during 
the  winter,  and  our  only  route  out  has 
been  over  a  very  indiflerent  sleigh  road, 
a  distance  of  nearly  two  hundred  miles. 
Hereafter  we  can  reach  Escanaba  by  rail, 
and  if  there  is  not  a  culpability  for  which 
there  is  no  extenuation,  we  shall  have  a 


good  road  from  that  point  to  Green  Baj 
City.  Escanaba  is  accessible  by  steamers 
from  the  middle  of  April  to  the  middla  or 
last  of  December,  and  a  line  of  good  pro- 
pollers  from  Cleveland  and  Detroit,  Grand 
Haven,  or  Chicago,  to  that  place,  oould 
bring  a  large  quantity  of  freight  which 
our  Lake  Superior  boats  fkil  to  bring  us 
late  in  tho  fall 

Chicago  is  the  grain  market,  the  live- 
stock market,  and  the  hay  market  for  us 
to  trade  in  at  present,  but  will  not  be 
long.  Minnesota,  vid  Superior  City,  and 
our  own  soil,  are  soon  to  supply  us  these 
necessaries. 

But  leaving  all  these  secondary  inter- 
ests out  of  the  question,  the  Peninsula 
Railroad  is  destined  to  be  one  of  the  very 
best  rop.ds,  both  to  its  stock-owners  and 
to  the  country  which  it  aids  to  develop, 
that  American  enterprise  has  recently 
constructed.  It  is  the  means  directly  and 
indirectly  of  opening  iron  mines  which 
will  have  a  capacity  in  a  few  years  of  not 
less  than  a  million  gross  tons  per  annum, 
and  will  supply  tho  route  for  shipping 
most  or  all  ^f  it.  Besides  this,  it  will  stim- 
ulate enterprise,  and  bring  into  our  country 
such  an  amount  of  wealth  as  we  had  for- 
merly dreamed  would  only  be  developed 
on  these  shores  in  the  coming  centu- 
ries. 


ii  t 


!ti 


! 


40 


COMMSROS    or  TBS   LAKES. 


I  {I 


II! 


Ill  III!  li; 


i.H/t  .«!;•'•■••  ■I'^Z  '■•.-.  V 

•;.    ,    >'<  '  ,  ■   ',  .  •  f     '     V  ■    .  •,;  (_■       iiv',    !     •;  '•     ."     ■ 

'-.    ,rr»..-    -  .        ■- 

'^■^H'  ^'Ith  ■'-^-•<>  A- 

;,.r,:;i"  Htf--*'-  i  ■>,;.:..•.?•  »>'■;-      •         " 

■.'.>v':-    4<'-'' 

,/> 

CAKAL  COMMEBCE. 

'■■'  ',';'        "•?!    '*■''    ■    3'  '*             ■  ' 

'vi^ 

The  construction  of  the  Erie  Caml  wbs 
commenced  in  the  year  1817,  and  the 
watero  of  Lake  Erie  were  united  with  the 
waters  of  the  Hudson  river  on  the  26th 
of  October,  1826.  The  first  revenue  from 
the  Oswego  canal  was  received  in  1828. 
This  work  was  at  first  suggested  as  early 
as  1816,  by  a  memorial  from  the  city  of 
New  York  to  the  Legislature.  As  early 
as  1*724,  Cadwallader  Golden,  then  Sur- 
veyor-Greneral  of  the  province  of  New 
York,  described  the  route  as  practical  to 
Lakes  Ohamplain  and  Ontario. 

'The  Erie  Canal  is  one  of  the  largest 
and  most  important  canals  in  the  world. 
Notwithstanding  the  contracted  scale  of 
fhe  first  structure,  the  predictions  of  its 
projector,  DeWitt  Ohnton,  have  been  more 
than  verified. 

Thia  woric  was  urged  by  Gov.  DeWitt 
Clinton  in  1791,  and  m  1792  by  General 
Schuyler;  by  Surveyor-Gtenertd  DeWitt 
in  1808,  «nd  at  every  meeting  of  the 
Legislature  till  1817,  when  the  work  was 
commenced.  In  1810  Governeur  Morris, 
Stephen  Yan  Rensselaer,  De  Witt  Clinton, 
Peter  B.  Porter,  and  others,  were,  by 
joint  resolution  of  the  Legislature,  ap- 
pointed as  Commissioners  for  exploring 
the  route  from  the  Hudson  river  to  Lakes 
Oatario  and  Erie. 

In  1812  these  Commissioners,  in  their 
report  to  the  Legislature,  estimated  that, 
in  1832,  there  would  be  250,000  tons 
brought  down  the  canals,  which  estimate 
fell  very  considerably  short  of  the  amount 
carried  on  the  cauals  during  that  year. 

This  work  is  352  miles  in  length,  from 
Buffalo  to  Albany,  and  345  miles  from 
Buffalo  to  Troy.  The  rise  and  fall  from 
Lake  Erie  to  the  Hudson  is  692  feet. 
The  prism  was  originally  40  feet  wide  at 
the  surface,  and  28  feet  at  the  bottom, 
aad  four  feet  deep,  with  locks  of  sufficient 


size  to  pass  boats  drawing  3|  feet  of 
water,  14  feet  beam  by  80  feet  long. 

The  original  cost  of  the  first  structure 
was  $9,027,456. 

In  1835  the  Legislature  passed  an  act 
providing  for  its  enlargement.  Under 
this  and  other  acts,  the  prism  of  the  canal 
has  been  increased  so  as  to  be  70  feet  on 
the  surface,  42  feet  on  the  bottom,  and  7 
feet  in  depth,  with  locks  110  feet  long  by 
18  feet  wide,  passing  boats  96^  feet  long 
by  17^  feet  beam,  drawing  5  feet  10  inch- 
es to  6  feet  of  water. 

There  are  now  71  locks  on  the  Erie 
canpl  be*  ^^en  Buffalo  and  Albany,  and  18 
lodca  1^  ,  Oswego  canal  between  Syra^ 
cuse  vkadL  Oswego. 

The  enlargement  is  now  completed  after 
the  plan  adopted  in  1835,  with  some  modi- 
fications, at  an  additional  cost  oi  about 
fifty  miUions  of  dollars. 

Connecting  with  the  main  trunk  of  the 
Erie  canal  are  the  Ohamplain,  64  miles 
long ;  the  Chenango,  98  miles ;  the  Black 
River,  103  miles;  the  Chemung  canal; 
the  Genesee  Yalley  canal,  besides  sever- 
al other  connecting  links,  making,  with 
the  Erie  and  Oswegt>  canals,  a  total  of 
1,028  miles  of  canal  including  100  miles 
of  slack  water  n^  -Mitm  connected  by 
canals,  within  auu  .  •  ging  to  the  State 
of  New  York. 


•?■»■■ 


Cost  and  RBvuNrES  op  the  New 
.  Canals. 


YOBK 


The  State  Auditor,  in  his  report  to  the 
Legislature  in  1863,  makes  a  balance  sheet, 
from  which  the  foUowing  summary  of  the 


revenue  from 


sources,  from  1817  to 


and  including  l  ;j>  ember  30th,  1862,  and 
the  disbursemei:  >;  ior  all  purposes  for  the 
same  period,  has  been  made»  viz. : 


CANAL   OOMMXROX. 


41 


.,         Bbosipts. 

Gross  oanal  toHs $81,088,958  45 

Direiit  taxes  on  the 

people 8,80«,881W 

Indirect  taxes,  viz: 
Auc.  dut's$d,592,089  05 
Bait  duties  2,055,45806 
Tax  on  •        ' 

Bt'inboat 
passeng.       73,509  99 

*^        "       6,721,00710 

♦General  Fund  for  De- 
ficiencies       1,886,493  88 

820,518  15 


Sales  canal  lauds, . . . 

Interest  on  invest- 
ments and  deposits . 

Premiums  on  loans.. 

Bents,  surplus  wTa.. 

Elmira  and  Chemung 
Canal  Feeder 290,097  66 

Miscellaneous  sources    1,569,709  88 


8,728,417  12 

2,294,594  28 

89,421  74 


4104,791,104  66 


DiSBUBSBUENTS.     ^ 

Prems.  on  piirohas«  of 

stoclcs,  commis.,  &o.    $866,799  79 

Interest  on  loans 81,821,406  12 

Con  tractor8,Collector8, 

Weighmasters,&c.  22,561,818  93 
Commlssionei-s      for 

construction 61,218,696  85 

Contrlb'n  ** 

to  Gen. 

Fund..  $4,187,602  78 
Do.  Gen'l  .' •     ' 

fund  debt  4,284.416  66 

8,872,019  89 

$124,840,688  07 

Balancedue $19,549,528  42 

•'^^eceived  fh>m  General  Fund. ....      1,886,498  88 


Canal  debt  unpaid  and  unprovided 
for : $20,986,027  80 

The  magnitude  of  the  trade  and  ton- 
nage of  the  New  York  Canala  will  be 
shown  by  the  following  exhibit,  giving 
the  tonnage  and  revenue  in  each  year 
from  1820  to  1862,  inclusive : 


Tonnage. 

1820 

1821 

1822 

1823 

1824 


Toll,  all 

N.  Y.  CIS. 

$5,244 

28,888 

64,072 

190,685 

840,642 


Toll  rec'd 
at  Buffalo. 


Toll,  all      Toll  ri'c'd 

Tou^age.  N.  Y.  CMs.  at  Butt'alo. 

1825 $566,279 

1826 765,104 

1827 869,260 

1828 888,444 

1829 813,187 

1880 1,056,922 

1881 1,228,808 

1882 1,229,488 

1833 1,462,820 

1834.... 1,341,329 

1836 1,548,986 

1836 1,810,807  1,614,836    $106,218 

1837 1,171,296  1,292,628 

1838 1,183,011  1,590,911 

1889. 1,486,718  1,616.382 

1840 1,416,046  1,775,747 

1841 1,521,661  2,034,888 

1842 1,236,981  1,749,196 

1848 1,518,489  2,081,590 

1844 1,816,686  2,446,874 

1846 1,986,011  2,646,181 

1846 2,268s662  2,756,106 

1847 2,869,810  8,685,381 

1848 2,796,280  8,252,212        1,216,701 

1849 2,894,783  8,26a226           672,618 

1860 8,076,617  8,278,899          767,491 

1851 8,582,788  8,829,717          708,498 

1862 8,868,441  8,118,244          777,102 

1868 2,247,862  8,204,718          802,657 

1854 4,166,862  2,778,666          605,897 

1866 4,022,617  2,806,077          685,810 

1866 4,116,089  2,948,208          76^9<J6 

1867 4,844,061  2,045,644           698,470 

1868.... 8,665,192  2,110,754          719,688 

1869 8,781,684  1,723,946           562,432 

1860 4,660,214  8,009,697        1,187,815 

1861 4,607,686  8,908,785        2,101,635 

1862 5,698,786  6,188,948        8,081,083 

1868 5,657,692  4,'«5,207        2,682,384 

A  oomparison  of  the  tonnage  and  rev- 
enue of  the  New  York  canala  in  1861 
and  1862,  will  show  an  augmentation  in 
revenue  of  $1,280,158  from  tolls,  while 
the  tonnage  was  increased  1,091,160  tons. 

The  aggregate  tons  carried  on  the  New 
York  canals  since  they  first  went  into 
operation,  will  vary  but  little  from  eighty- 
two  millions  of  tons,  valued  at  upwards 
of  four  thousand  millions  of  dollars,  from 
which  the  State  has  received  a  gross 
revenue  of  upwards  of  eighty-one  millions. 

There  is,  probably,  not  another  system 
of  public  works  in  any  country  on  the 
face  of  the  globe  that  has  produced  in  so 
short  a  period  of  time  such  stupendous 
results. 


ni 


1? 


0 


COMMERCE    OF   THE   LAKES. 


There  are  other  commercial  interests  of 
great  magnitude  not  mentioned  in  the 
above  extracts  from  the  Report  of  the 
Trade  and  Commerce  of  Buffalo,  of  which 
we  might  enumerate  different  kinds  of 
grain,  beef,  pork,  butter,  cheese,  whiskey, 
alcohol,  hides  and  leather,  coal,  wool, 
potatoes,  fruit,  Sec. 

The  trade  with  Canada,  and  with  for- 
eign ports,  passing  through  the  Welland 
Canal,  and  down  the  St.  Lawrence  River 
to  the  Atlantic,  is  of  groat  and  growing 
importance — destined,  no  doubt,  to  in- 
crease  immensely  on  the  opening  of  the 
proposed  Ship  Canai,  to  connect  with  the 


Mississippi  River,  terminating  at  Chicago, 
Illinois,  and  other  internal  improvements. 
A  railroad  route  from  the  Upper  Missis- 
sippi, commencing  near  St.  Paul,  Minne- 
sota, has  been  surveyed,  and  will,  no 
doubt,  terminate  at  Superior  City,  or  Bay- 
field, favorably  situated  on  the  South 
Shore  of  Lake  Superior. 

The  incalculable  advantages  of  this  lat- 
ter communication,  to  Lake  Commerce,  ^ 
can  only  be  realized  when  fully  completed 
— thus  draining  Northern  Iowa,  Minneso- 
ta, and  Dacotah  of  their  rich  agricultural 
products — all  of  which  wiU  flow  eastward 
to  the  Atlantic,  and  European  markets. 


K    i 


TEADE  AND  COMMERCE  OF  CHICAOa 

Extract  Jrom  the  Rbpobt  of  the  Committee  on  StoHstics,  1863. 


\ 


»5<>  ■    J 

,1  ■,  .-i  ..y:,  ■ 

As  an  evidence  of  the  increase  of  agri- 
cultural' products  since  1859,  consequent 
on  improved  crops  and  an  enlarged  area 


of  cultivation,  your  Committee  would  di* 
rect  attention  to  the  provision  trade  of 
Chicago  for  the  last  four  years. 


TABLE,  SHOWING  THE  RBOBIPTS  AT  OHIOAOO  OF  THE  ARTICLES  NAMED  FOB  THE 

TBABS  1859-'62. 


-f"?.>-:'*' 


ABTICLBS. 

Flour,  barrels 

Wheat,  bushels. . . . 

Corn, 

Oats, 

Rye, 

Barley 

Hogs. . 

Cattle . 


(I 


1859. 

126,321 

8,060,766 

5,401,8t0 

1,157,696 

231,514 

652,696 

271,204 

111,694 


^     1860. 

713,348 

14,427,083 

15,262,394 

2,198,889 

318,976 

617,619 

392,864 

177,101 


1861. 

1,479,284 

17,385,002 

26,369,989 

2,067,018 

490,989 

467,589 

675,902 

204,579 


1862. 

1,666,391 

13,978,116 

29,574,328 

4,688,722 

1,038,825 

872,053 

1,348,890 

209,656 


Thus  the  increase  in  cereals  has  been 
196  per  cent. ;  in  hogs,  400  per  cent. ;  and 
in  cattle,  87  per  cent. 

Results  equally  marked  are  shown  by 
the  returns  of  the  other  lake-ports 

The  committee  of  the  Chicago  Board  of 
Trade,  in  a  recent  Report,  say : 

"  In  the  early  settlement  of  the  West, 
the  Mississippi  was  the  only  outlet  for  the 
products  of  the  country ;  but  the  open- 


ing of  the  New  York  and  Canadian  canals, 
and  of  not  less  than  five  trunk  railways 
between  the  East  and  West,  has  rendered 
the  free  navigation  of  the  Mississippi  a 
matter  of  secondary  importance. 

"  The  heated  waters  of  a  tropical  sea, 
destructive  to  most  of  our  articles  of  ex- 
port, a  malarious  climate,  shunned  by 
every  Northerner  for  at  least  one-half  of 
the  year,  and  a  detour  in  the  voyage  of 


11' 


TRADE    AND    OOMMXR    S    OF    CHICAGO. 


tP^. 


over  3,000  miles  in  a  direct  line  to  the 
markets  of  the  world, — these  consider- 
ations have  been  sufficiently  powerful  to 
divert  the  great  flow  of  animal  and  veg- 
etable food  from  the  South  to  the  £ast. 
Up  to  1860,  the  West  found  a  local  mar- 
ket for  an  inconsiderable  portion  of  her 
breadstuff's  and  provisions  in  the  South ; 
but  after  supplying  this  local  demand,  the 
amount  which  was  exported  from  New 
Orleans  was  insignificant,  hardly  exceed- 
ing two  millions  of  dollars  per  annum." 

The  annual  report  of  the  Secretary  of 
the  Treasury  for  the  year  ending  August 
31,  1860,  shows  the  amount  of  bread- 
stuff's and  provisions  exported  to  foreigpu 

FLOUR.  WHEAT. 

bbls.  sacks  and  bbls. 

965,860  339,348 

These  facts  show  conclusively  that, 
with  the  navigation  of  the  Mississippi  un- 
obstructed, the  great  mass  of  Western 


o.iTitrloH  f  om  New  Orleans  and  New 

I'oik  re.jpe:j;ively,  aa  follows: 

From  From 

New  Orleans.  New  York. 

Wheat,  bushels 2,189  1,8-0,903 

Whtiit  Flinir,  barrels.   80.541  1,187.200 

Indian  Corn,  bushels 224,882  l,5SO,oi  I 

Indian  Meal,  barrels 158  86.073 

Pork,  barrels 4,250  109,.S79 

Uaiiis  and  bacon,  pounds  890,280  16,161,749 

The  total  receipts  of  grain  of  all  kinds, 
at  that  port,  in  no  single  year  exceeded 
14,500,000  bushels,  either  for  exportation 
or  consumption  in  ihe  interior,  which 
are  about  the  receipts  at  Milwaukee,  or 
Toledo.  In  1869-60,  the  receipts  were  as 
follows: 

CORN.  0AT8. 

sacks  and  bbls.        sacks  and  bbls.       , ; 
1,722,637  659,550 

exports  would  flow  through  other  chan- 
nels. 


PRODUCT  OF  BREADSTUFFS  FOR  EXPORTATIOH. 


The  amount  of  cereals,  which,  in  1862, 
flowed  out  of  the  Upper  Mississippi  Val- 
ley and  the  region  of  the  Lakes,  en  route 
for  the  sea-board,  was,  according  to  the 


Bufifalo  Trade  Report,  136,329,642  bush- 
els, which  were  respectively  forwarded 
from  the  following  points : 


8TAT2MBNT  SHOWINQ  THB  SHIPMBN'T  OF  CBRBALS  FOR  1862. 
Places. 


W.  Terminus  B.  A  0.  R.  R.* 

"     Pennsylvania  Central 

Dunkirk 

Suspension  Bridge* 

Buffalo 

Oswego 

Cape  Vincent 

Ogdensburgh  ,    . . ., 

Montreal 

Rochester* 


Flour. 

Wheat. 

CJorn. 

Other  Orftln 

bbls. 

bush. 

bash. 

bush. 

690,000 

550,000 

1,622.893 

10,173 

890,696 
1,095,366 

112,061 

149,654 

875.000 

2,750,000 
3,849,620 

2,846,022 

30,435,831 

24,288,627 

235,382 

10,982,132 

4,528,962 

1,467,823 

48,576 

316,403 

249,309 

49,047 

576,394 

689,930 

1,120,176 

18,865 

1,101,475 

8,012,773 

2,649,136 

619,896 

1,000 

150,000 

6,622 

Totals 8,359,910      50,699,130      32,985,923      10,844,939 

Grand  Totai. — (Flour  reduced  to  bushels) 136,329,542 

*  Estimated. 


,! 


r:. 


14 


COMMERCE    OF  TIIB   LAKES. 


Places. 


8HIPMBNTS  OF  CEREALS  FROM  FOUR  LAKE  PORTS,  IN  1862. 


Flour, 
bbls. 


Chicago 1,739,849 

Milwaukee 711,405 

Toledo*  1,261,291 

Detroit+ 998,535 


Wheat 

bash. 

13,808,898 

14,915,680 

9,314,491 

3,278,033 


Com. 

'        bush. 

29,452,610 

9,489 

3,781,634 

310,618 


Other  Ortln. 
bush. 
4,516,357 
250,292 

122,109 


Totals 4,711,080      41,317,102       33,554,.S51        4,888,758 

Grand  Total — (Flour  reduced  to  bushels) . . , 103,315,611 


The  mining  population  of  Lake  Superior 
absorb  not  less  than  150,000  bushels  of 
cereals,  which  do  not  appear  in  the  above 
tables,  and  whidi  will  account  for  the  dis- 
crepancies between  the  amounts  shipped 
from  the  initial  points,  and  the  amounts 
forwarded  from  the  secondary  points. 
These  tables  are  illustrative,  as  showing 
that,  in  this  great  grain-movement,  the 
four  lake  porta  furnish  more  than  fifty 


per  cent,  of  all  the  flour,  more  than  eighty 
per  cent,  of  all  the  wheat,  and  more  than 
seventy'five  pf>r  cent,  of  the  cereals  of  all 
kinds ;  while  Chicago  and  Toledo  together 
furnish  more  com  than  finds  its 
way  eastward  through  all  these  ave- 
nues, and  Chicago  alone  contributes  more 
than  forty  per  cent,  of  the  whole  gross 
product.  .  , 


^^:y 


ii;',' 


ifc'-V 


■.•i-r^t'.'v'    »rt  K''i;.«'   „.-r'-;  ^<f^4;'^    ,;.,(<.,. i.,v^(^a 


■ir.-.'|.i-V     J  .     ^.-■■■'  .;J»i*  .♦i»*-.  .^--rt.           -.if.  ..  J  »..*J           .mii.:'  I'-X     ■  .'."''"■■''.  r      -■*.     ■.■''    i"-f»  ■"           ;^:*.y.         ri"- i  l  '.       ..              >,  ^ 

^iv^'-'-     Shipment§  of  Flour  and  Grain  for  13  Yearf.  ^ 

The  following  table  shows  the  shipments  of  all  kinds  of  Grain  from  CmoAQO,  for 

the  past  thirteen  years :                                -    .-  .^  .-^-iw-  ,^,.m  ,;^h.a  *>  ^*    ior 

Shipments  of  Fl&ur  {reduced  to  Wheat)  and  Qrain^ftom,  CmoxaOt  for  thirteen  year$. 

tei*.  .-    i-u    !                  WhML                      Corn.                       0«U.                   Rye.                 BMrlev.  ToUl 

Tter. '       '                     Biuhelt.                   Buthala.                   Biuhelt.              Biuh«li.             Buthelt.  Bnthelt. 

1861 799,380            8,221,817             606,827            19,997              ....  4,64d,291 

1862 941,470            2,767,011          2,080.817           127,028            17,815  6,878,141 

1868 1,680,998            2,780,253          1,748,498           120.275            82,162  6,412.181 

1864 2,744.860             6,887.899           8,289,987           148,421             41,168  12.982,820 

1866 7,110,270             7,647,678           1,888,638             92,028             20,182  16,688,700 

1856 9,419,865           11,129,668           1,014,647             19,051                 690  21,688.221 

1867 10,788,292             6,814,615             816,773             17,998               ....  18,082,673 

1858 10,909,248             7,498,212           1,498,184           127,008               7,669  20,086,166 

1869 10,769.869             4,217,654           1,174,177           478,162           181,449  16,753,796 

1860 15,892,867           18,700,118           1,091,698           166,642           267,449  81,108,769 

1861 28,856,668           24.872,725           1,688,287           893,818           226,584  60,481,862 

1862 22,608.148           29,462,610           8,112,866           871,796           689,196  66l484,110 

1868-4 18,298,682           24,906,984          9,909,175          688,946           948,262  64,741,889 

NoxB.— The  teat  Hue  represents  shipments  from  April  1, 1868,  to  April  1, 1864.        ^  ,  . 

u-f-yp-ti  .'■^■'i    ,^j,''\'^-^r:'yx.^'i'  \' ''..;.'. '\iff^-^'^Tr^'-'':''^>-:''-'?*r'y^'    ii.;'<>'\Ji':  -'■'■■'ttx';*  .ji>';'J!ii-  .           ^  : 

,                                                                                                                                                                *^-,-*    •--*-'  -X-^"'   •!    "                       .  .        ' 


TllADE    AND    COMMERCE    OF   CHICAGO. 


49 


PORK  AND  BEEF  PACKING. 


The  progress  which  has  been  made  in 
Pork  Packing  in  Chicago  during  the  past 
two  years,  is  probably  without  a  parallel 
in  the  history  of  any  other  city  in  the 
United  States. 

During  the  past  year  there  have  been 
erected  aJdng  the  Riyer  seven  large  Pork 
and  Beef  houses,  all  of  which  have  been 
constructed  on  the  most  approved  plans. 
Besides  these,  there  have  been  built  a 
large  number  of  smaller  structures,  of 
more  or  less  permanence;  all  of  which, 
with  the  temporary  occupation  of  stores, 
outhouses,  &C.,  give  great  additional  fa- 
cilities in  the  extension  of  this  business. 
As  the  season  is  not  yet  closed,  we  can 
only  judge  of  the  packing  for  1862-3,  by 
the  number  cut  from  the  commencement 
of  the  season,  till  January  1,  which  foots 
up  639,216,  i^inst  229,850,  packed  dur- 
ing the  same  period  in  1861 — an  increase, 
thusfar,  of  309,366. 

During  the  past  two  seasons,  a  large 
proportion  of  the  Hc^s  cut  have  been 
made  into  English  Middles,  for  the  Liver- 
pool and  LondoQ  markets.  In  the  early 
part  of  this  season,  nearly  every  packing 
house  in  the  city  was  engaged  in  this 
branch  of  the  business.  The  favor  with 
which  Chicago  brands  have  been  received 
in  the  leading  markets  of  England,  war- 
rants us  in  the  belief  that  the  trade  will 
be  one  of  permanence. 


TABLE 

Showing  tA«  mmber  of  ]ioos  SeeHved  and 
Forwarded  for  Jive  yeare. 

^.  ,; '   .:- ,  ^ '                          ■   S..-V  ■.-  .»-  •  -- 
,                 BBOBIVSD. 

TBAK.                       Live.       Dressed.  Totau 

186a...   416,226       124,261  640,486 

1859 188,671         82,688  271,204 

1880. 285,149       107,715  892,864 

1861 649,089       126,863  676,902 

1862. M10.»n        887,919  l,84a,8l» 


,     .      , .  rOBWABDBD. 

TVAl.                         Live.  Dressed. 

1868 169,181  82.833 

1869 87,254  22,992 

1860. 191,981  8N288 

1861 216,982  72,112 

1862 446,606  44,629 


Total. 
192,018 
110.246 
227,164 
289,094 
491,135 


BEEF  CATTLE.  -^U  *^ 

The  past  year  has  shown  but  a  small 
increase  in  the  Cattle  Trade  of  Chicago. 

By  the  tables  which  follow,  it  wUl  be 
seen  that  the  receipts  of  Cattle  at  this 
point  amount  to  209,655  against  204,679 
in  1861,  an  increase  of  5,076  head;  and 
the  shipments  to  112,745  against  124,146, 
in  the  same  period  of  time.  Showing  a 
decrease  of  11,401.     .  .v  A.    •   ••    ><  ? 

"  TABLE 

Showing  Ihe  nvmher  of  Gattls  Reetivtd  cmd 
Fot-wardtd  for  jint  years. 

Beceived  in  IWW 140,684 

"  1850 111,694 

1860 177,101 

•♦  1861 204,679 

"  1862 209,655 

Forwarded  in  1868 42,688 

1869 87,5&i 

"  1860 97,474 

"  1861 124.146 

•*  1862 112,746 

The  cereals  and  agricultural  products 
shipped  from  Chicago  consist  of  x^rn, 
wheat,  rye,  oats,  barley,  butter,  cheese, 
potatoes,  wool,  hides,  &c.  The  products 
of  the  forest  are  lumber,  and  wood  of  dif- 
ferent kinds.  The  minerals  are  coal,  &c. ; 
while  fisheries  furnish  large  quantities  of 
cured  fish  of  different  kinds  for  exporta- 
tion ;  altogether  giving  employment  to  a 
large  amount  of  tonnage  navigating  the 
great  lakes. 


<fl\ 


M  ■ ;  ' 


A' 


/)  ■<  ,1  .•  r-  i 


•  /^.n  I'T'Mi  i;n 


TRIP  THROUGH  THE  LAKES, 

i  I 

Giving  a  Deseriptton  of  €lties,  Towns,  &c. 


BnHkilo,  "QuKBNCiTYof  theLAKin," 
possessing  commanding  advantages,  being 
22  miles  above  Niagara  Falls,  is  distant 
from  Albany  298  mil  3  by  railroad,  and 
about  350  miles  by  the  line  of  the  Erie 
Canal:  in  N.  lat.  42»  53',  W.  long.  78*'  55' 
from  Greenwich.  It  is  favorably  situated 
for  commerce  at  the  head  of  Niagara  River, 
the  outlet  of  Lake  Erie,  and  at  the  foot 
of  the  great  chain  of  Upper  Lakes,  and  is 
the  point  where  the  vast  trade  of  these 
inland  seas  is  concentrated.  The  harbor, 
formed  of  Buffalo  Creek,  lies  nearly  east 
and  west  across  the  southern  part  of  the 
city,  and  is  separated  from  the  waters  of 
Lake  Erie  by  a  peninsula  between  the 
creek  and  li^e.  This  harbor  is  a  very 
secure  one,  and  is  of  such  capacity,  that 
although  steamboats,  ships,  and  other 
lake  craft,  and  canal-boats,  to  the  number, 
in  all,  of  from  three  to  four  hundred,  have 
sometimes  been  assembled  there  for  the 
transaction  of  the  business  of  the  lakes, 
yet  not  one-half  part  of  the  water  accom- 
modations has  ever  yet  been  occupied  by 
the  vast  business  of  the  great  and  grow- 


ing "West.  The  harbor  of  Buffalo 
is  the  most  capacious,  and  really 
the  easiest  and  safest  of  access 
on  our  inland  waters.  Improve- 
ments are  annually  made  by 
dredging,  by  the  construction  of 
new  piers,  wharves,  warehouses, 
and  elevators,  which  extend  its 
facilities,  and  render  the  discharge 
and  trans-shipment  of  cargoes 
more  rapid  and  convenient ;  and 
in  this  latter  respect  it  is  without 
an  equal. 

Buffalo  was  first  settled  by  the  whites 
in  1801.  In  1832  it  was  chartered  as  a 
city,  being  now  governed  by  a  mayor,  re- 
corder, and  board  of  twenty-six  aldermen. 
Its  population  in  1830,  according  to  the 
United  States  Census,  was  8,668 ;  in  1840, 
18,213;  and  in  1850,  42,261.  Since  the 
latter  period  the  'imits  of  tb6  city  have 
been  enlarged  by  taking  in  the  town  of 
Black  Rock ;  it  is  now  divided  into  thir- 
teen wards,  and,  according  to  the  Census 
of  1860,  contained  81,130  inhabitants,  be- 
ing now  the  third  city  in  point  of  size  in 
the  State  of  New  York.  The  public  build- 
ings are  numerous,  and  many  of  them  fine 
specimens  of  architecture ;  while  the  pri- 
vate buildings,  particularly  those  for  busi- 
ness purposes,  are  of  the  most  durable 
construction  and  modern  style.  The  man- 
ufacturing establishments,  including  sev- 
eral extensive  ship-yards  for  the  building 
and  repairing  of  lake  craft,  are  also  numer- 
ous, and  conducted  on  a  large  scale,  pro- 
dudng  manufactured  articles  for  the 
American  and  Canadian  markets. 
The  principal  public  buildmgs  are  an 


U.I 

CitJ 

tres 

inal 

4 

Maj 

div^ 

of 

ioD.l 

lane 

Sauj 

ChiJ 


BUFFALO   TO    DETROIT — NORTH    SHORE    KOUTB. 


47 


CJ.  States  diatom- House  and  Post-Offlce; 
City  Hall;  Court-House  and  Jail;  2  Thea- 
tres, and  60  Churches  of  different  denom- 
inations. Here  are  also  8  banking  houses, 
4  Savings  Banks,  and  several  Fir«  and 
Marine  Insurance  Companies. 

The  Lines  of  Steamers  and  Railroads 
diverging  from  Buffalo  tend  to  make  it  one 
of  the  greatest  thoroughfares  in  the  Un- 
ion. Steamers  and  propellers  run  to  Cleve- 
land, Sandusky,  Toledo,  Detroit,  Mackinac, 
Saut  Ste.  Marie,  Green  Baj,  Milwaukee, 
Chicago,  &c. 

Railboaob  BuimiNO  rBOif  Buitalo. 

1.  New  York  Ctr^rcU,  to  Albany  and 
Troy,  298  miles. 

2.  Buffalo^  Niagara  FaMa,  and  Lewiston, 
28  miles. 

3.  Buffalo,  New  York,  and  Erie,  to  the 
city  of  New  York,  434  miles. 

4.  Lake  Shore  Jtailroad,  to  Oleveland, 
Ohio,  183  miles. 

5.  Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron  Railway^ 
161  miles. 

6.  Great  Weatem  (Canada)  Railway 
(Sus.  Bridge  to  Detroit,  Mich.),  230  miles. 

There  are  also  four  lines  of  City  Rail- 
roads running  to  different  points  within 
the  limits  of  Buffalo. 

The  principal  Hotels  are  the  Tifft  House, 
nnd  mansion  House,  on  Main  street ;  Bon- 
iiey^a  Hotel,  on  Washington  street;  the 
Everett  House,  facing  the  Terrace;  and  the 
Wadbworih  House,  on  Kxchtiuge  street. 

There  are  now  running  from  Buffalo  to 


different  ports  on  Lake  Erie  a.id  the  Up- 
per Lakes  seven  different  Linos  of  Pro- 
pellers, annually  transporting  uu  immeiiso 
amount  of  merchandise  and  produce, 
whicli  finds  its  exit  eastward  by  means  of 
the  Erie  Canal,  and  the  several  Railroad 
Lines. 

"The  climate  of  Buffalo  is,  without 
doubt,  of  a  more  even  temperature  than 
any  other  city  in  the  same  parallel  of  lati- 
tude from  the  Mississippi  to  the  Atlantic 
coast.  Observations  have  shown  that  the 
thermometer  never  ranges  »<*  low  in  win- 
ter, nor  as  high  in  summer,  as  at  points  in 
Massachusetts,  the  eastern  and  central 
portions  of  this  State,  the  northern  and 
southern  shores  of  Lake  Erie  in  Michigan, 
Northern  Illinois,  and  Wisconsin.  The 
winters  are  not  as  keen,  nor  the  summers, 
cooled  by  the  breezes  from  the  lake,  ea 
sultry ;  and  in  a  sanitary  point  of  view, 
it  is  probably  one  of  the  healthiest  cities 
in  the  world. 

"  London,  usually  considered  the  health- 
iest of  cities,  has  a  ratio  of  one  death  in 
forty  inhabitants.  The  ratio  of  Buffalo  is 
one  in  fifty-six.  The  favorable  situation 
of  the  city  for  drainage,  and  for  a  supply 
of  pure  water;  its  broad,  well-paved 
streets,  lined  with  shrubbery  and  shade- 
trees  ;  its  comparatively  mild  winters ;  its 
cool  summers;  its  ploasant  drives  and 
picturesque  suburbs,  and  its  proximity  to 
the  ^ Falls,^  combine  to  render  it  one  of 
the  most  desirable  residences  on  the  con- 
tinent." 


!    1 


lit 


BTJITALO  TO  DETBOIT-NOETH  SHOBB  KOIJTE. 


On  leaving  the  wharf  at  Buffalo,  the 

j  Steamers  usually  rup  direct   for    Long 

Point  v)n  the  Canada,  or  North  Shore  of 

Lake  Erie,  proceeding  for  most  of  the 

distance  in  British  waters,  to  the  mouth 

I  of  Detroit  River. 

Long  Point,   65  miles  from  Buffalo, 


is  a  long  strip  of  land,  nearly  20  miles 
long,  and  from  one  to  three  miles  in  width, 
covered  for  the  most  part  with  a  stunted 
growth  of  forest  trees.  It  was  formerly 
a  peninsula,  running  out  from  the  land 
in  an  easterly  direction,  nearly  half  way 
across  the  lake;  but  the  waters  having 


48 


w 


m'l 


-    TRIP  THROUGH  THE  LAKES. 


made  a  wide  breach  across  its  western 
extremity,  has  converted  it  into  an  island. 
There  is  an  important  light-house  on  the 
east  end  to  guiUe  the  mariner  on  his  pas- 
sage through  Lake  Erie,  here  about  40 
miles  wide,  and  where  is  found  the  great- 
est depth  of  water.  To  this  Point  both 
shores  of  the  lake  can  be  seen  in  a  clear 
morning  from  the  deck  of  the  steamer, 
affording  a  most  grand  sight  when  the 
sun  rises  on  a  cloudless  day.  Then  may 
usually  be  seen  a  fleet  of  vessels  wending 
their  way  toward  Buffalo  or  the  mouth  of 
the  Welland  Canal,  through  which  chan- 
nel annually  passes  a  great  number  of 
steam  propellers  and  ^ail  vessels  on  their 
way  to  Lake  Ontario  and  the  St  Lawrence 
River 

Port  Golbornb,  0.  W.,  situated  about 
20  miles  west  of  Buffalo,  lies  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Welland  Canal,  while 

Port  Maitland,  some  20  miles  far- 
ther, is  situated  at  the  mouth  of  Grand 
Biver,  where  is  a  navigable  feeder  com- 
municating with  the  canal,  thus  affording 
two  entrances  to  the  above  canaL 

Port  Dover,  about  70  miles  west  of 
Buffalo,  and  40  miles  distant  from  Ham- 
ilton by  proposed  railroad  route,  is  situated 
on  the  north  shore  of  Lake  Erie,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Lynn.  Here  is  a  good 
harbor,  and  the  village  is  a  place  of  grow- 
ing importance,  containing  about  1,000 
inhabitants. 

Fort  Rterse  and  Port  Rowan  are 
small  villages  on  the  Canada  shore,  situ- 
ated on  the  bay  formed  by  Long  Point. 
Inland  there  is  to  be  found  a  rich  and 
fine  farming  district,  consisting  of  some 
of  the  best  lands  in  Canada  West 

The  Sand  Hills,  immediately  west  of 
Long  Point,  are  seen  for  some  distance 
as  the  steamer  pursues  her  onward  course 
toward  Point  atix  Pins,  passing  through 
the  widest  part  of  the  lake,  where  both 
shores  are  lost  sight  of  for  a  number  of 
miles.  The  water  usually  presents  a  clear 
green  color  in  the  middle,  but  near  the 


shore  is  more  or  less  tinged  with  muddy 
water,  pioceeding  ttom  the  streams  empty- 
ing into  the  lake. 

Port  Burwell,  C.  W.,  about  35  miles 
west  of  Long  Point,  is  handsomely  situ- 
ated at  the  mouth  of  Otter  Creek.  Here 
is  a  light-house  and  good  harbor.  A 
large  amount  of  lumber  and  other  pro- 
ducts are  annually  exported  from  this 
place  to  Eastern  markets. 

Port  Stanley,  about  25  miles  far- 
ther west,  is  handsomely  situated  at  the 
mouth  of  Kettle  Creek,  being  in  part  sur- 
rounded by  high  and  picturesque  hills  in 
the  immediate  vicinity.  The  harbor  is 
well  protected,  and  much  frequented  by 
British  and  American  vessels  running  on 
Lake  Erie.  It  is  nine  miles  south  of  St, 
Thomas,  and  twenty-four  from  London, 
the  chief  town  of  the  county  of  Middle- 
sex, for  which  place  it  may  be  considered 
the  out-port.  A  plank-road  runs  between 
the  two  places;  also,  the  London  ana 
Port  Stanley  Railroad,  connecting  with 
the  Great  Western  Railway  of  Canada. 
Steamers  run  f^om  Port  Stanley  to  Buf- 
falo, Cleveland,  and  other  ports  on  Lake 
Erie. 

Point  aux  Pins,  or  Rond'  Eau  (usually 
called  by  the  American  navigators  Bound 
0),  about  100  miles  west  of  Long  Point, 
is  a  cape  which  projects  from  the  Canada 
shore,  enclosing  a  natural  basin  of  about 
6,000  acres  in  extent,  with  a  depth  of 
from  ten  to  twelve  feet,  thus  forming  an 
excellent  and  secure  harbor,  the  entrance 
to  which  has  been  improved  by  the  Cana- 
dian government  by  running  out  piers, 
etc.  It  is  proposed  to  construct  a  ship 
canal  from  this  port  to  the  St.  Clair  River, , 
a  distance  of  about  35  miles,  thus  avoid- 
ing the  St  Clair  Flats.  Another  Canadian 
project  is  to  construct  a  canal  from  Gode- 
rich  to  Hamilton,  C.  W.,  about  12X)  miles 
in  length. 

Point  Pelbb,  lying  about  40  miles 
east  of  the  mouth  of  Detroit  River,  pro- 
jects a  number  of  miles  into  Lake  Brie, 


-^ 


DETROIT    RIVER — BUFFALO    TO    DETttOU' — NORTH    SHORE    ROUTK. 


49 


Kiii  forms,  ia  connection  with  the  island 
of  Point  Pelee  and  other  islands  in  the 
vicinity,  the  most  picturesque  portion  of 
Like  scenery  to  be  met  with  on  this  in- 
land lea. 

Point  Pbl^b  Island,  belonging  to 
Canada,  is  about  seven  miles  long,  and 
two  or  three  mibs  in  width.  It  is  in- 
liabited  by  a  few  settlers.  The  island  is 
said  to  abound  with  red  cedar,  and  pos- 
sesses a  fine  lime-stone  quarry.  A  light- 
house is  situated  on  the  east  side. 

The  steamers  bound  for  Detroit  River 
usually  pass  to  the  north  side  of  Point 
Pelee  Island,  and  run  across  Pigeon  Bay 
toward  Bar  Point,  situated  at  the  mouth 
of  Detroit  River.  Several  small  islands 
are  passed  on  the  south,  called  East  Sister, 
Middle  Sister,  and  West  Sister;  also,  in 
the  distance,  may  be  seen  the  Bass 
Islands,  known  as  the  "North  Bass," 
"Middle  Bass,"  and  "South  Bass."  On 
the  west  side  of  the  latter  lies  the  secure 
harbor  of  Pdt-in-Bay,  celebrated  as  the 
rendezvous  of  Com.  Perry's  fleet,  before 
and  after  the  glorious  naval  victory  which 
he  achieved  over  the  British  fleet,  Sep- 
tember 10th,  1813. 

Detroit  River,  forming  one  of  the 
links  between  the  Upper  and  Lower  Lakes, 
is  next  approached,  near  the  mouth  of 
which  may  be  seen  a  light  on  the  Michi- 
gan shore  called  Gibraltar  LUjht^  and  an- 
other light  on  an  island  attached  to  Can- 
ada, the  steamers  usually  entering  the 
river  through  the  east  or  British  Giumnel 
of  the  river,  although  vessels  often  pass 
through  the  west  or  Am-'^ricai  Channel. 

Amherstbueoh,  C.  W.,  18  miles 
ibelow  Detroit,  is  an  old  and  important 
town.  Tlie  situation  is  good;  the  banks 
of  the  river,  both  above  and  below  the 
/village,  but  particularly  the  latter,  where 
the  river  emerges  into  Lake  Brie,  are  very 
beautiful;    several  handsome  residences 


may  here  be  seen,  surrounded  by  highly 
cultivated  grounds.  About  a  mile  below 
the  town  is  a  chalybeate  spring,  which  is 
said  to  resemble  the  waters  of  Chelten- 
ham, in  England.  British  and  American 
vessels  frequently  land  at  Amherstburg, 
on  their  trips  to  and  from  the  Upper 
Lakes. 

Fort  Malden,  capable  of  accommo- 
dating a  regiment  of  troops,  is  situated 
About  half  a  mile  above  Amherstburg, 
on  the  east  bank  of  the  river,  the  channel 
of  which  it  here  commands. 

At  Browns  rowN,  situated  on  the 
opposite  side  of  the  river,  in  Michigan,  ia 
the  battle-ground  where  the  Americans, 
under  disadvantageous  circumstances,  and 
with  a  slight  loss,  routed  the  British 
forces,  which  lay  in  ambush,  as  the  former 
were  on  their  way  to  relieve  the  fort  at 
Prenchtown,  which  event  occurred  August 
5,  1812. ' 

Sandwich,  0.  W.,  is  beautifull-  sit- 
uated on  the  river,  two  miles  below 
Detroit,  and  nine  miles  below  Lake  St. 
Clair.  It  stands  on  a  gently  sloping  bank 
a  short  distance  from  the  river,  which  ia 
here  about  a  mile  wide.  This  is  one  of 
the  oldest  settlements  in  Canada  West. 
The  town  contains  3,133  inhabitants. 

Windsor,  C.  W.,  sitaated  in  the 
township  of  Sandwich,  is  a  village  direct- 
ly opposite  Detroit,  with  which  it  is  con- 
nected by  three  steam  ferries.  It  was 
laid  out  in  1834,  and  is  now  a  place  of 
considerable  business,  having  a  population 
of  about  2,500  inhabitants.  Here  ter- 
minates the  Great  Wentern  Railway  of 
Canada,  which  extends  from  Niagara  Falls 
or  Suspeu'ion  Bridge,  via  Hamilton  and 
London,  to  opposite  Detroit — thus  forming 
an  important  link  in  the  great  lino  of 
railroads,  now  linished,  running  from  the 
seaboard  at  different  points  to  the  Missis- 
sippi and  Missouri  Rivera 


iver,  pro- 


ri 


t(  •' 


HAILROAD  ROUTE  from  If  laflrani  Fallf  to  Hamilton  and 
Detroit,  via  Great  Western  Railway  of  Canada. 


This  great  International  Line,  extend- 
ing from  Niagara  River  to  Detroit  River, 
opposite  the  city  of  Detroit,  a  distance  of 
229  miles,  passes  through  a  fine  and  in- 
teresting section  of  country,  equal  in 
many  respects  to  Western  New  York. 
It  connects  with  the  New  York  Central 
and  Bafialo  and  Niagara  Falls  Railroad, 
forming  a  great  through  route  of  travel. 

Starting  from  the  Suspensirm  Bridge  at 
Olifbon,  two  miles  below  the  Falls  of  Ni- 
agara, the  passenger  train  soon  reaches 
the  verge  of  the  mountain  ridge  over- 
looking the  plain  below,  while  in  tlie  dis- 
tance may  be  seen  the  broad  waters  of 
Lake  Ontario,  usually  studded  with  sail 
vessels  and  propellers  on  their  way  to  or 
from  the  mouth  of  the  Welland  CanaL 

**  Traced  like  a  map,  the  landscape  lies 
In  cultured  beauty  stretchiog  wide." 

Thorold,  nine  miles,  is  situated  on 
the  line  of  the  Welland  Oanal,  where  is 
abundant  water-power  propelling  five 
or  six  flouring  mills.  A  railro^  ex- 
tends to  Port  Dalhousie,  some  five  or  six 
miles  distant,  connecting  with  a  steamer 
running  to  Toronto.  This  road  will  be 
extended  to  Port  Colbourne,  on  Lake 
Erie,  about  twenty  miles  distant. 

St.  GA.THERINES,  12  miles  from  the 
Suspension  Bridge,  is  a  flourishing  town, 
also  situated  on  the  line  of  the  Welland 
Canal,  which  connects  Erie  and  Ontario. 
^This  has  become  of  late  a  fashionable 
"place  of  resort  during  the  summer  months, 
caused  by  the  mineral  waters  of  the  ^^  Ar- 
tesian Wells'^  obtaining  great  celebrity, 
owing  to  their  curative  properties.  Here 
are  several  well-kept  hotels  for  the  accom- 
modation of  visitors.  St.  Catherines  is 
justly  termed  ^^the  Saratoga  of  Canada," 
being  annually  visited  by  thousands  of 
invalids  and  pleasure-seekers. 

Beamsvills,    22     miles    from    the 


Suspension  Bridge,  is  a  thriving  villaiP^d 
about  one  mile  from  the  station. 

Grimsby,  5  miles  farther,  is  situated 
on  Forty-mile  Creek,  the  scene  of  some 
hard  fighting  during  the  war  of  1812.  It 
is  a  small  vilk^  of  350  inhabitants ;  there 
are  two  churches,  a  hotel,  and  several 
stores ;  also,  a  grist  and  saw  mills  pro> 
polled  by  water-power. 

Hainlllon,  43  miles  from  Suspen- 
sion Bridge,  is  the  principal  station  on  the 
line  of  the  Great  Western  Railway,  where 
are  located  the  principal  offices  and  work- 
shops connected  with  the  company.  Here 
is  a  commodious  dep6t  and  steamboat  land- 
ing. Carriages  and  omnihuses  are  always 
in  readiness  to  convey  passengers  to  the 
hotels  in  the  city,  and  steamboat  landings. 

The  7?>  *o  Branch  of  the  Great  West- 
ern Rail  x)mmences  at  Hamilton,  and 
extends  a  uistance  of  thirty  eight  miles  to 
the  city  of  Toronto,  running  near  the  shore 
of  Lake  Ontario. 

On  leaving  Hamilton  Tor  Wini'scr  or 
Detroit,  the  road  passes  near  the  mansion 
of  the  late  Sir  Allan  M'Nab,  and  over  the 
Des  Jardines  Canal,  entering  the  head  of 
Burlington  Bay.  Here  is  also  a  Suspen- 
sion Bridge  in  sight,  thrown  over  the 
stream  as  it  cuts  its  way  through  the  high 
bank  which  encircles  the  bay  or  lake. 
This  point  presents  a  beautiful  view,  both 
on  leaving  or  arriving  at  the  head-waters 
uf  Lake  Ontario. 

DuNDAS,  five  miles  from  Hamilton, 
is  situated  on  rising  ground  on  the  side 
of  the  mountain,  and  is  a  thriving  manu- 
facturing place,  having  the  advantage  of 
a  stream  which  flows,  or  rather  rushes, 
with  great  impetuosity  through  its  centre, 
working  on  its  way  numerous  mills.  The 
Des  Jardines  Canal  runs  from  hence  to 
Burlington  Bay,  enabling  the  manufac- 
turers to  ship  their  goods  at  their  own  doors. 


BUFFALO    AND    NIAGARA    FALLS    TO    DETROIT. 


51 


IIarrisbtjroh.  19  miles  from  Ilam- 
fltOD,  is  the  station  of  the  Oalt  Branch  of 
tho  Great  Western  Railway. 

Paris,  with  the  Upper  and  Lower 
Town,  contains  about  3,500  inhab'tants; 
BO  called  fVom  its  contiguity  to  beds  of 
gypsum  or  plaster  of  Paris.  It  possesses 
a  considerable  amount  of  water-power, 
which  works  numerous  mills.  There  are 
two  foundries,  a  tannery,  machine-shop, 
distillery,  saw-mill,  etc.  The  BuffcUo  and 
Lake  Huron  Railway  intersects  the  Great 
Western  at  this  point,  running  to  Gode- 
rich,  on  Lake  Huron. 

Woodstock,  48  miles  from  Ham- 
ilton, and  138  miles  from  Windsor,  is  a 
county  town,  well  situated  on  rolling 
ground,  and  contains  about  4,500  inhab- 
itants. It  may  be  called  a  town  of  mag- 
nificent distances ;  East  and  West  Wood- 
stock forming  ?  street  upward  of  a  mile 
in  length.  Th  vacant  spaces,  however, 
are  fast  being  filled  up  with  stately  edi- 
fices, and  it  will  thus  in  a  short  time  be- 
come one  of  the  handsomest  thorough- 
fares in  Oanada.  In  this  locality,  noted 
for  its  handsome  country  seats — and 
indeed  all  the  way  from  Hamilton — the 
land,  as  seen  from  the  road  (the  railroad 
for  the  most  part  passes  through  a  new 
country),  is  rolling  and  well  cleared  of 
trees  and  stumps,  presenting  more  the 
appearance  of  "merrie  England"  than 
any  other  section  of  the  Province. 

Inoersoll,  nine  miles  farther,  for- 
merly an  Indian  village,  now  contains 
about  2,000  inhabitants.  A  small  arm 
of  ttie  Thames  runs  through  it,  and  fur- 
nishes some  water-power,  by  which  sev- 
eral mills  are  worked.  Since  the  opening 
of  the  railway  \\,  has  risen  in  a  surprising 
manner;  and  the  town,  which  before 
then  had  a  very  dingy  appearance,  the 
houses  being  of  wood  and  wanting  paint, 
is  now  gay  with  white  brick,  and  the 
streets  resound  with  the  hum  of  an  en- 
terprising population. 

London,  119   miles  from   Suspension 


Bridge,  and  110  miles  from  Wial-^or,  if 
not,  like  her  English  namesake, 


-Tho  great  resort 


Of  all  the  ourth— checkered  with  all 
(Jumplexluns  of  mankind — 

is  nevertheless  a  very  stirring  business 
place,  and  presents  another  inst  luce  oi'  tho 
energy  and  enterprise  of  the  Ganuduup. 
Ten  years  ago,  this  then  very  small  vil- 
lage of  wooden  houses  was  entirely 
burned  down,  and  now  on  its  ashes  is 
raised  a  most  flourishing  city,  containing 
four  banks,  several  wholesale  houses,  fif- 
teen churches,  many  of  tliem  handsome 
structures,  and  the  English  Church  hav* 
ing  a  fine  peal  of  bells ;  life  and  fire  in- 
surances offices,  breweries  and  distilleries. 
It  has  three  newspapers  and  several  good 
hotels.  Population  nearly  18,000.  It  ia 
well  watered  by  the  river  Thames,  which, 
however,  is  only  navigable  up  to  Chatham, 
sixty  miles  distant. 

The  London  and  Port  Stanley  R.  R.  here 
joins  the  Great  Western  Railway;  length 
24. miles,  running  south  to  Lake  Erie. 

Chatham,  46  mUes  from  Windsor, 
situated  on  the  river  Thames,  possesses 
the  groat  advantage  of  a  navigation,  and 
is  therefore  a  place  of  considerable  busi- 
ness. It  contains  eight  churches;  and 
being  the  county  town  of  Kent,  it  has  a 
court-house,  a  very  handsome  building, 
several  grist  and  sawmills,  woollen  factory, 
two  foundries,  machine-shop,  etc.  Steam- 
ers ply  between  Chatham,  Detroit,  and 
Amherstburg.     Population  about  5,000. 

Windsor,  229  miles  from  Suspension 
Bridge,  opposite  Detroit,  prettily  situated 
on  the  banks  of  the  river,  is  a  place  of 
considerable  business,  and  is  rapidly  in- 
creasing in  wealth  and  population,  owing 
to  the  advantage  it  has  of  being  the 
western  terminus  of  the  Grej.t  Western 
Railway. 

Three  steam-ferries  ply  between  Wind- 
sor and  Detroit,  making  close  connections 
f^r  the  benefit  of  railroad  passengers. 


I  f 


^ii^ 


.'    '.r.-|,    :r\r    f-.y- 


m 


BTJPFALO  TO  GODEBIOH,  G.  W.,  via  BtTFFALO  AHD  I.AKE 

HURON  RAILWAY. 


This  important  line  of  travel  extend  < 
from  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  crossing  Nia.jara 
River  by  means  of  a  steam  ferry  at  Blac^ 
Rock  to  Fort  Erie,  op  the  Canada  side. 
It  is  proposed  to  construct  a  permanent 
railroad  bridge  of  about  one  mile  iu 
length,  a  short  distance  above  the  present 
ferry.  From  Fort  Erie  the  I'^e  of  the 
rftilviray  extends  westward  witma  a  short 
distance  of  Lake  Erie  for  forty  miles,  to 
Dunvihe,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  Grand 
River,  crossing  the  Wellaud  CanaL 

From  Dunville  the  road  runs  along  th<» 
valley  of  the  river  on  the  north  side  to 
Brantford,  38  miles  farther,  and  from 
thence  extends  westward  to  Paris,  where 
it  connects  with  the  Great  Western  Rail- 
way of  Canada.  The  line  thence  runs  to 
Stratford,  0.  W.,  where  it  connects  with 
the  Grand  Trunk  Railway,  a  total  distance 
from  Buffalo  of  116  miles.  From  this 
point  the  road  is  now  completed  and  in 
running  order  to  Goderich,  situated  on 
Lake  Huron,  a  total  distance  of  163  miles. 

Dunville  is  advantageously  situated 
on  che  Grand  River,  at  a  point  where  it 
is  intersected  by  the  feeder  of  the  Wel- 
land  0:;i:al.  It  is  a  place  of  considerable 
business,  and  contains  several  grist,  saw, 
and  plaster  mills,  and  a  tannery.  Popu< 
lation  about  1,500. 

The  Wdland  Canal  is  one  of  the  many 
works  of  the  same  kind  of  which  Cana- 
dians may  be  proud.  This  Canal  affords 
a  passage  for  propellers,  sloops,  and 
schooners  of  125  tons  burden,  around  the 
Falls  of  Niagara,  and  connects  Lake  Erie 
with  Lake  Ontario.  It  is  42  miles  long, 
including  feeder,  56  feet  wide,  and  from 
8^  to  16  feet  deep.  The  whole  descent 
from  one  lake  to  the  other  is  334  feet, 
which  is  accomplished  by  37  Iccks. 

Beantfoed,  78  miles  from  Buff-lo, 
a/id  82  miles  from  Gk>derioh,  is  beautiiufiy 


):■   ;fftff' .  -..*'t>**'  ■''■».>.-, , .(.af 


situated  on  Grand  River,  and  named  after 
Brant,  the  renowned  chief  of  the  Six  Na- 
tions Indians,  who,  with  his  tribe,  steadil  v 
supported  the  British  Crown  during  tiiOj, 
American  War.  "In  ^Gertrude  of  Wyo- 
ming* he  is  alluded  to  in  disparaging 
terms : 

*The  mointnoth  cornea — the  fiend,  the  monster 
Brant.' 

But  some  years  afterward  Campbell  was 
obliged  to  apologize  to  Brant's  son,  who 
happened  to  visit  London ;  as  it  appeared, 
on  satisfactory  evidence,  his  father  was 
not  even  present  at  the  horrible  desolation 
of  Wyoming.  This  much  is  due  to  the 
memory  of  Brant,  who  was  a  brave  war- 
rior and  a  steadfast  ally  of  the  British, 
and  always  exerted  himself  to  mitigate 
the  horrors  of  war." 

Brantford,  until  the  opening  of  the 
Great  Western  Railway,  was  a  great  wheat 
market,  the  streets  being  crowded  with 
hundreds  of  wagons  daily ;  but  that  road 
created  other  markets,  and  to  this  extent 
the  town  has  suffered.  It  has,  however, 
other  sources  of  prosperity.  There  is  no 
place  in  the  Province  which  commands 
such  extensive  water-power,  and  which 
is  made  available  for  the  working  of  nr- 
merous  mills.  The  iron  foundries,  ma- 
chine shops,  and  potteries  are  on  a  large 
scale,  and  have  caused  the  place  to  be  re- 
garded as  the  Birmingham  of  Canada.  It 
has  a  goodly  number  of  churches  of  vari- 
ous denominations,  and  one  of  the  largest 
and  handsomest  hotels  in  the  Province —  * 
"The  Kirby  House."  Population  about 
6,000.  :    ,\  '  . 

Stratford  is  a  new  and  thriving 
town,  favorably  situated  on  the  line  of  the 
Grand  Trunk  Railway  of  Canada.  This 
section  of  Canada  enjoys  a  good  climate 
and  fertile  soil,  producing  cereal  grains  in 
great  abundance. 


TABLS    OF   DISTANCES — SOUTH  8H0KS  ROUTB. 


r>3 


Goderlch,  C.  W.,  163  miles  dis- 
tant from  Buffalo,  by  railroad  route,  is  ad- 
vantageously situated  on  the  east  shore 
of  Lake  Huron,  enjoying  a  healthy  and 
delightful  climate.  Here  is  a  good  and 
secure  harbor,  being  easily  accessible  to 
the  largest  steamers  and  sail  vessels  nav- 
igating the  Upper  Lakes.  Here  is  erected 
an  extensive  railroad  depot,  warehouses, 
gram  elevator,  and  wharves,  owned  by 
the  Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron  Railway 
company.  The  town  is  beautifully  situ- 
ated on  elevated  ground,  rising  about  150 
feet  above  the  waters  of  LsJce  Huron, 
here  celebrated  for  their  purity.  The  pop- 
ulation amounts  to  about  6,000,  and  is 


rapidly  increasing  in  numbers  and  wealth. 
Steamers  run  daily  from  this  port  to  Sar- 
nia,  Detroit,  Saginaw,  and  other  ports  on 
Lake  Huron.  A  line  of  propellers,  car- 
rying passengers  and  fi'eight,  also  run 
from  Goderich  to  Mackinac,  Milwaukee, 
Chicago,  eta — connecting  with  the  Buf- 
falo and  Lake  Huron  Railway — thus 
forming  a  through  line  of  travel  from 
Buffalo  to  the  above  ports. 

There  are  several  other  ports  of  im- 
portance lying  north  of  Goderich,  on  the 
Canada  side  of  the  lake,  from  whence 
steamers  run  to  and  tro  almost  daily^ 
during  the  season  of  navigation. 


TABI.I:  OF  DISTANCfiS. 


rBOM  BUFFALO  TO  TOLEDO — SOUTH  SHORE  BOUTE. 


Ports,  eto.  Miles. 

Buffalo,  N.  T 0 

Silver  Creek,  N.  Y 34 

Dunkirk,            "    42 

Portland,            "   52 

Erie,  Pa 90 

Couneaut,  Ohio 117 

Ashtabula,  "     131 

Painesville,  "     156 

Cleveland,    "     185 

Kelley's  Island 240 

Sandusky,  Ohio 245 

South  Bass  Island 245 

West  Sister  Island 263 

Turtle  Island 275 

Maumee  Bay.. . ., 278 

Toledo,  Ohio 285 


PortB,  etc.  Miles. 

Toledo,  Ohio 0 

Maumee  Bay 7 

Turtle  Island  10 

West  Sister  Island 22 

South  Bass  Island 40 

Sandusky,  Ohio 40 

Kelley's  Island 45 

Cleveland,  Ohio 100 

PainesvillQ,  "    129 

Ashtabula,    "    164 

Conneaut,      "    168 

Erie,  Pa 195 

Portland,  N.  Y 233 

Dunkirk,      "     243 

SUver  Creek,  N.  1 251 

Buffalo,  N.  Y 286 


NoTs. — ^The  direct  through  route  as  run  by  the  steAmera  from  Buffalo  to  Toledo  is 
about  250  miles ;  the  circuit  of  Lake  Erie  being  about  660  miles. 


^l 

(-^■l 


.  .r  , 


''•v^'  ■■.■.•M»\.n.. » 


BUiTALO  TO  CLEVELAITD,  TOLEDO,  ETC-bOITTH  SHORE 

EOUTE. 


Steamers  and  ropellers  of  a  large 
class  leave  Buffalo  daily,  during  the 
season  of  navigation,  for  the  different 
ports  on  the  American  or  South  Shore  of 
Lake  Erie,  connecting  with  railroad  cars 
at  Cleveland,  Sandusky,  Toledo,  and  De- 
troit. 

i  On  leaving  Buffalo  harbor,  which  is 
formed  by  the  mouth  of  Buffalo  Creek, 
where  is  erected  a  breakwater  by  the 
United  States  government,  a  fine  view  is 
afforded  of  the  city  of  Buffalo,  the  Canada 
shore,  and  Lake  Erie  stretching  off  in  the 
distance,  with  here  and  there  a  steamer 
or  sail  vessel  in  sight.  As  the  steamer 
proceeds  westward  through  the  middle  of 
the  lake,  the  landscape  fades  in  the  dis- 
tance, until  nothing  is  visible  but  a  broad 
expanse  of  green  waters. 

Sturgeok  Point,  20  miles  from 
Buffalo,  is  passed  on  the  south  shore, 
when  the  lake  immediately  widens  by 
the  land  receding  on  both  shores.  During 
the  prevalence  of  storms,  when  the  full 
blast  of  the  wind  sweeps  through  this 
lake,  its  force  is  now  felt  in  its  full  pow^er, 
drivkug  the  angry  waves  forward  with  the 
velocity  of  the  race-horse,  often  causing 
the  waters  to  rise  at  the  lower  end  of  the 
lake  to  a  great  height,  so  as  to  overflow  its 
banks,  and  forcing  its  surplus  waters  into 
the  Niagara  River,  which  causes  the  only 
perceptible  rise  and  increase  of  the  rush 
of  waters  at  the  Falls. 

Dunkirk,  N.  Y.,  42  miles  from 
Buffalo,  is  advantageously  situated  on  the 
shore  of  Lake  Erie  where  terminates  the 
New  York  and  Erie  Railroad^  460  miles 
in  length.  Here  is  a  good  and  secure 
harbor,  affording  about  twelve  feet  of 
water  over  tlie  bar.  A  light-house,  a 
beacon-light,  and  breakwater,  the  latter  in 

dilapidated  state,  have  here  been  erected 
/  the  United  States  government.    As  an 


anchorage  and  port  of  refuge  this  harbor 
is  extremely  valuable,  and  is  much  resort- 
ed to  for  that  purpose  by  steamers  and 
sail  vessels  during  the  prevalence  of 
storms. 

The  village  was  incorporated  in  183Y, 
and  now  contains  about  4,000  inhabitants, 
600  dwelling-houses,  five  churches,  a 
bank,  three  hotels,  and  20  stores  of  differ- 
ent kinds,  besides  several  extensive  store- 
houses and  manufacturing  establishments. 

The  Buffalo  and  State  Line  Hailroad,  ex- 
tending to  Erie,  Pa.,  runs  tlirough  Dun- 
kirk, forming  in  part  the  Lake  Shore  line 
of  railroad,  wliich,  in  connection  with  the 
railroad  leading  direct  to  the  city  of  New 
York,  affords  great  advantages  to  this 
locality,  which  is  no  doubt  destined  to  in- 
crease with  the  growing  trade  of  the  lake 
country. 

Fredonia,  three  miles  from  Dun- 
kirk, with  which  it  is  connected  by  a 
plank-road,  is  handsomely  situated,  being 
elevated  about  100  feet  above  Lake  Erie. 
It  contains  about  2,300  inhabitants,  300 
dwelling-houses,  five  churches,  one  bank, 
an  incorporated  academy,  four  taverns, 
twenty  stores,  besides  some  mills  and 
manufacturing  establishments  situated  on 
Canadoway  Creek,  which  here  affords 
good  water-power.  In  the  village,  near 
the  bed  of  the  creek,  is  an  inflammable 
spring,  from  which  escapes  a  sufficient 
quantity  of  gas  to  light  the  village.  A 
gasometer  is  constructed  which  forces  the 
gas  through  tubes  to  different  parts  of  the 
village,  the  consumer  paying  $4  per  year 
for  each  burner  used.  It  is  also  used  for 
lighting  the  streets  of  the  village.  The 
flame  is  large,  but  not  so  strong  or  bril- 
liant as  that  obtained  from  gas  in  our 
cities ;  it  is,  however,  in  high  fieivor  with 
the  inhabitants. 

Barcelona,    N.  Y.,  68    miles    from 


.. 


wv«=>s»i  if  .!■  ity    Ziit.  lilJ  ■'»...3  r  y,y;'ff{i 


•V.  *»•*»'! 


BUFFALO   TO    CLEVELAND^  TOLEDO,  ETC — SOUttt   SHORE    ROUTE.         55 


Buffalo,  is  the  westernmost  village  in  the 
State.  It  is  a  port  of  entry,  and  is  much 
resorted  to  by  steamers  and  large  vessels 
navigating  the  lake,  affording  a  tolerably 
good  harbor,  where  is  situated  a  light- 
house which  is  lighted  by  inflammable 
gas ;  it  escapes  from  the  bed  of  a  creek 
about  half  a  mile  distant,  and  is  carried  in 
pipes  to  the  light-house. 

Erie,  "  the  Lake  City  op  Pennsylva- 
nia," distant  90  miles  from  Bufifalo  and  96 
miles  from  Geveland,  is  beautifully  situated 
on  a  bluffy  affording  a  prospect  of  Presque 
Isle  Bay  and  the  Lake  beyond.  It  has  one 
of  the  largest  and  best  harbors  on  Lake 
Erie,  from  whence  sailed  Perry's  fleet 
during  the  war  of  1812.  The  most  of  the 
vessels  were  here  built,  being  finished  in 
seventy  days  from  the  time  the  trees  were 
felled;  and  here  the  gallant  victor  re> 
turned  with  his  prixes  after  the  battle  of 
Lake  Erie,  which  took  place  September 
10th,  1813.  The  remains  of  his  flag-ship, 
the  Laiorence,  lie  in  the  harbor,  from 
which  visitors  ar  <  allowed  to  cut  pieces  as 
reUcs.  On  the  high  bank,  a  little  distance 
from  the  *  wn  are  the  ruins  of  the  old 
French  f<  ''risque  Isle.  The  city  co" 
tains  a  court- lOuse,  nine  churches,  a  hu 
three  hotels,  a  ship-yard,  several  exten- 
sive manufacturing  establishment  and 
about  10,000  inhabitantti.  In  addition  to 
tbb  Lake  Shore  Railroad^  the  Philaddpl  i 
^nd  Erie  Railroad*  terminates  at  his  place, 
affording  a  direct  communic^  on  with 
New  York,  Philadelphia,  and  Baltimore, 

Presque  Isle  Bay  is  a  lovely  sheet  of 
water,  protected  by  an  island  prq)e<  og 
into  Lake  Erie.  There  is  a  light  h  se  p^i 
the  west  side  of  the  entrance  to  vwt  bs^y^ 
in  lat,  42  «  8'  N.  ;  it  shows  «i  tb,ed  light, 
elevated  93  feet  aboVQ  thQ  8.vir^aQ#  of  the 


lake,  and  visible  for  a.  distance  of  15 
miles.  The  beacon  sliows  a  fixed  light, 
elevated  28  feet,  and  is  visible  for  nine 
mileSt 

CoNNEADT,  Ohio,  117  miles  from  Buf- 
falo and  68  from  Cleveland,  situated  in 
the  northeast  comer  of  the  State,  stands 
on  a  creek  of  the  same  name,  near  its  en- 
trance into  Lake  Erie.  It  exports  large 
quantities  of  lumber,  grain,  pork,  beef, 
butter,  cheese,  etc.,  being  surrounded  by 
a  rich  agricultural  section  of  country. 
The  village  contains  abuut  2,000  inhabi- 
tants. The  harbor  of  Conneaut  lies  two 
miles  from  the  village,  where  is  a  light- 
house, a  pier,  and  several  warehouses. 

Ashtabula,  Ohio,  14  miles  farther 
west,  stands  on  a  stream  of  the  same 
name,  near  its  entrance  in  t  the  lake.  This 
is  a  tliriving  place,  inh;i  d  by  an  intel- 
ligent population  estimate^  1 3,500.  The 
harbor  of  Ashtabula  is  vo  and  a  half 
miles  from  the  village,  ai  the  uiouth  of 
the  river,  where  is  a  Ught-liouse.  , 

Faibport  stands  on  the  east  side  of 
Grand  River,  155  miles  from  Buffalo.  It 
has  a  good  harbor  for  laV«  vesbols,  and  ia 

port  of  considerable  tra^  ',  This  harbor 
s  80  well  defended  from  winds,  and  easy 
of  access,  that  vessels  ru-i  in  when  they 
cannot  easilv  make  other  ports.  J^jBce  ^ 
a  Ught-houfav  and  a  be^^  t^,gui<3e  the 
mariner,  f-'v  :.  ■*  i^.--   ■':..;■ 

PAiNE8vn4LB,  Olnio,  three  miles  IVobo. 
Fairport  and  30  miles  from  Cleveland,  is  a 
beauti(\}\  and  flourishing  town,  being  sur- 
rounded by  a  fijQe  section  of  country. 
It  is  the  cputtty  seat  for  Lake  County, 
and  cojQt^ns  a  court-house,  five  churches, 
a  bank,  20  stores,  a  numper  of  beautiful 
iresidences,  and  about  3,000  ip^abitauts.    ' 


7« 


♦  This  greftt  Mne  tr^v^Mo*  the  Northern  %nd  NorthTPestj  coantl«s  of  Pei)j«ylva»ia,  tp  the  city 
of  Erie  on  \j)k\e  Sric^.  \\  ha»  been  lef^seil  b;  Uie  Peiins7lva,n1a  Ballro^  (^onipany,  &nd  imcLec  the(r 
auspices  It  beio^  f^|ti<Uljf  opeae^  thirpaghoiit  it&  entire  len^,  >,.,.><.•        r 


i 


56 


TRIP  THROUGH  THE  LAKES. 


<-r~f-t» . 


! 


^l^Wi.-Sl^i'^^l^ll^Vai'illiiii^i^^^ 


«r.'..T< 


Perry  Monument,  Erected  Sept  10, 1860. 

Cleveland,  "the  Forest  City,"  Cuy- 
ahoga  County,  Ohio,  is  situated  on  a  plain, 
elevated  80  feet  above  the  waters  <  f  Lake 
Erie,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Cuyahog  i  ver, 
which  forms  a  secure  harbor  for  essels 
of  a  large  class ;  being  in  N.  lat.  4 1 "  30', 
W.  long.  81°  42'     The  bluff  on  which  it 


is  built  rises  abruptly  from  the  lake  leyel, 
where  stands  a  light-house,  near  the  en- 
trance  into  the  harbor,  firom  which  an 
extensive  and  magnificent  view  is  obtained, 
overlooking  the  city,  the  meandering  of  the 
Cuyahoga,  the  line  of  railro?»ds,  the  ship- 
ping in  the  harbor,  and  the  vessels  pass- 
ing on  the  Lake. 

The  city  is  regularly  and  beautifully 
laid  out,  ornamented  with  numerous  shade- 
trees,  from  which  it  takes  the  name  of 
"  Forest  City."  Near  its  centre  is  a  large 
public  square,  in  which  stands  a  beautiful 
marble  statue  of  Commodore  Oliver  H. 
Perry,  which  waa  inaugurated  Sept.  10, 
1860,  in  the  presence  of  more  than  100,000 
people.  It  commemorates  the  glorious 
achievement  of  the  capture  of  the  British 
fleet  on  Lake  Erie,  September  10th,  1813. 
Cleveland  is  the  mart  of  one  of  the  great- 
est grain-growing  States  in  the  Union,  and 
has  a  ready  communication  by  railroad 
with  New  York,  Boston,  and  Philadelphia 
on  the  east,  while  continuous  lines  of 
railroads  run  south,  and  west  to  the  con- 
fines of  settlement  in  Kansas  and  Nebras- 
ka. It  is  distant  185  miles  from  Buffalo, 
135  miles  from  Columbus,  107  miles  from 
Toledo,  and  144  milos  from  Pittsburgh  by 
railroad  route ;  120  miles  from  Detroit  by 
steamboat  route.  '. 

It  contains  a  County  Court-House  and 
Jail,  City  Ilall,  U.  S.  Custom-House  and 
Post  Office  building ;  1  Theatre ;  a  Library 
Association  with  a  public  reading-room ; 
2  Medical  Colleges,  2  Orphan  Asylums, 
35  Churches  of  different  denominations; 
4  Banks,  a  Savings  Bank,  and  2  Insurance 
Companies;  also,  numerous  large  manu- 
facturing companies,  embracing  iron  and 
copper  works,  ship-building,  &c. ;  Gas- 
works, Water-works,  and  two  City  Rail- 
road Companies.  The  stores  and  ware- 
liouses  are  numerous,  and  many  of  them 
well  built.  It  now  boasts  of  50,000  in- 
habitants, and  is  rapidly  increasing  in 
numbers  and  wealth.  The  Lake  Superior 
Hide  i^  a  source  of  great  advantage  and 


ml 


CL5VELA2sD,    "  TUB    FOKSST    CITT." 


67 


profit,  while  the  other  lake  traffic,  togeth- 
er  with  the  facilities  afiforded  by  railroads 
and  canals,  makes  Cleveland  onj  of  the 
favored  cities  bordering  on  the  Inland 
Seas  of  America. 

The  principal  Hotels  are  the  American 
Hotel,  Angier  Bouse,  Forest  City  Home, 
Johnson  House,  and  WeddeU  House ;  all  be- 
ing large  and  well-kept  public  houses. 


RAILROAIMEI  DIVBBaiNO  FROM  GlBVKLAND. 

1.  Cleveland  and  Erie,  95  miles  in  length. 

2.  Cleveland,  Columhu^,  and  OincinnaM, 
135  miles. 

3.  Cleveland  and  Toledo,  Northern  Divi- 
sion, 107  miles. 

4.  Cleveland  and  Mahoning,  6*7  miles 
finished.  ,.  •  ^ 

5.  Cleveland  and  Pittsburgh,  connecting 
with  Wheeling,  Va.,  200  miles. 

6.  Cleveland,  2kinesviUe,  and  Cincinnati, 
87  miles ;  diverging  from  Cleveland  and 
Pittsburgh  R.  R.  at  Hudson. 

7.  Atlantic  and  Great  Western  Railway, 
connects  with  New  York  and  Erie  Rail- 
road, forming  a  through  line  of  travel 


Steamers  and  Propellers  of  a  large 
class  leave  daily,  during  the  season  of 
navigation,  for  Buffalo,  Toledo,  Detroit, 
Mackinac,  Green  Bay,  Milwaukee,  Chicago, 


the  Saut  Ste.  Marie,  and  the  different  ports 
on  Lake  Superior,  altogether  transporting 
an  immense  amount  of  merchandise,  grain, 
lumber,  iron,  and  copper  ore.  The  regis- 
tered Tonnage  of  this  port,  in  1861,  was 
82,518  tons. 

The  Northern  Transportation  Company 
of  Ohio  has  its  principal  office  in  Cleve- 
land. The  Company  owns  15  propellers 
of  about  350  tons  burden,  running  from 
Ogdensburgh  and  Oswego  to  Cleveland, 
Toledo,  Detroit,  Milwaukee,  and  Chicago. 
This  line  affords  a  cheap  and  speedy  route 
for  travellers  and  emigrants,  as  weU  as  for 
the  transportation  of  merchandise  and 
produoe. 

The  Cleveland  Iron  Mining  Company, 
with  a  capital  stock  of  $500,000,  has  its 
principal  office  in  this  city.  The  mine  is 
situated  near  Marquette,  Lake  Superior, 
being  distant  about  14  miles  from  the 
steamboat  landing.  A  railroad  extends  to 
the  Iron  Mountain,  affording  facilities  for 
the  transportation  of  2,000  tons  of  iron 
ore  per  day.  This  ore  yields  on  an  aver- 
age 66^  per  cent,  of  iron.  The  greater 
proportion  of  this  ore  finds  a  ready  market 
in  Cleveland,  from  whence  the  most  of  it 
is  transported  to  the  Mahoning  Valley, 
where  it  meets  the  coal  of  that  region 
and  is  smelted  and  manufactured  into 
merchantable  iron. 


Steamboat  Route  fk*oin  Cleveland  to  Detroit. 


Porte,  etc. 


Miles. 


Clkv,et.and,  Ohio 0 

Poi  n  t  Pel6e  lo.,  and  Light 60 

n:ir  Point,  C.  W. 97 

i:..is  Bhtnc  Is.  Light,  i  .^n 

IVtroit  River,  \'-; ^^^ 

.yftlrfen,  C.  W 101 

(ii'maltar,  Mich 

(iiosse  Isle,  "    '..102 

^^lllla  Juba  Is.  and  Light 108 

^Vl/andotte,  Mich 109 

FiMi  Island  Light Ill 

ri^rhtlug  Island 112 

Windsor,  C,  W 119 

DKTItiJlT 120 


Ports,  etc.                                                MflM. 
Deteoit,  Mich 0 

Windtior,  C.  W 1 

Fightinp  Island 8 

Fish  Island 9 

Wyamlotte,  Mi6h 11 

Mams.  Juba  Is.  and  Light 13 

Grusse  Isle 18 

Gibraltar,  Mich 

Maiden,  C.  W 19 

Bols  Blanc  Is..  Light, )  qa 

LakeErie,  f ^ 

Bar  Point!  C.W 28 

Point  Pel6e  Island 60 

Clkvkland 120 

Fakk,  $3  00.  U^AL  TiMK,  7  hours. 


I  ? 


!     f 


%m 


t '  ■ 


I        V 


58 


TRIP  THROUGH  THB  LAKES. 


Blaok  BrnsB,  28  mQes  fVom  Cleve- 
land, is  a  small  village  with  a  good  har- 
bor, where  is  a  ship-yard  and  other 
manufacturing  establishments. 

Yeruiuon,  10  miles  farther  on  the 
line  of  the  Cleveland  and  Toledo  Railroad, 
is  a  place  of  consideral)le  trade,  situated  at 
the  mouth  of  the  river  of  the  same  name. 

Huron,  Ohio,  60  miles  from  Cleve- 
land and  10  miles  from  Sandusky,  is 
situated  at  the  mouth  of  Huron  River, 
which  afifords  a  good  harbor.  It  contains 
(several  churches,  16  or  20  stores,  several 
warehouses,  and  about  2,000  inhabitants. 

The  islands  lying  near  the  head  of  Lake 
Erie,  off  Sandusky,  are  Kellet's  Island, 
North  Bass,  Middle  Bass,  and  South 
Bass  islands,  besides  several  smaller 
islimda,  forming  altogether  a  handsome 
group.  KtUey^s  laloMd,  the  largest  and 
most  important,  is  famous  for  its  grape 
culture,  and  has  become  a  place  of  sum- 
mer resort  by  the  citia^ns  of  Ohio  and 
other  States.  On  the  north  side  of 
South  Bass  Island,  lies  the  secure  harbor 
of  Put-in-Bat,  made  celebrated  by  being 
the  rendezvous  of  Com.  Perry's  flotilla 
before  and  after  the  decisive  battle  of 
Lake  Erie,  which  resulted  in  the  capture 
of  the  entire  British  fleet. 


IS 


KAVAL  BATTLE  ON  LAKE  ERIE. 


•HI 

Hi 


September  10th,  1813,  the  hostile  fleets 
of  England  and  the  United  States  on  Lake 
Erie  met  near  the  head  of  the  Lake,  and 
a  sanguinary  battle  ensued.  The  fleet 
bearing  the  "red  cross"  of  England  con- 
sisted of  six  vessels,  carrying  64  guns, 
under  command  of  the  veteran  Com. 
Barclay;  and  the  fleet  bearing  the 
"broad  stripes  and  bright  stars"  of  the 
United  States,  consisted  of  nine  vessels 
carrying  54  guns,  under  command  of  the 
young  and  inexperienced,  but  brave.  Com. 
Oliver  H.  Perry.  The  result  of  this  im- 
portant conflict  was  made  known  to  the 
world  in  the  following  laconic  dispatch, 
written  at  4  p.  m.  of  that  day : 


"Dear    General:    We   have  mat  thr 
enemy,  and  they  are  ours:    Two  ships 
two  brigs,  one  schooner,  and  one  sloop. 
With  esteem,  etc.,  0.  H.  Perrt 

"  Gen.  William  H.  Harrison." 

Sandnsky,  "The  BatCiit"  capita 
of  Erie  Co.,  Ohio,  is  a  port  of  entry  and 
a  place  of  considerable  trade.  It  is  ad 
vantageously  situated  on  Sandusky  Bay, 
three  miles  from  Lake  Erie,  in  N.  lat.  41*^ 
27',  W.  long.  82*  46'.  The  bay  is  abou* 
20  miles  long,  and  fi\e  or  six  miles  in 
width,  forming  a  capacious  and  excellent 
harbor,  into  which  steamers  and  vessel^ 
of  all  sizes  can  enter  with  safety.  The 
average  depth  of  water  is  from  ten^  to 
twelve  feet.  The  city  is  built  aa  a  bed  of 
limestone,  producing  a  good  building 
materiaL  It  contains  about  10,000  in- 
habitants, a  court-house  and  jail,  eight 
churches,  two  banks,  several  well-kept 
hotels,  and  a  number  of  large  stores  and 
manufacturing  establishments  of  differ- 
ent kinds.  This  is  the  terminus  of  the 
Sandusky^  Dayton^  and  Cincinnaii  Raibvad, 
153  miles  to  Dayton,  and  the  Sandiisky, 
Mansfield,  and  Newark  JRailroad,  116  miles 
in  length.  The  Cleveland  and  Toledo  JRail- 
road, northern  division,  also  terminates 
at  Sandusky.  ^       •- 

Toledo,  One  of  the  m6st  favored 
Cities  of  the  Lakes,  is  situated  on  the 
Maumee  river,  four  miles  from  its  mouth, 
and  ten  miles  from  the  Turtle  Island  Light, 
at  the  outlet  of  the  Maumee  Bay  into 
Lake  Erie.  The  harbor  is  good,  and  the 
navigable  channel  from  Toledo  of  sufiicient 
depth  for  all  steamers  or  sail  vessels  navi- 
gating the  lakes.  Toledo  is  the  eastern 
terminus  of  the  Wabash  and  Erie  Canal, 
running  through  the  Maumee  and  Wabash 
valleys,  and  communicating  with  the 
Ohio  River  at  EvansviUe,  a  distance  o£' 
474  miles ;  also  of  the  Miami  wridl 
Erie  Canal,  which  branches  from  thet 
above  canal  68  miles  west  of  Tole^,.  andl 
runs    southwardly  through    the   ttiaiia 


BUFFALO  TO  CLEVELAND,  TOLEDO,  ETC. SOUTH  SHORE  ROUTE.    59 


Valley  in  Western  Ohio,  and  communi- 
jates  with  the  Ohio  River  at  Cincinnati, 
forming  together  the  longest  line  of  canal 
tiavigation  in  the  United  States. 

The  railroads  diverging  from  Toledo  are 
the  Michigan  Sovihern  and  Northern  In- 
diana   Railroad,   running    through    the 
southern  counties  of  Michigan  and  the 
northern  counties  of  Indiana,  and  making 
its  western  terminus  at  Chicago,  Illinois, 
at  a  distance  of  243  miles;  the  Air  Line 
Railroad,  running  due  west  from  Toledo, 
through    Northwestern    Ohio    and    the 
northern  counties  of  Indiana  to  Goshen, 
a  distance  of  110  miles,  where  it  connects 
with  the  Northern  Indiana  Railroad,  run- 
ning to  Chicago ;  and  the  Detroit,  Monroe, 
and  Toledo  Railtvad.    It  is  also  the  east- 
ern terminus  of  the  Toledo,  Wabash,  and 
Western  Railroad,  running  in  a  south- 
westerly direction  through  the  Maumee 
and  Wabash  valleys,  crossing  the  east- 
ern line  of  the  State  of  Illinois,  about  125 
miles  south  of  Chicago,  and  continuing 
in  a  southwesterly  course  through  Dan- 
ville, Springfield,   Jacksonville,    Naples, 
etc.,  in  Central  Illinois,  to  the  Mississippi 
River,  and  connecting  with  the  Hannibal 
and  St.  Joseph  Rotul,  which  stretches 
nearly  due  west  through  the  State  of 
Missouri  to  St.  Joseph,  on  the  Missouri 
River.     The  Dayton  and  Michigan  Rail- 
road, which  connects  Toledo  with  Ciaoin- 
nati,  is  much  the  shortest  railroad  line 
connecting  Lake  Erie  with  the  Ohio  River. 
Besides  the  above  important  roads,  the 
Cleveland  and  Toledo  Railroad  terminates 
hero. 

Toledo  is  the  nearest  point  for  the  im- 
mense country  traversed  by  these  canals 
and  railroads,  where  a  transfer  can  be 
made  of  freight  to  the  more  cheap  trans- 
portation by  the  lakes,  and  thence  through 
the  Erie  Canal,  Welland  Canal,  or  Oswego 
Canal,  to  the  seaboard.  It  is  hot  merely 
the  country  traversed  by  these  canals  and 
railroads  that  send  their  products,  and  re- 
ceive their  merchandise,  through  Toledo, 


but  many  portions  of  the  States  of  Ken- 
tucky, Tennessee,  and  Missouri,  find  To- 
ledo the  cheapest  and  most  expeditious 
lake-port  for  the  interchange  and  transfer 
of  their  products  and  merchandise. 

This  city  is  the  capital  of  Lucas  County, 
Ohio,  where  is  situated  a  court-house  and 
jail,  several  fine  churches,  a  magnificent 
High  School  edifice,  and  five  large  brick 
ward  school  houses;  a  young  men's 
association  that  sustains  a  course  of  lec- 
tures during  the  winter ;  two  banks,  two 
insurance  companies,  six  hotels,  and  a 
great  number  of  store o  and  storehouses; 
also  several  extensive  manufacturing  es- 
tablishments. The  principal  hotels  are 
the  Island  House  and  Oliver  House. 

The  population  of  Toledo  in  1850  was 
about  4,000,  and  now  it  is  supposed  to 
contain  17,000  inhabitants,  and  is  rapidly 
increasing  in  wealth  and  numbers.  The 
shipping  interest  is  increasing,  here  being 
trans-shipped  annually  an  amount  of  grain 
exceeded  only  by  Chicago,  and  other 
kinds  of  e  gricultural  products  of  the  great 
West.  This  city  is  destined,  like  Chicago, 
to  export  direct  to  European  ports. 

At  this  time  there  are  in  process  of 
erection  in  Toledo  many  handsome  dwel- 
lings, numerous  handsome  blocks  of 
stores,  a  post-office  and  custom-house  by 
the  general  government,  and  a  first-class 
hotel;  these  two  latter  buildings,  from 
the  plans  we  have  seen,  would  do  credit 
to  any  city,  and  when  completed  can  be 
classed  among  the  most  elegant  struc- 
tures. No  city  in  the  State  can  boast  of 
finer  private  residences  than  Toledo ;  and 
the  general  character  of  the  buildings 
erected  in  the  past  four  years  is  substan- 
tial and  elegant. 

Pbbbysburoh,  the  capital  of  Wood  Co., 
Ohio,  is  situated  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  Maumee  River,  18  miles  above  its 
entrance  into  Maumee  Bay,  the  southern 
termination  of  Lake  Erie.  It  contains  a 
court-house  and  jail,  four  churches,  20 
stores  of  difierent  kinds,  three  steam  saw- 


\:\ 


■¥ 


6d. 


TRIP  THROUGH  THE  LAKES. 


■'■»»i? 


i  I 


m 


mills,  a  tannery,  and  several  other  manu- 
facturing establishments.  Population 
about  1,500.  Here  is  the  head  of  steam- 
boat navigation  on  the  Maumee  River, 
affording  thus  far  a  sufQcient  depth  of 
water  for  steamers  of  a  large  class. 

Old  Ihrt  Meigs,  famous  for  having 
withstood  a  siege  by  the  British  and  In- 
dians in  1813,  is  one  mile  above  this  place. 

Maumbe  City,  Lucas  Co.,  Ohio,  is 
a  port  of  entry,  situated  on  the  Maumee 
River,  opposite  Perrysburgh,  at  the  foot 
of  the  rapids  and  at  the  head  of  naviga- 
tion, nine  miles  above  Toledo.  A  side 
cut  here  connects  the  Wabash  and  Erie 
Canal  with  the  river.  The  Toledo  and 
Illinois  Railroad  also  passes  through  this 
place.  It  contains  five  churches,  ten 
stores,  four  flouring-mills,  three  saw-mills, 
one  oil-mill,  and  other  manufacturing  es- 
tablishments propelled  by  water-power, 
the  supply  being  here  almost  inexhausti- 
ble. Three  miles  above  the  city  is  the 
site  of  the  famous  battle  fought  against 
the  Indians  by  Gen.  Wayne,  in  1794, 
known  as  the  Battle  of  Miami  Rapids. 
One  mile  below  the  town  is  Old  Fort 
Miami,  one  of  the  early  British  posts. 

Mauheb  RrvER  rises  in  the  north- 
east part  of  Indiana,  and  flowing  northeast 
enters  Lake  Erie,  through  Maumee  Bay. 
It  is  about  100  miles  long,  navigable  18 
miles,  and  furnishing  an  extensive  water- 
power  throughout  its  course. 

The  City  of  Monroe,  capital  of  Monroe 
Co.,  Mich.,  is  situated  on  both  sides  of 
the  River  Raisin,  three  miles  above  its 


entrance  into  Lake  Erie,  and  about  40 
miles  from  Detroit.  It  is  connected  with 
the  lake  by  a  ship  canal,  and  is  a  termi- 
nus or  the  Michigan  Southern  Railroad, 
which  extends  west,  in  connection  with 
the  Northern  Indiana  Railroad,  to  Chica- 
go, 111.  The  town  contains  about  4,000 
inhabitants,  a  court-house  and  jail,  a 
United  States  land-office,  eight  churches, 
several  public  houses,  and  a  number  of 
large  stores  of  different  kinds.  Here  are 
two  extensive  piers,  forming  an  outport 
at  the  mouth  of  the  river;  the  railroad 
track  running  to  the  landing.  A  plank- 
road  also  runs  from  the  outport  to  the 
city,  which  is  an  old  and  interesting  lo- 
cality, being  formerly  called  Frenchtowi^, 
which  was  known  as  the  scene  of  the 
battle  and  massacre  of  River  Raisin  in 
the  war  of  1812.  The  Detroit,  Monroe,  and 
Toledo  Railroad,  just  completed,  passes 
through  this  city.  Steamers  run  from 
Detroit  to  Toledo,  stopping  at  Monroe. 

Trenton,  situated  on  the  west  bank  of 
Detroit  river,  is  a  steamboat  landing  and 
a  place  of  considerable  trade.  Population, 
1,000. 

Wyandotte,  ten  miles  below  Detroit,  is 
a  new  and  flourishing  manufacturing 
village,  where  are  located  the  most  ex- 
tensive Iron  Works  in  Michigan.  The 
iron  used  at  this  estabhshment  comes 
mostly  from  Lake  Superior,  and  is  con- 
sidered equal  in  quality  to  any  in  the 
world.  The  village  contains  about  1,600 
inhabitants.  ■     '        ' 


Railroad  Route  around  I^ake  Erie. 


This  important  body  of  water  being  en- 
compassed by  a  band  of  iron,  we  subjoin 
the  following  Table  of  Distances: 


;,f|*i 


hi^-^  -m^ 


Miles. 


Buffalo  to  Paris,  0.  W.,  via  Buffalo  and 
Lake  Huron  Railroad,  84 

Paris  to  Windsor  or  Detroit,  via 
Grec^  Wpstm^Raiiway,  158 


Miles. 
Detroit  to  Toledo,  Ohio,  via  Detroit 

and  Toledo  R.  R, 
Toledo  to  CleveUmd,  via  Clevdandand 

Toledo  R.  R, 
Cleveland  to  Erie,  Pa.,  via  Cleveland 

and  Erie  R.  R., 
Erie  to  Buffalo,  via  Lake  Shore  Road, 

Total  miles, 


63 
107 

95 

88 

695 


OHIO   RIVER    AND    LAKE    KRIB    CAKAL8. FORT   WATNB. 


61 


The  extreme  length  of  Lake  Erie  is 
250  miles,  from  the  mouth  of  Niagara 
River  to  Maumee  Bay;  the  circuit  of  the 


lake  about  560  miles,  being  about  100 
miles  less  distance  than  has  been  stated 
by  some  writers  on  the  g^eat  lakes. 


-  c 


■.■■li 


UV.  {>! 


Ohio  River  and  Lake  Erie  Canals. 


The  completion  of  the  Miami  Canal 
makes  four  distinct  channels  of  commu- 
nication from  the  Ohio  River  through  the 
State  of  Ohio  to  Lake  Erie,  namely: 

1.  The  Erie  Extension  CancU,  from 
Beaver,  twenty  or  thirty  miles  below 
Pittsburgh,  to  Erie,  136  miles.  2.  The 
Cross- Cut  Beaver  Canalj  which  is  an  ex- 
tension or  branch  from  Newcastle,  Pa., 
on  the  Beaver  Canal,  to  Akron,  Ohio, 
where  it  unites  with  the  Portsmouth  and 
Cleveland  Canal — ^making  a  canal  route 
from  Beaver  to  Cleveland  of  143  miles. 
3.  The  Ohio  CancU,  from  Cleveland  to 
Portsmouth,  through  the  centre  of  the 
State,  309  miles.  4.  The  Miami  Extension, 
which  is  a  union  of  the  Miami  Canal  with 
the  Wabash  and  Erie  Canal,  through 
Dayton,  terminating  at  Toledo,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Maumee  River  on  Lake  Erie, 
247  miles.  The  vast  and  increasing  busi- 
ness of  the  Ohio  Valley  may  furnish  busi- 
ness for  all  these  canals.  They  embrace 
rich  portions  of  Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  and 
ladiaaa ;  but  are  not  so  located  as  to  be 
free  from  competition  with  one  another. 
At  no  distant  time,  they  would  unques- 
tionably command  a  sufficient  independ- 
ent business,  were  it  not  probable  that 
they  may  be  superseded  by  railways. 
The  capacity  of  railways — ^both  for  rapid 
and  cheap  transportation — as  it  is  devel- 
oped by  circumstances  and'  the  progress 
of  science,  is  destined  to  affect  very  mate- 
rially the  value  and  importance  of  canals. 


Fort  Wayne. 

The  United  States  government  is  now 
engaged  in  making  extensive  improve- 
ments at  Ibrt  Wayne,  which,  when  com- 


pleted, will  render  it  one  of  the  strongest 
fortitications  in  the  country,  and  almost 
impregnable  against  a  land  assault.  The 
site  of  the  fort,  as  is  well  known,  is  in 
Springwells,  about  three  miles  below  the 
city  of  Detroit.  Its  location  is  admirable, 
being  on  a  slight  eminence,  completely 
commaading  the  river,  which  at  that 
point  is  narrower  than  in  any  other  place 
of  its  entire  length.  Guns  properly 
placed  there  could  ofTectually  blockade 
the  river  against  ordinary  vessels,  and, 
with  the  aid  of  a  few  gunboats,  could  re- 
pulse any  fleet  which  might  present  it- 
self. 

The  present  works  were  erected  about 
the  years  1842-'43,  mainly  under  the  su- 
pervision of  General  Meigs.  The  form 
of  the  works  is  that  of  a  star,  mounting 
thirty-two  barbette  guns  at  the  angles 
which  rake  the  moat,  and  protect  it 
against  an  assault  by  land.  The  height 
from  the  bottom  of  the  ditch  is  about 
forty  feet.  The  exterior  of  the  embank- 
ments was  supported  by  timbers,  which, 
in  the  twenty  years  in  which  they  have 
stood,  have  become  unsound,  and  now 
give  unmistakable  evidence  of  decay. 
This  fact  has  rendered  necessary  the  im- 
provements which  are  now  being  made. 
They  consist  of  a  wall  around  the  entire 
fort,  built  against  these  timbers,  which 
will  not  be  removed,  and  which  will  not 
only  sustain  the  embankments,  but  will 
render  the  place  much  more  impregnable. 
The  wall  is  seven  feet  and  a  half  in 
thickness,  and  twenty  feet  in  height  on 
every  side.  The  outside  facing,  two  fee^ 
in  thickness,  is  of  bnck,  the  remainder  is 
filled  in  with  pounded  stone,  water-Ume, 


1 


y  \ 


m.  ■ 


■i  5» 


'    ■; , 

:    ;| 

:  .■■■'' 

;          1 

f 

i 

i 

6ft> 


,  K'v,  r  f  t-<- 


TRIP  THROUQU   THX    LAKES. 


M-ff  ,*>•'' 


i  Si!] 
ill! 


nil 

ilili 


■and,  and  mortar,  making  a  solid  wall  of 
great  strength.  From  the  nature  of  the 
surrounding  grounds,  artillery  cannot  be 
' .  brought  to  bear  upon  the  wall,  with  the 
\  exception  of  about  two  feet  at  the  top, 
'ff  which  extends  above  the  level  of  the  ditch. 
The  wall,  therefore,  could  not  be  battered 
down,  and  the  only  possible  way  by 
which  the  place  could  be  taken  would  be 
by  a  land  assault  and  scaling  the  walls 
from  the  moat  by  means  of  ladders.  This 
is  effectually  provided  against  by  the 
placing  of  the  guns,  eight  of  which  rake 
the  moat  on  each  side.  The  improve- 
ments now  being  made  still  further  con- 
template placing  these  guns  in  casemates, 


which  will  render  them  still  more  secure, 
protecting  the  guns  and  gunners.  Bar- 
bette guns  will  also  be  mounted  on  the 
bastions  in  addition  to  the  casemate  guns, 
which  will  be  placed  in  a  manner  similar 
to  that  in  which  they  are  now  placed. 
These  improvements  will  greatly  strength- 
en the  works  and  render  them  more  per- 
manent. The  place  is  an  important  one, 
as  the  expense  the  government  is  at  in 
rendering  it  impregnable  clearly  shows. 
In  case  of  a  war  with  Great  Britain  it 
would  become  of  the  highest  importance. 
And  acting  on  the  maxim,  "  in  time  of 
peace  prepare  for  war,"  it  is  the  best  time 
to  attend  to  these  improvements.  \ 


^.•;'t 


TABLE  OF  DISTANCES 


JPbOM   CiC/ELAND  AND  DETROIT  TO  SUPERIOR   CiTT,    FORMma  A  GRAMD  STBAIC- 
BOAT  EXCURSION  OF  OVER  TwO  THOUSAND  MiLES.  ^     - 


Porte,  Ac. 
ClKV  BLAND,Ohio . 

Maiden,  0.  W.... 
Drtroit,  Mich... 
Lake  St.  Clair.... 
Algonae,  Mich.... 

Newport,    "  

SL  Clair,  "■ 

Port  Huron  " 
Port  Sarnio,  C.  W. 
Point  au  Barque — 
Off  Saginaw  Bay 
Thunder  Bay  Island 
Point  de  Tour  I 
Bt.  Mary's  Kiver  )  ' ' 
CfiurcKa  Landing. 
SauT  Ste.  Marie.  . . 
Point  Iroquois  . . . 
White  Fish  Point... 

Point  au  Sable 

Pictured  llocks 

Grand  Island 

Marquette,,  Mich. . . 

I'oftasre  Entry 

ILiimhtoi,  Mich 

Ivlunitou  Island 

Voifj>er  Ifiirbor.... 

JSagle  Harbor 

Eagle  River 

Ontonagon,  Mich.. 
La  Puinte,  Wis.... 

Biiyfield,  Wis 

Point  d«  Tour 

BufKBiOB,  city,  Wis 


PUm 


.(on 


to  PIm«. 

Mile*. 

0 

0 

100 

100 

20 

120 

7 

127 

88 

160 

6 

166 

10 

176 

17 

198 

67 

260 

76 

885 

86 

420 

86 

456 

14 

470 

15 

485 

i» 

510 

50 

560 

20 

680 

10 

690 

40 

680 

70 

700 

Portage  Lake). 

65 

755 

15 

770 

16 

786 

10 

796 

60 

856 

74 

980 

4 

984 

10 

944 

70 

1,014 

Porte,  Ac  Plac* 

Superior  City,  Wis 

Point  de  Tour 

jBayfield,Viii 

La  Pointe  " 

Ontonagon,  Mich 

Eagle  River      "   

Eagle  Harbor    "  

Copper  I/arbor  " 

Manitou  Island 

Portaee  Entry 

ffougMon,  Mich (on 

Marquette  " 

Grand  Island 

Pictured  Kocks 

Point  au  Sable 

White  Fish  Point 

Point  Iroquois 

Saut   Stk.  Marie 

CkurcKa  Landing 

Point  de  Tour,  J 

Lake  Huron,    f 

Thunder  Bay  Island 

Off  Saginaw  Bay  * 

Point  au  Barque  j 

Port  Huron,  Mich. } 

Port  Sarnift,  O.  W.    ( 

St  adr,  Mich 

Newport " 

Algonac,  Mich 

St  Clair  Flats 

Detroit,  Mich 

Maiden,  C.  W 

Cleveland,  Ohio.. 


to  Plwa. 

MU«fl. 

0 

0 

TO 

70 

10 

80 

4 

84 

74 

168 

60 

218 

10 

228 

16 

244 

16 

259 

66 

814 

Portage 

Lake). 

70 

884 

40 

424 

10 

484 

20 

454 

60 

604 

26 

629 

16 

644 

14 

658 

86 

694 

86 

679 

76 

754 

67 

821 

17 

833 

10 

84S 

6 

854 

10 

864 

80 

894 

20 

914 

100 

1,014 

kll;. 


■    \ 


:^-1 '  .i 


OITROIT. 


ore  secure, 
lers.  Bm- 
Bd  on  the 
mate  guns, 
ier  similar 
ow  placed. 
y  strength- 
more  per- 
>rtant  one, 
it  is  at  in 
ftrly  shows. 
Britain  it 
importance, 
in  time  of 
le  best  time 
,ts.  ( 


ID  Stxaic- 


to  Plftc*. 

0 
TO 
10 

4 
T4 
60 
10 
16 
15 
55 

*ortage 
TO 
40 

10 

20 

50 

26 

15 

4 

}6 


PT' 


Mtlef. 

0 

70 

80 

84 

168 

218 

228 

244 

259 

314 

Lake). 

884 

424 

484 

454 

504 

629 

544 

558 

594 

679 

764 

821 


T 

833 

0 

,    84S 

6 

854 

0 

,  8W 

0  : 

894 

0 

914 

0 

1,014 

Detroit,  "Thb  City  of  thi  Straits, " 
a  port  of  entry,  and  the  great  commercial 
mart  of  the  State,  is  favorably  situated  in 
N.  lat.  42'  20',  W.  long.  82*  68',  on  a 
river  or  strait  of  the  same  name,  elevated 
some  30  or  40  feet  above  its  surface,  be- 
ing seven  miles  below  the  outlet  of  Lake 
St.  Clair  and  twenty  above  the  mouth  of 
the  river,  where  it  enters  into  Lake  Erie. 
It  extends  for  the  distance  of  upward  of 
a  mile  upon  the  southwest  bank  of  the 
river,  where  the  stream  is  three-fourths 
of  a  mile  in  width.  The  principal  public 
and  private  offices  and  wholesale  stores 
are  located  on  Jeflferson  and  Woodward 
avenues,  which  cross  each  other  at  right 
angles,  the  latter  running  to  the  water's 
edge.  There  may  usually  be  seen  a  great 
number  of  steamboats,  propellers,  and 
sail  vessels  of  a  large  class,  loading  or 
unloading  their  rich  cargoes,  destined  for 
Eastern  markets  or  for  the  Great  West, 
giving  an  animated  appearance  to  this 
place,  which  is  aptly  called  the  Glty  of 
the  Straits.  It  was  incorporated  in  1815, 
being  now  divided  into  ten  wards,  and 
governed  by  a  mayor,  recorder,  and  board 
of  aldermen.  Detroit  contains  the  old 
State-house,  from  the  dome  of  which  a 
fine  view  is  obtained  of  the  city  and  vi- 
cinity; the  City  Hall,  Masonic  Hall,  Fire- 
men's Hall,  Mechanic's  Hall,  Odd  Fellows' 
Hall,  the  Young  Men's  Society  Building, 
two  Market  Buildings,  forty  Churches,  ten 
Hotels,  besides  a  number  of  taverns;  a 
United  States  Custom-house  and  Post- 
office,  and  United  States  Lake  Survey 
office,  a  theatre,  a  museum,  two  orphan 
asylums,  four  banks,  and  a  savings'  fund 


insti'  ute,  water- works,  and 
gaf-works,  four  grain  elev- 
ators, five  steam  grist-mill^i, 
and    several    steam    saw- 
mills, besides  a  great  num- 
ber of  other  manufactur- 
ing establishments.    There 
are  also  several  extensive 
I  ship-yards  and  machine-shops,  where  -are 
built    and    repaired    vessels    of   almost 
every  description.      The    population  .in 
1850  was  21,891;  in  1860,  45,619. 

The  principal  Hotels  are  the  Biddle 
House,  and  Michigan  Exchange,  on  Jefferson 
avenue,  and  the  RusaeU  House,  on  Wood- 
ward avenue,  facing  Campus  Martins,  an 
open  square  near  the  centre  of  the  City. 

Detroit  may  be  regarded  as  one  of  the 
most  favored  of  all  the  Western  cities  of 
the  Union.  Tt  was  first  settled  by  the 
French  explorers  as  early  as  1701,  as  a 
military  and  fur  trading  port.  It  changed 
its  garrison  and  military  government  in 
1760  for  a  British  military  commander 
and  troops,  enduring  under  the  latter  rR» 
gime  a  series  of  Indian  sieges,  assaults, 
and  petty  but  vigilant  and  harassing  war- 
fare, conducted  against  the  English  gar- 
rison by  the  celebrated  Indian  warrior 
Pontiac.  Detroit  subsequently  passed 
into  possession  of  the  American  revolu- 
tionists ;  but  on  the  16th  August,  1812,  it 
was  surrendered  by  Gen.  Hull,  of  tlie 
United  States  army,  to  Gen.  Brock,  com- 
mander of  the  British  forces.  In  1813  it 
was  again  surrendered  to  the  Americans, 
under  Gen.  Harrison. 

Tlie  following  Railroad  lines  diverge 
from  Detroit: 

1.  The  Detroit,  Monroe,  and  Toledo  Raih 
road,  62  miles  in  length,  connecting  with 
the  Michigan  Southern  Railroad  at  Mon- 
roe, and  with  other  roads  at  Toledo. 

2.  The  Michigan  Central  Railroad,  282 
miles  in  length,  extends  to  Chicago,  111. 
This  important  road,  running  across  the 
State  from  east  to  west,    oonneota    at 


fi 


if; 

1 1 


TRIP  THROUGH  THS  LAKES. 


Miclngan  City,  Ind.,  with  the  New  Al- 
bany  and  Salem  Railroad — thus  forming 
a  direct  line  of  trayel  to  Louisville,  St. 
Louis,  etc.,  as  well  as  Chicago  and  the  Far 
West. 

3.  The  Detroit  and  Milwaukee  Railroad 
runs  through  a  rich  section  of  country  to 
Grand  Haven,  on  Lake  Michigan,  op- 
posite Milwaukee,  Wis.  .^. 

4.  The  Detroit  and  Port  Hmon  Railroad, 
connecting  witli  the  Grand  Trunk  Rail- 
way of  Canada,  connects  Lake  Huron  by 
rail  with  the  valley  of  the  Ohio  River. 

5.  The  Qreat  Western  Railway  oiQicasAa, 
has  its  terminus  at  Windsor,  opposite 
Detroit,  the  two  places  being  connected 
by  three  steam  ferries — thus  affording  a 
speedy  line  of  travel  through  Canada,  and 
thence  to  Eastern  cities  of  the  United 
States. 

Steamers  of  a  large  class  run  from  De- 
troit to  Cleveland,  Toledo,  and  other  ports 
on  Lake  Erie  ;  others  run  to  Port  Huron, 
Saginaw,  Goodrich,  C.  W.,  and  other  ports 
on  Lake  Huron. 

The  Lake  Superior  line  of  steamers  run- 
ning firom  Cleveland  and  Detroit  direct 
for  the  Saut  Ste.  Marie,  and  all  the  prin- 
cipal ports  on  Lake  Superior,  are  of  a  large 
class,  carrying  passengers  and  freight. 
Tliis  has  becom  >  one  of  the  most  fashion- 
able and  healthy  excursions  ou  the  con- 
tinent. 

The  Detroit  River,  or  Strait,  is  a  noble 
stream,  through  which  flow  the  surplus 
waters  of  the  Upper  Lakes  into  Lake  Erie. 
It  is  27  miles  in  length,  and  from  iialf  a 
mile  to  two  miles  in  width,  forming  the 
boundary  between  the  United  States  and 
Canada.  It  has  a  perceptible  current,  and 
is  navigable  for  vessels  of  the  largest  class. 
Large  quantities  of  flsh  are  annuuolly  taken 
iu  the  river,  and  the  sportsman  usually 
linds  an  abundance  of  wild  ducks,  which 
breed  in  great  numbers  in  the  marshes 

bordering  some  of  the  islands  and  harbors  |  peot  is  terminated  with  some  hiUs  covered 
it^fsrii-  with  vineyards,  trees  bearing  good  fruit, 

groves  and  forests  so  well  disposed  that 


of  the  coast. 
There  are  altogether  seventeen  islands 


in  the  river.  The  names  of  these  are. 
Clay,  Celeron,  Hickory,  Sugar,  Boia  Blanc, 
EUa,  Fox,  Rock,  Groase  lah,  Stoney,  Fight- 
ing, Turkey,  Mammy  Judy,  Orauy,  Mud, 
BeOe  or  Hog,  and  lie  la  P6che.  The  two 
latter  are  situated  a  few  miles  above  De- 
troit, near  the  entrance  to  Lake  St.  Clair, 
where  large  quantities  of  white-fish  are 
annually  taken. 

Ilb  la  Pi^OHB,  attached  to  Canada,  was 
the  home  of  the  celebrated  Indian  chief 
Pontiac.  Parkman,  in  his  '*  History  of  tlio 
Conspiracy. of  Pontiac,"  says:  "Pontiac, 
the  Satan  of  this  forest-paradise,  was  ac- 
customed to  spend  the  early  part  of  tl)o 
summer  upon  a  small  island  at  the  open- 
ing of  Lake  St.  Clair."  Another  author 
says:  "The  king  and  lord  of  all  this 
country  lived  in  no  royal  state.  His  cabin 
was  a  small,  oven-shaped  structure  of 
bark  and  rushes.  Here  he  dwelt  with  his 
squaws  and  children ;  and  here,  doubtless, 
he  might  often  have  been  seen  carelesslv 
reclining  his  naked  form  on  a  rush-mat  or 
i  a  bear-skin,  like  an  ordinary  Indian   war- 

•  It 

nor." 

The  other  fifteen  islands,  most  of  them 
small,  are  situated  below  Detroit,  within 
the  first  twelve  miles  of  the  river  after 
entering  it  from  Lake  Erie,  the  largest  of 
which  is  Grosse  Isle,  attached  to  Michi- 
gan, on  which  are  a  number  of  extensive 
and  well-cultivated  farms.  This  island 
has  become  a  very  popular  retreat  for 
citizens  of  Detroit  during  the  heat  6f 
summer,  there  being  here  located  good 
public  liouses  for  the  accommodation  of 
visitors. 

Father  Hennepin,  who  was  a  passenger 
on  the  "  Griffin,"  the  first  vessel  that 
crossed  Lake  Erie,  in  1679,  in  his  descrip- 
tipp  of  the  scenery  along  the  route  says : 
•' The  islands  are  the  finest  in  the  world: 
the  strait  is  finer  than  Niagara;  the, 
banks  are  vast  meadows,  and  the  pros- 


DETROIT    AND    MILWAUKEE    RAILROAD    AND    STEAMSHIP   LINE. 


65 


one  would  think  that  Nature  alono  could 
not  have  made^  without  the  help  of  art,  bo 
charming  a  prospect" 

OOMPARATrnD    PURITT  OF  DETBOIT  RIVER 
., WATER.       

The  following  Table  ihows  the  solid 
matter  in  a  gallon  of  water,  taken  from 
Lakes  and  Bivers  in  different  cities : 

Albany,  Hudson  River 8.820 

Troy,  Mohawk  River 7.880 

Boston.  Gochituate  Lake 1.800 

New  York,  Croton  River 6.998 

Brooklyn,  L  L  Ponds 2.867 

Phila<U>lphla,  Schuylkill  R 4260 

Cincinnati,  Ohio  River &786 

Lake  Ontario 4.160 

Detroit,  Detroit  River. &722 

Cleveland,  Lake  Erie &000 

Montreal,  St.  Lawrence  R &000 

Of  the  Detroit  River  water,  Prof 
Douglass,  in  his  report  of  the  analysis, 
says  :  "  In  estimating  the  value  of  your 
city  water,  as  compared  with  other 
cities,  due  allowance  must  be  made  for 
the  fact,  that  the  total  solid  matter  is 
materially  increased  by  the  presenoe  of 


silica,  alumina,  and  iron,  elements  that 
can  produce  little  or  no  injury ;  while  the 
chlorides,  much  the  most  injurious  com- 
pounds, are  entirely  absent.  The  pros- 
ence  of  such  large  quantities  of  silica  and 
iron  is  accounted  for  by  the  fact  that 
Lakes  Superior  and  Huran  are  formed,  for 
the  most  part,  in  a  basin  of  ferruginous 
°"!;dstoue  and  igneous  rock." 

NovR. — The   nurity  of  the    waters    of  Lake 

Superior,  probaoly  e.xceedB  nil  other  bodies  o| 
water  on  the  face  of  the  elobe,  afTording  a  oool 
and  delightful  beverage  at  lul  seaaonflk  -  tt  irnwaitiwi 


Comparative    Increase 
LMke  Cities. 


of 


Burr Aix),  New  York. . . . . 
CntcAoo,  111 

CLBVKLANn,  Ohio 

DBTRorr,  Mich 

Erie,  Penn..     

MiLWAUKBK,  Wli 

OawKoo,  New  1  vk 

Racinb,  Wis 

Sanditskt.  Ohio 

ToLBDO,  Ohio 

*  Black  Hock  annexed. 


1840. 
18s218 
4,470 
6,071 
9,102 

i,7(H) 


ISfiO.        18601, 
42,261    81,181* 
2a260  109,9<)8 
17,084    86.0Mt 


21,019 
^868 
20.061 
13,i05 
6,107 
8,008 
8,829 


1,484 
1,222 
t  OMo  OUy  annexed. 


4&,619 
9,419 
46s2M 
1«,81T 
10,000 
8,408 
18,768 


•:  '\-^r 


:    'i  V 


..       K-.         '. 


DETROIT    AND    IHLWATTKEE   RAILBOAB    AND  STEAMSHIP 

LINE, 


>i$\A 


■  ■t>\':    ■>'>■■',    i«''**»-    *'^.rj 


•;*ftr 


OONNBCmrG   WITH  THE    GREAT    LINES    OP    TRAVEL    EAST    AND    WEST. 


On  leaving  the  Railroad  Depot  at  De- 
troit the  line  of  this  road  runs  in  a  north- 
west direction  to  Pontiao,  26  miles,  pass- 
ing through  a  rich  section  of  farming 
country. 

The  route  then  continues  westerly  to 
Fentonvillb,  24  ifailes  further,  where 
commences  a  railroad  route,  running 
through  Flint,  and  extending  north  to 
Saginaw,  favorably  situated  on  Saginaw 
river.  It  is  intended  to  continue  the 
Flint  and  Pere  Marqimtte  Railroad,  some 
150  miles,  to  the  shore  of  Lake  Michigan. 

OwASSO,  78  miles  from  Detroit,  and 
110  miles  from  Grand  Haven,  is  an  impor- 

6 


tant  station,  from  whence  a  railroad  extends 
southwest  to  Lansing,  the  capital  of  thQ 
State  of  Michigan.  It  is  intended  to  car- 
ry the  line  of  tiiis  road  north  to  Saginaw 
City,  and  from  thence  portihwest  to 
Traverse  Bay  on  Lake  Mix^Iiigan,  where  is 
a  good  harbor. 

From  Owaaso,  the  Detroit  and  Mil- 
waukee Railroad  runs  westward  through 
St.  John's,  Ionia,  and  other  stations,  pass- 
ing down  the  valley  of  the  Grand  liiver, 
a  rich  and  poptilous  section  of  country, 
producing  large  quantities  of  wheat  fuid 
other  agricultural  productions,  all  of  which 
find  a  ready  sale  in  the  Eastern  markets. 


J!l, 


I;' 


•  I- 
ti  I' 


ir< 


P  ''I 
i  11 


i  In 
"in: 


^6 


v;*s^f.' 


TRIP   THROUGH   THE   LAKES; 


*       «V?'  ^"     'rj^^ii-f-fl^.^r 


"  Up  in  iho  nortiiem  part  of  the  Grand 
River  Valley,  and  along  and  beyond  the 
Muskegea  River,  an  immense  amornt  of 
pine  timber  is  to  be  found,  giving  profit- 
able employment  to  a  large  number  of 
luxabermen." 

Crraiid  Rapids,  168  miles  west 
o'  Detroit,  and  forty  miles  above 
Grand  Haven,  an  incorporated  city,  is 
fa  7orably  situated  on  both  banks  of  Grand 
B'iver,  where  is  a  fall  of  about  eighteen 
feet,  affording  an  immense  water-power. 
Steamers  run  from  this  place  daily  to 
Grand  Haven,  connecting  with  steamers 
for  Milwaukee,  Chicago,  and  other  ports 
on  Lake  Michigan.  Here  is  an  active 
population  of  about  10,000,  and  rapidly 
increasing,  surrounded  by  a  now,  fertile, 
and  improving  country,  being  a^lke 
famous  as  a  wheat  and  fruit  region. 

T^:  city  now  contains  a  court-house 
&nd  jail ;  6  churcheis ;  6  hotels ;  60  stores 
of  different  kinds;  3  grist-mills;  5  saw- 
mills ;  3  cabinet- war<)  factories;  2  machine- 
shops,  and  other  manufacturing  establish- 
ments. The  private  dwellings  and  many 
of  the  stores  are  elegant  edifices,  con- 
structed of  building  material  which  is 
found  in  the  immecUiate  vicinity.  Exten- 
sive and  inexhaustible  beds  of  gypsum 
are  found  near  this  place,  producing  large 
quantities  of  stucco  and  plaster,  all  of 
which  find  a  ready  sale  in  Eastern  and 
Western  markets.  It  is  estimated  that 
25,000  tons  of  stucco  for  building,  and 
plaster  for  fertilizing  purposes,  can  be 
quarried  and  ground  yearly  from  the 
different  quarries  in  this  vicinity.  At  the 
Eagle  Mills,  two  mile3  below  the  city,  is 
already  formed  an  immense  excavation, 
ex  lending  several  hundred  feet  under 
ground,  which  is  well  worthy  of  a  visit, 
where  rich  specimens  of  the  gypsum  can 
be  obtained. 


.^  .!■    -^i, 


Steauiboat  Route  flrom  Grand 
Rapidh  to  Grand  Haveu. 


Gtiand  Rapids ,  "^ 

Eagle  Plaster  Mill 

Grandville 5 

Lament 13 

Eastmanville. . . . .- 2 

Mill  Point 16 

Gbaio)  Hayek 2 


•  0 

2 
7 
20 
22 
38 
40 


On  leaving  Grand  Rapids  foi  Grand 
Haven,  by  railroad,  the  route  extends 
north  of  the  river,  through  a  fertile  section 
of  country,  mostly  covered  by  a  heavy 
growth  of  hardwood,  although  the  pinoi 
predominates  as  you  approach  the  lakel 
shore. 

Gf  and  Haven,  Ottawa  Co., 
Mich.,  is  situated  on  both  sides  of  Ot- 
tawa River,  near  its  entrance  into  Lake 
Michig^oi,  here  eighty-live  miles  wide ;  on 
the  opposite  side  lies  Milwaukee,  Wis- 
consin. The  different  settlements,  com- 
prising Grand  Haven,  contain  about  3,000 
in'nabitanta.  Hei'e  are  a  court-house  and 
jail  ;->3  churches ;  six  hotels  and  taverns, 
and  a  number  of  stores  and  warehouses ; 
8  large  steam  saw-mills,  pail  and  tub 
factories,  a  foundry  and  machine-shop, 
and  other  manufacturing  establishments. 

Steamers  and  sail  vessels  run  from 
Grand  Haven,  which  has  a  well-protected 
harbor,  to  Milwaukee,  Chicago,  and  other 
ports  on  Lake  Michigan,  carrying  a  large 
amount  of  produce  and  lumber.  The 
fisheries  in  this  vicinity  are  also  pro- 
ductive and  exteiisivfc. 

The  sand  hills  on  the  east  shore  of  Lake 
Michigan  rise  from  100  to  200  feet,  pre- 
senting a  sterile  appearance,  although  the 
land  in  the  interior  is  very  rich  and  pro- 
ductive. 


TRIP  FROxM  DETROIT    TO    MACKINAC,  GREEN    BAY,  ETC. 

Trip  acrois   Liake  Micbigan. 


The  staunch  and  well-built  steamships, 
Detroit,  Capt.  McBrido,  and  Milwaukee, 
Capt.  Trowell,  run  twice  daily  across  Lake 
Michigan,  connecting  with  trains  on  the 
Detroit  and  Milwaukee  railroad.  This 
trip  is  delightful  during  the  summer  and 
autumn  montlis  when  Lake  Michigan  is 
usually  calm,  affording  a  safe  and  delight- 
ful excursion  of  about  six  hours'  contin- 
uance. The  spacious  cabins,  and  well- 
arranged  dining-saloons  of  these  ships, 
together  with  the  well-provided  tables, 
renders  this  route  to  and  from  the  Eastern 


cities  one  of  the  most  pleasant  and  do8i> 
rable  as  regards  speed  and  objects  of  in- 
terest. Usu^  fare  from  Milwaukee  U> 
Detroit,  $8,00.  Distance,  271  miles; 
time,  14  hours. 

Prom  Milwaukee,  westward,  there  is  a 
direct  connection  both  with  the  Milwaukee 
and  Prairie  du  Chien  Railroad,  and  the 
Im  Crosse  and  Milwaukee  Railroad  run- 
ning to  the  Mississippi  River.  A  daily 
line  of  steamers  run  from  the  termination 
of  both  of  the  above  railroads  to  St.  Paul, 
Minnesota. 


i 


n 


TRIP  FBOH  DETEOIT  TO  MAGKIHAC,  SAITT  STB.  MABIE, 

CHICAGO,  &c. 


During  the  season  of  navigation  propel- 
lers of  a  large  class,  with  good  accommoda- 
tions for  passengers,  leave  Detroit  daily  di- 
rect for  Mackinac,  Green  Bay,  Milwaukee, 
and  Chicago,  situated  on  Lake  Michigan. 

Steamers  of  a  large  class,  carrying  pas- 
sengers and  freight,  also  leave  Detroit, 
almost  daily  for  the  Saut  Ste  Marie,  from 
thence  passing  through  the  Ship  Canal 
into  Lake  Superior — forming  delightful 
excursions  during  the  summer  and  early 
autumn  months. 

For  further  information  of  steamboat 
routes,  see  Advertisements. 

On  leaving  Detroit  the  steamers  run  in 
a  northerly  direction,  passing  Bell  or  ffog 
Mand,  two  miles  distant,  which  is  about 
tliree  miles  long  and  one  mile  broad,  pre- 
senting a  handsome  appearance.  The 
Canadian  shore  on  the  right  is  studded 
with  dwellings  and  well  cultivated  farms. 

Pechb  Island  is  a  small  body 
of  land  attached  to  Canada,  lying  at  the 
mouth  of  Detroit  River,  opposite  which, 
on  the  Michigan  shore,  is  WiitdrMill  Point 
and  light-house. 

Lake    St.    Olair  oommenoes    seven 


miles  above  Detroit ;  it  may  bo  said  to  be 
20  miles  long  and  25  miles  wide,  measur- 
ing its  length  from  the  outlet  of  St.  Clair 
River  to  the  head  of  Detroit  River.     Com- 
pared with  the  other  lakes  it  is  very  shal- 
low, havmg  a  depth  of  only  from  8  to  24 
feet  as  indicated  by  Bayfield's  chart.     It 
receives  the  waters  of  the  Upper  Lakes 
from  the  St.  Clair  Strait  by  several  chan- 
nels forming  islands,  and  discharges  them 
into  the  Detroit  River  or  Strait.     In  the 
upper  portion  of  the  lake  are  several  ex- 
tensive islands,  the  largest  of  which  is 
Walpole  Island ;  it  belongs  to  Canada,  and 
is  inhabited  mostly  by  Indians.     All  the 
islands  to  the  west  of  Walpole  Island  be- 
long to  Michigan.     The  "Walpole,  or  "  Old 
Ship    Channel,"     forms    the    boundary 
between  the  United  States  and  Canada. 
The    main    channel,   now  used   by  tho 
larger    class  of    vessels,   is    called  the 
"  North  Channel"     Here  are  passed  the 
"  St  G/air  Flats,''^  a  great  impediment  to 
navigation,  for  the  removal  of  which  Con- 
gress will  no  doubt  make  ample  appro- 
priation sooner  or  later.     The  northeaste  in 
channel,  separating  Walpole  Island  from 


ii 


68 


.^..r^ 


TRIP  THROUGH  THE  LAKES. 


sj-,\.^'r- 


•'S':l«?' 


-^     •  --  -^» 


the  main  Canada  shore,  is  called  "  GJie- 
nail  Ecartey  Besides  the  waters  passing 
through  the  Strait  of  St.  Clair,  Lake  St. 
Clair  receives  the  river  Thames  from  the 
Canada  side,  which  is  navigable  to  Chat- 
ham, some  24  miles ;  also  the  waters  of 
Clinton  River  from  the  west  or  American 
side,  the  latter  being  navigable  to  Mt. 
Clemens,  Michigan.  Several  other  streams 
flow  into  the  lake  from  Canada,  the  prin- 
dpal  of  which  is  the  River  Sydenham. 
Much  of  the  land  bordering  on  the  lake  is 
low  and  marshy,  as  well  as  the  islands ; 
and  in  places  there  are  large  plains  which 
are  used  for  grazing  cattle. 

Ashley,  or  New  Baltimore,  situ- 
ated on  the  N.  W.  side  of  Lake  St. 
Clair,  30  miles  from  Detroit,  is  a  new  and 
flourishing  place,  and  has  a  fine  sectiou  of 
country  in  the  rear.  It  contains  three 
steam  saw-mills,  several  other  manufac- 
tories, and  about  1,000  inhabitants.  A 
steamboat  runs  from  this  place  to  Detroit. 
Mt.  Clemens,  Macomb  Co.,  Mich.,  is 
situated  on  Clinton  River,  six  miles  above 
its  entrance  into  Lake  St.  Clair,  and  about 
30  miles  from  Detroit  by  lake  and  river. 
A  bteamer  plies  daily  to  and  from  Detroit 
during  the  season  of  navigation.  Mt. 
Clemens  contains  the  county  buildings, 
several  churches,  three  hotels,  and  a  num- 
ber of  stores  and  manufacturing  establish- 
ments, and  about  2,000  inhabitants.  De- 
troit is  distant  by  plank  road  only  20 
miles. 

Chatham,  C.  W.,  46  miles  from  Detroit 
by  railroad  route,  and  about  24 
miles  above  the  mouth  of  the  river 
Thames,  which  enters  into  Lake  St. 
Clair,  is  a  port  of  entry  and  thriving  place 
of  business,  where  have  been  built  a  large 
number  of  steamers  and  sail- vessels. 

Alqonac,  Mich.,  situated  near  the  foot 
of  St.  Clair  River,  40  miles  from  Detroit, 
contains  a  church,  two  or  three  saw- 
mills, a  grist-mill,  woollen  factory,  and 
about  700  inhabitants. 
Newport,  Mich.,  seven  miles  farther 


north,  is  noted  for  steamboat  building, 
there  being  extensive  ship-yards,  where 
are  annually  employed  a  large  number  of 
wctrkmen.  Here  are  four  steam  saw- 
mills, machine  shops,  etc.  Population 
about  1,200.  Belle  River  here  enters  the 
St.  Clair  from  the  west.  ^ 

St.  Clair  Strait  connects  Lake  Huron 
with  Lake  St.  Clair,  and  discharges  the 
surplus  waters  of  Lakes  Superior,  Mich- 
igan, and  Huron.  It  flows  in  a  southerly 
direction,  and  enters  Lake  St.  Clair  by  six 
channels,  the  north  one  of  which,  on  the 
Michigan  side,  is  the  only  one  at  present 
navigated  by  large  vessels  in  ascending 
and  descending  the  river.  It  receives 
several  tributaries  from  the  west,  or 
Michigan;  the  principal  of  which  are 
Black  River,  Pine  River,  and  Belle  River, 
and  several  rivers  flow  into  it  from  tlie 
east,  or  Canadian  side.  It  has  several 
flourishing  villages  on  its  banks.  It  is 
48  miles  long,  from  a  half  to  a  mile  wide, 
and  has  an  average  depth  of  from  40  to 
60  feet,  with  a  current  of  three  miles  an 
hour,  and  an  entire  descent  of  about  16 
feet.  Its  waters  are  clear  and  transparent, 
the  navigation  easy,  and  the  scenery 
varied  and  beautiful-— forming  for  its  en- 
tire length,  the  boundary  between  the 
United  States  and  Canada.  The  banks  of 
the  upper  portion  are  high ;  those  of  the 
lower  portion  are  low  and  in  parts  in- 
clined to  be  marshy.  Both  banks  of  the 
river  are  generally  well  settled,  and  many 
of  the  farms  are  beautifully  situated. 
There  are  several  wharves  constructed  on 
the  Canada  side,  for  the  convenience  of 
supplying  the  numerous  steamboais  pass- 
ing and  repassing  with  wood.  There  is 
also  a  settlement  of  the  Chippewa  In- 
dians in  the  township  of  Sarnia,  Canada ; 
the  Indians  reside  in  small  log  or  bark 
houses  of  their  own  erection. 

The  City  of  St.  Clair,  Mich.,  is 
pleasantly  situated  on  the  west  side  of  St. 
Clair  Strait,  56  miles  from  Detroit  and  14 
miles  from  Lake  Huron.    This  is  a  thriv- 


TRIP   FROM    DETROIT   TO    MACKINAC,    OREEN    BAY,    CHICAGO,    ETC.      60 


ing  place,  with  many  fine  building^  and 
is  a  great  lumber  dep6t.  It  contains  the 
county  buildings  for  St.  Clair  Co.,  several 
churches  and  hotels,  one  flouring  Tiill,  and 
five  steam  saw-mills,  besides  other  manu- 
facturing establishments,  and  about  3,000 
inhabitants.  St.  Clair  has  an  active 
business  in  the  construction  of  steamers 
and  other  lake  craft.  The  site  of  old 
Ihrt  St.  Glairj  now  in  ruins,  is  on  the 
border  of  the  town. 

SOUTHBRLAND,  0.  W.,  Is  a  Btiiall  Village 
on  the  Canada  shore,  opposite  St.  Clair. 
It  was  laid  out  in  1833  by  a  Scotch  gentle- 
man of  the  same  name,  who  here  erected 
an  Episcopal  church,  and  made  other 
valuable  improvements. 

MooPE,  is  a  small  village  ten  miles 
below  Sarnia  on  the  Canada  side. 

Fromepield,  or  Talpourd's,  C.  W.,  is 
another  small  village,  handsomely  situated 
four  and  a  half  miles  below  Sarnia.  Here 
is  an  Episcopal  church,  a  windmill,  and  a 
duster  of  dwellings. 

The  city  of  Port  Huron,  St.  Clair 
Co.,  Mich.,  a  port  of  entry,  is  advantageous- 
ly situated  on  the  west  bank  of  St.  Clair 
River,  at  the  mouth  of  Black  River,  two 
miles  below  Lake  Huron.  It  was  char- 
tered in  1858,  and  now  contains  one  Con- 
gregational, one  Episcopal,  one  Baptist, 
one  Methodist,  and  one  Roman  Catholic 
Church ;  six  hotels,  and  public  houses, 
forty  stores,  and  several  warehouses ;  one 
steam  flouring-mill,  eight  steam  saw-mills, 
producing  annually  a  large  amount  of 
lumber,  the  logs  being  rafted  down  Black 
River,  running  through  an  extensive  pine 
T3gion ;  here  arc  also,  two  yards  for  build- 
ing of  lake  crafi,  two  refineries  of  petrole- 
um oil,  one  iron  foundry,  and  several  other 
manufacturing  establishments.  Popula- 
tion in  1860,  4,000. 

During  the  season  of  navigation,  there 
is  daily  intei-course  by  steamboats  with 
Detroit,  Saginaw,  and  ports  on  the  Upper 
Lakes.  A  steam  ferry-boat  also  plies  be- 
tween Port  Huron  and  Sarnia,  C.  W.,  the 


St,  Clair  River  here  being  about  one  mile 
in  width.  A  branch  of  the  Grand  Trunk 
Railway  runs  from  Fort  Gratiot,  one  mile 
and  a  half  above  Port  Huron,  to  Detroit, 
a  distance  of  62  miles,  affording  alto- 
gether speedy  mtdes  of  conveyance.  A 
railroad  is  also  proposed  to  run  from 
Port  Huron,  to  intersect  with  the  Detroit 
and  Milwaukee  Railroad,  at  Owasso,  Mich- 
igan. 

Fort  Gratiot,  one  and  a  half  miles 
north  of  Port  Huron,  lies  directly  oppo- 
site Point  Henry,  C.  W.,  both  situated  at 
the  foot  of  Lake  Huron,  where  commences 
St.  Clair  River.  It  has  become  an  impor- 
tant point  since  the  completion  of  the 
Grand  Trunk  Railway  of  Canada,  finished 
in  1859,  which  road  terminates  by  a 
branch  at  Detroit,  Mich.,  thus  forming  a 
direct  railroad  communication  from  Lake 
Huron,  eastward,  to  Montreal,  Quebec, 
and  Portland,  Maine. 

The  village  stands  contiguous  to  the 
site  of  Fort  Gratiot,  and  contains  besides 
the  railroad  buildings,  which  are  exten- 
sive, one  church,  five  public  houses,  the 
Gratiot  House  being  a  well-kept  hotel; 
two  stores,  one  oil  refinery,  and  about  400 
inhabitants.  A  steam  ferry-boat  plies 
across  the  St.  Clair  River,  to  accommodate 
passengers  and  freight;  the  river  here 
being  about  1,000  feet  wide,  and  running 
with  considerable  velocity,  having  a  depth 
of  from  20  to  60  feet. 

In  a  military  and  commercial  point  of 
view,  this  place  attracts  groat  attention, 
no  doubt,  being  destined  to  increase  in 
population  and  importance.  The  Fort  was 
built  in  1814,  at  the  close  of  the  war  with 
Great  Britain,  and  consists  of  a  stockade, 
including  a  magazine,  barracks,  and  other 
accommodations  for  a  garrison  of  one  bat- 
talion. It  fully  commands  the  entrance 
to  Lake  Huron  from  the  American  shore, 
and  is  an  interesting  landmark  to  the  mar- 
iner. 

Sarnia,  0.  W.,  situated  on  the  east 
bank  of  St.  Clair  River,  two  miles  belov 


70 


-m 


TRIP  THROUGH  THE  LAKES. 


Lake  Huron  and  68  above  Detroit,  is  a 
port  of  entry  and  a  place  of  considerable 
trade ;  two  lines  of  railroad  terminate  at 
this  point,  and  it  is  closely  cornocted  with 
Port  Huron  on  the  American  shore  by 
means  of  a  steam  ferry.  The  town  con- 
tains a  court-house  and  jail,  county  regis- 
ter's office  and  town  hall ;  one  Episcopal, 
one  Methodist,  one  Congregational,  one 
Baptist,  one  Roman  Catholic,  and  one  Free 
Church ;  seven  public  houses,  the  princi- 
pal being  the  Al&:mnder  Home  and  the 
Western  Hotel;  twenty  stores  and  sev- 
eral groceries;  two  grain  elevators,  two 
steam  saw-mills ;  one  steam  grist-mill,  one 
large  barrel  factory,  one  steam  cabinet 
factory,  one  steam  iron  foundry,  and  one 
refinery  of  petroleum  oil,  besides  other 
manufacturing  establishments.  Popula- 
tion, 2,0''0. 

The  Grand  Trunk  Railway  of  Canada 
terminates  at  Point  Edward,  2  miles  from 
Samia,  extending  eastward  to  Montreal, 
Quebec,  and  Portland,  Me. ;  a  branch  of 
the  Great  Western  Railway  also  termi- 
nates at  Samia,  affording  a  direct  commu- 
nication with  Niagara  Falls,  Boston,  and 
New  York.  Steamers  run  from  Samia  to 
Goderich  and  Saugeen,  C.  W. ;  also  to  and 
from  Detroit,  and  ports  on  the  Upper 
Lakes. 

The  celebrated  EnniskiUen  Oil  Wells, 
yielding  an  immense  quantity  of  petroleum 
oil  of  a  superior  quality,  are  distant  some 
18  or  20  miles  from  Sarnia,  this  being  the 
nearest  shipping  port.  These  wells  are 
easy  of  access  by  means  of  railway  and 
plank-roads ;  the  oil  is  brought  to  Sarnia 
in  barrels,  and  much  of  it  shipped  from 
hence  direct  to  European  ports,  passing 
down  the  St.  Lawrence  River. 

The  St.  Clair  River,  opposite  Sarnia,  here 
one  mile  in  width,  flows  downward  with  a 
strong  current,  at  the  rate  of  about  six 
miles  an  hour. 


Steamboat  Route  from  Sar- 
nia to  Goderlcli,  Saugeen, 
etc.  ,,.  .  ^. 

Steamers  running  to  and  from  Detroit 
on  their  way  to  tlie  different  ports  on  the 
east  shore  of  Lake  Huron,  usually  hug 
the  Canada  side,  leaving  the  broad  waters 
of  the  lake  to  the  westward. 

Point  Edward,  2  miles  above  Sarnia, 
lies  at  the  foot  of  Lake  Huron,  opposite 
Fort  Gratiot,  where  are  erected  a  large 
depdt  and  warehouses  connected  with  the 
Grand  Trunk  Railway  of  Canada.  Here 
terminates  the  grand  railroad  connection 
extending  from  the  Atlantic  ocean  to  the 
Upper  Latces.  It  also  commands  the 
entrance  into  Lake  Huron  and  is  an  im- 
portant military  position  although  at  pres- 
ent unfortified.  In  the  vicinity  is  an  ex- 
cellent fishery,  from  whence  large  quanti- 
ties of  fish  are  annually  exported. 

Bayfield,  C.  W.,  ^08  miles  from  De- 
troit, is  a  new  and  fiourishing  place,  sit- 
uated at  the  mouth  of  a  river  of  the  same 
name. 

Goderich,  120  miles  north  of  Detroit, 
is  situated  on  elevated  ground  at  the 
mouth  of  Maitland  River,  where  is  a  good 
harbor.  This  is  a  very  important  and 
growing  place,  where  terminates  the  Buf- 
falo and  Huron  Kaihroad^  ItiO  miles  in 
length.     {See  page  53.) 

Kincardine,  thirty  miles  from  Gode- 
rich, is  another  port  on  the  Canadian  side 
of  Lake  Huron,  where  the  British  steam- 
ers land  and  receive  passengers  on  their 
trips  to  Saugeen. 

Saugeen,  C.  W.,  is  situated  at  the  mouth 
of  a  river  of  the  same  name,  where  is  a 
good  harbor  for  steamers  and  lake  craft. 
This  is  the  most  northern  port  to  which 
steamers  now  run  on  the  Canada  side  of 
Lake  Huron,  and  will  no  doubt,  ere  long 
be  reached  by  railroad. 


!i  til 


TRIP   FROM   DETROIT  TO    MACKIBTAC,    ORBBN    BAT,    CHICAGO,    KTC.       71 


steamboat  Route  from  Port 
Uurou  to  Sagiua^v  €;ity,  etc. 

On  leaving  the  wharf  at  Port  Huron, 
the  steamers  pass  Fort  Gratiot  and  enter 
the  broad  waters  of  Lake  Hiiron,  one  of 
the  Great  Upper  Lakes,  all  alike  celebrated 
for  the  sparkUng  purity  of  their  waters. 
The  shores  are  for  the  most  part  low, 
being  covered  hy  a  heavy  grovrth  of 
forest  trees. 

Lakbpoet,  11  miles  from  Port  Hu- 
ron, is  a  small  village  lying  on  the  lake 
shore. 

Lbxinotok,  11  miles  further,  is  the 
capital  of  Sanilac  County,  Michigan, 
where  is  a  good  steamboat  landing  and  a 
flourishing  settlement. 

Port  Sanilao,  34  miles  above  Port 
Huron,  is  anotlier  small  settlement. 

FcRBBSTViLLB,  Mich.,  47  miles  from 
Port  Huron,  and  120  miles  north  of  De- 
troit, situated  on  the  west  side  of  Lake 
Huron,  is  a  new  settlement,  where  is 
erected  an  extensive  steam  saw-mill.  It 
has  some  three  or  four  hundred  inhabi- 
tants, mostly  engaged  in  the  lumber  trade. 
Several  other  small  settlements  are  situ- 
ated on  the  west  shore  of  Lake  Huron, 
which  can  be  seen  from  the  ascending 
steamer,  before  reaching  Point  auz  Bar- 
lues,  about  seventy-flve  miles  above  Port 
Huron. 

Saginaw  Bay  is  next  entered,  present- 
ing a  wide  expanse  of  waters ;  Lake  Hu- 
ron here  attaining  its  greatest  width, 
where  the  mariner  often  encounters  fierce 
storms,  which  are  prevalent  on  all  of  the 
Upper  Lakes.  To  the  eastward  lies  the 
Georgian  Bay  of  Cauada,  with  its  innu- 
merable islands. 

Bay  City,  or  Lower  Saginaw,  near 
the  mouth  of  Saginaw  River,  is  a  flourish- 
ing town,  with  a  population  of  about 
2,500.  Here  is  a  good  harbor^  from 
whence  a  large  amount  of  lumber  is  an- 
nually exported.  It  has  fifteen  saw-mills, 
and  other  manufacturing  establishments. 


Steamers  rua  daily  to  Detroit  and  other 
ports. 

East  Saginaw,  situated  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  river,  aboui;  one  mile  below 
Saginaw  City,  is  a  new  and  nourishing 
place,  and  bids  fair  to  be  one  of  the  most 
important  cities  of  the  state.  It  is  largely 
engaged  in  the  lumber  trade,  and  in  the 
manufacture  of  nalt  of  a  superior  quality. 
There  are  several  largo  steam  saw-mills, , 
many  with  gangs  of  saws,  and  capable  of 
sawing  from  four  to  five  million  feet  of 
lumber  annually ;  grist  and  fiouring-milla, 
with  four  run  of  stones,  planing-mills, 
foundries,  machine  shops,  breweries,  a 
ship-yard,  and  other  manufacturing  es- 
tablishments, giving  employment  to  a 
great  number  of  workmen.  Here  is  a 
well-kept  hotel,  and  several  churches ;  a 
banking  office  and  a  number  of  large 
stores  and  warehouses.  Coal  of  a  good 
quality  is  abundant,  being  found  near  the 
river,  and  the  re(«nt  discovery  of  saU 
springe  in  the  neighborhood  is  of  incal- 
culable value,  the  manufacture  of  salt 
being  carried  on  very  extensively.  Popu- 
lation, 4,500. 

Several  lines  of  steamers,  and  one  of 
propellers,  sail  from  this  port  regularly 
for  Detroit  and  other  lake  ports.  It  is 
near  the  head  of  navigation  for  lake  craft, 
where  five  rivers  unite  with  the  Saginaw, 
giving  several  hundred  miles  of  water 
communication  for  river  rafting  and  the 
floating  of  saw-logs.  The  surrounding 
country  is  rich  in  pine,  oak,  cherry,  black- 
walnut,  and  othsr  valuable  timber.  A 
railroad  is  finished  from  this  place  to 
Flinty  connecting  by  stages  with  the  De- 
troit and  Milwaukee  railroad. 

Saginaw  City,  Saginaw  County,  Mich., 
is  handsomely  situated  on  the  left  bank 
of  th<)  river,  23  miles  above  its  mouth.  It 
contains  a  court-house  and  jail,  several 
churches,  two  hotels,  fifteen  stores,  two 
warehouses,  and  six  steam  saw-mills. 
Population  about  3,000.  There  is  a  fine 
secti'  \  of  country  in  the  rear  of  Saginaw, 


\m 


72 


•jf%  .Aisi^'tjir'-KarE/f; 


TRIP   THROTTOH   THE   LAKES. 


■T->«;f.!;irij;.r    s/^^ij^T,    i^'awt 


much  of  which  is  heavily  timbered ;  the 
■oil  produces  grain  in  abundance,  while 
the  streams  afford  means  of  easy  trans* 
portation  to  market.    Steamers  run  daily 


f  cm  Suginaw  City  and  East  Saginaw  to 
Detroit,  Chicago,  &o.,  and  other  ports  on 
the  lakes,  during  <ba  season  of  naviga- 
tion. 

■  ■:'■    r'^:'\     a    ■'  .1;;  'r   •«.. '    ■-•.: 


A 


■>:■   •,    Mr 


'p-- 

,v?^iiii.i^ 

m  i^^ 

./i 

''-    •»■ 

.•v;.,r;i      '^'i                      i'/'.;      r*. 

■?:.•    .'41 

'■'( 

:  J]'- 

'. 

^  •  •  ■ 

*;.: 

^^  ^.JSJtif:':s.                    :'ii'sU-'-y 

•r  1 

4tj: 

irf      '.', 

6f?«. 

^<^'yl 

.* 

;*,' 

wCi 

...  -j;...-- 

;o 

•'.    4             -'•> 

*  -I- 

V--- 

>C*  ''■ 

•ji 

".V 

■* 

f 

LAKE  HXmOlf. 

3 

•  i. 

f. 

;J  The  waters  of  Lake  Huron,  lying  be- 
tween 43"  and  46°  north  latitude,  are 
■urrounded  by  low  shores  on  every  side. 
The  most  prominent  features  are  Saginaw 
Bay  on  the  southwest,  and  the  Georgian 
^y  on  the  northeast;  the  latter  large 
body  of  water  being  entirely  in  the  Umits 
of  Canada.  The  lake  proper,  may  be  said 
to  be  100  miles  in  width,  from  east  to 
west,  and  250  miles  in  length,  from  south 
to  north,  terminating  at  the  Straits  of 
Mackinac.  It  is  nearly  destitute  of  is- 
lands, presenting  one  broad  expanse  of 
waters.  It  possesses  several  good  har- 
bors on  its  western  i^ores,  although  as  yet 
but  little  frequented.  Point  auz  Barques, 
Thunder  Bay,  and  Thunder  Bay  Islands, 
are  prominent  points  to  the  mariner. 
*  Tawas,  or  Ottawa  Bay,  lying  on  the 
northwest  side  of  Saginaw  Bay,  affords  a 
good  harbor  and  refuge  during  storms,  as 
well  as  Thunder  Bat,  lying  farther  to 
the  north.  Off  Saginaw  Bay,  the  widest 
part  of  the  lake,  rough  weather  is  often 
experienced,  rendering  it  necessary  for 
steamers  and  sail  vessels  to  run  for  a  har- 
bor or  place  of  safety. 

In  addition  to  the  surplus  waters  which 
Lake  Huron  receives  through  the  Straits 
of  Mackinac  and  the  St.  Mary's  River 
from  the  north,  it  receives  tho  waters  of 
Saginaw  River,  and  several  other  small 
streams  fi-om  the  west.  This  lake  drains 
but  a  very  small  section  of  country  com- 
pared to  its  magnitude,  while  its  depth  is 
a  matter  of  astonishment,  being  from  100 
to  "7 60  feet,  according  to  recent  surveys;  I 


altitude  above  the  ocean,  674  feet,  being 
26  feet  below  the  surface  of  Lake  Supe- 
rior. Its  outlet,  the  St.  Clair  River,  does 
not  seem  to  be  much  larger  than  the  St 
Mary's  River,  its  principal  inlet,  thus  leav- 
ing nearly  all  its  other  waters  falling  in 
the  basin,  to  pass  off  by  evaporation.  On 
entering  the  St  Clair  River,  at  Fort  Gra- 
tiot, after  passing  over  the  Upper  Lakes, 
the  beholder  is  surprised  to  find  all  these 
accumulated  waters  compressed  down  to 
a  width  of  about  1,000  feet,  the  depth 
varying  from  20  to  60  feet,  with  a  strong 
downward  current. 

The  Straits  of  Mackinac,  connecting 
Lakes  Huron  and  Michigan,  is  a  highly 
interesting  body  of  water,  embosoming 
several  picturesque  islands,  with  beautiful 
headlands  along  its  shores.  It  varies  in 
width  from  5  to  30  miles,  from  mainland 
to  mainland,  and  may  be  said  to  be  from 
30  to  40  miles  in  length.  Here  are  good 
fishing  grounds,  as  well  as  at  several 
other  points  on  Lake  Huron  and  Georgian 
Bay. 

The  climate  of  Lake  Huron  and  its 
shores  is  perceptibly  warmer  than  Lake 
Superior  during  the  spring,  summer,  and 
autumn  months,  while  the  winter  season 
is  usually  rendered  extremely  cold  from 
the  prevalence  of  northerly  winds  passing 
over  its  exposed  surface.  On  the  30th  of 
July,  1860,  at  8  A.  M.,  the  temperature  of 
the  air  near  the  middle  of  Lake  Huron, 
was  64®  Fahr.,  the  water  on  the  surface, 
52"*,  and  at  the  bottom,  50  fathoms  (300 
feet)  42**  Fahr."'"'"**  .--«;..        * 


In 
m 


THS  LOWEB  FEimrStrLA  07   UCHIOAK. 


Tbb  Lower  Peninsula  of  Michigan  is 
nearly  surrounded  by  the  waters  of  the 
Great  Lakes,  and,  in  this  respect,  its  situ- 
ation is  naturally  more  favorable  for  all 
the  purposes  of  trade  and  commerce  than 
any  other  of  the  Western  States. 

The  numerous  streams  which  penetrate 
every  portion  of  the  Peninsula^  some  of 
which  are  navigable  for  steamboats  a  con- 
siderable distance  from  the  lake,  being 
natural  outlets  for  the  products  of  the 
interior,  render  this  whole  region  desira- 
ble for  purposes  of  settlement  and  cultiva- 
tion. Even  as  far  north  as  the  Strait  of 
Hackinac,  the  soil  and  climate,  together 
with  the  valuable  timber,  offer  great  in- 
ducements to  settlers ;  and  if  the  proposed 
railroads,  under  the  recent  grant  of  large 
portions  of  these  lands  by  Congress,  are 
constructed  from  and  to  the  different 
points  indicated,  this  extensive  and  heavi- 
ly timbered  region  will  speedily  be  re- 
claimed, and  become  one  of  the  most 
substantial  and  prosperous  agricultural 
portions  of  the  "West. 

It  is  well  that  in  the  system  of  compen- 
sation, which  seems  to  be  a  great  law  of 
the  universe,  the  vast  prairies  which 
comprise  so  large  a  portion  of  this  great 
Western  domain  are  provided  so  well  with 
corresponding  regions  of  timber,  affording 
the  necessary  supply  of  lumber  for  the 
demand  of  the  increasing  population  which 
is  so  rapidly  pouring  into  these  Western 
States. 

The  State  of  Michigan — all  the  waters 
of  which  flow  into  the  Basin  of  the  St. 
Lawrence — Northern  Wisconsin,  and  Min- 
nesota are  the  sources '  from  which  the 
States  of  Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois,  and  Iowa, 
and  a  large  portion  of  the  prairie  country 
west  of  the  Mississippi,  must  derive  their 
supply  of  this  important  article  (lumber). 
The  supply  in  the  West  is  now  equal  to  the 
demand,  but  the  consumption  is  so  great, 
and  the  demand  so  constantly  increasing 


with  the  development  and  settlement  of 
the  country,  that  of  necessity,  within 
comparatively  a  very  few  years,  these  vast 
forests  will  be  exhausted.  But  as  the 
timber  is  exhausted  the  soil  is  prepared 
for  cultivation,  and  a  large  portion  of  the 
northern  part  of  the  southern  Peninsula 
of  Michigan  will  be  settled  and  cultivated, 
as  it  is  the  most  reliable  wbeat-growing 
portion  of  the  Union. 

Besides  the  ports  and  towns  already 
described,  there  are  on  Lake  Huron,  after 
leaving  Saginaw  Bay,  going  north,  several 
settlements  and  lumber  establishments, 
fisheries,  &c.  These  are  at  Tawas  Bay, 
mouth  of  the  River  au  Sable,  Black.  River, 

Alpena,  situated  at  the  head  of  Thun- 
der Bay,  is  a  very  flourishing  town,  and 
the  capital  of  Alpena  County.  It  contains 
about  500  inhabitants,  and  four  saw-mills, 
possessing  a  superior  water-power  on  the 
river  here  emptying  into  the  bay.  It  is 
both  a  lumber  and  fishing  station  of  con- 
siderable importance. 

Duncan  is  the  next  place  of  importance 
on  the  lake  coast,  situated  near  the  mouth 
of  Cheboygan  River.  Tlie  United  States 
Land  OflBce  for  this  district  is  located  at 
this  place.  Nearly  opposite  lies  Bois  Blanc 
Island,  a  large  and  fertile  tract  of  land. 

The  celebrated  Island  op  Mackinac  is 
next  reached,  lying  within  the  straits, 
surrounded  by  a  cluster  of  interesting 
points  of  land  justly  celebrated  in  Indian 
legends  and  traditions. 

Old  Mackinac,  lying  on  the  mainland, 
is  one  of  the  most  interesting  points,  being 
celebrated  both  in  French  and  English 
history  when  those  two  great  powers  con- 
tended for  the  possession  of  this  vast  Lake 
Region.  It  is  proposed  to  build  a  railroad 
from  Old  Mackinac  to  Saginaw,  and  one  to 
the  southern  confiues  of  the  State,  while 
another  line  of  road  will  extend  north- 
westward to  Lake  Superior,  crossing  the 


A  •• 


,    i 

^  '■: 


74 


TRIP   THROUOII   THE    LAKES. 


'tin;; 


straits  by  a  steam  ferry.  A  town  plot  has 
been  surveyed,  and  preparations  made  for 
settlement. 

Passing  around  the  western  extremity 
of  the  Peninsula,  at  the  Waugosharice  Light 
and  Island,  the  next  point  is  LitUe  Traverse 
Bay,  a  most  beautiful  sheet  of  water. 

About  fifteen  miles  southwesterly  from 
Little  Traverse  we  enter  Grand  Traverse 
Bay,  a  large  and  beautiful  arm  of  the 
lake,  extending  about  thirty  miles  inland. 
This  bay  is  divided  into  two  parts  by  a 
point  of  land,  from  two  to  four  miles  wide, 
extending  from  the  head  of  the  bay  about 
eighteen  miles  toward  the  lake.  The 
country  around  this  bay  is  exceedingly 
picturesque,  and  embraces  one  of  the  finest 
agricultural  portions  of  the  State.  The 
climate  is  mild,  and  fruit  and  grain  of  all 
kinds  suitable  to  a  northern  latitude  are 
produced,  with  less  liability  to  injury  from 
frost  than  in  some  of  the  southern  portions 
of  the  State. 

Grand  Traverse  City  is  located  at  the 
head  of  the  west  arm  of  the  bay,  and  is 
the  terminus  of  the  proposed  railroad  from 
Grand  Rapids,  a  distance  of  about  140  miles. 

Passing  out  of  the  bay  and  around  the 
point  dividing  the  west  arm  from  the  lake, 
we  first  arrive  at  the  river  Aux  Bees  Sceis. 
There  is  here  a  natural  harbor,  capable  of 
accommodating  the  larger  class  of  vessels 
and  steamboats.  A  town  named  Frank- 
fort has  been  commenced  at  this  place, 
and  witii  its  natural  advantages,  and  the 
enterprise  of  parties  who  now  contemplate 
making  further  improvements,  it  will  soon 
become  a  very  desirable  and  convenient 
point  for  the  accommodation  of  navigators. 

The  islands  comprising  the  Beavers, 
the  Manitous,  and  Fox  Isles  should  here 
be  noticed.  The  Beavers  lie  a  little  south 
of  west  from  the  entrance  to  the  Strait  of 
Mackinac,  the  Manitous  a  little  south  of 
these,  and  the  Foxes  still  farther  down  the 
lake.  These  are  all  valuable  for  fishing 
purposes,  and  for  wood  and  lumber.  Lying 
in  the  route  of  all  the  steamboat  lines  from 


Chicago  to  Buffalo  and  the  Upper  Lakes, 
the  harbors  on  these  islands  are  stopping- 
points  for  the  boats,  and  a  profitable  trade 
is  conducted  in  furnishing  the  necessar^r 
supplies  of  wood,  etc. 

We  next  arrive  at  Manistee,  a  small 
but  important  8€  ttlement  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Manistee  Biror.  The  harbor  is  a 
natural  one,  but  requires  some  improve- 
ment. A  large  trade  is  carried  on  with 
Chicago  in  lumber. 

The  next  point  of  Importance  is  the 
mouth  of  the  Pere  Ma/rqueUe  River.  Here 
is  the  terminus  of  the  proposed  railroad 
from  Flint,  in  Gonesee  County,  connect- 
ing with  Detroit  by  the  Detroit  and  Mil- 
waukee Railway,  a  distance  of  about  180 
miles. 

The  harbor  is  very  superior,  and  the 
country  in  the  vicinity  is  well  adapted  for 
settlement.  About  16  miles  in  the  inte- 
rior is  situated  one  of  the  most  compact 
and  extensive  tracts  of  pine  timber  on  the 
western  coast. 

About  forty  miles  south  of  this,  in  the 
county  of  Oceana,  a  small  village  is  loca- 
ted at  the  mouth  of  White  River.  The  har- 
bor here  is  also  a  natural  one,  and  the 
region  is  settled  to  considerable  extent  by 
farmers.  Lumber  is,  however,  the  prin- 
cipal commodity,  and  the  trade  is  prin- 
cipally with  the  Chicago  market 

The  next  point,  Muskeook,  at  the  mouth 
of  tlie  Muskegon  River,  is  supported  prin- 
cipally by  the  large  lumber  region  of 
the  interior.  Numerous  steam  saw-mills 
are  now  in  active  operation  here,  giving 
the  place  an  air  of  life  and  activity. 

The  harbor  is  one  of  the  best  on  the 
lake,  and  is  at  present  accessible  for  all  the 
vessels  trading  between  Muskegon  and 
Chicago. 

Grand  Haven,  Ottawa  Co.,  Mich,  is 
situated  on  both  sides  of  Grand  River,  at 
its  entrance  into  Lake  Michigan,  here 
eighty-five  miles  wide;  on  the  opposite  side 
lies  Milwaukee,  Wis.  For  further  de-tcrip- 
iion,  see  page  66. 


er  Lakes, 
stopping- 
able  trade 
necessary 

i,  a  small 
mouth  of 

rbor  is  a 
improve- 

l  on  with 

ice  is  the 
er.  Here 
d  railroad 
',  oonnect- 
b  and  Mil- 
about  180 

r,  and  the 
kdapted  for 
I  the  inte- 
}t  compact 
iber  on  the 

his,  in  the 

ge  is  loca- 

The  har- 

and  the 

extent  by 

the  prin- 

e  is  prin- 

to 

the  mouth 
>rted  prin* 
region  of 
saw-mills 
re,  giving 
vitj. 

st  on  the 

for  all  the 

egon  and 

Mich,  is 
River,  at 
;an,  here 
K>site  side 
w  descrip- 


:j.  '■ 


DIBECT    STEAMBOAT    B0T7TE    FROM   DETEOIT    TO 
OREEir  BAY,  CHICAGO,    &o. 


Sailing  direct  through  Lake  Huron  to 

Mackinac,  or  to  the  De  Tour  entrance  to 

'St.  Mary's  River,  a  distance  of  about  330 

miles,  the  steamer  often  runs  out  of  sight 

of  land  on  crossing  Saginaw  Bay. 

Thunder  Bay  Light  is  first  sighted  and 
passed,  and  then  Presque  Isb  Light,  when 
the  lake  narrows  and  the  Strait  of  Mack- 
inac is  soon  entered,  »-'here  lies  the  ro- 
mantic Island  of  Mack-:iac.  The  Strait 
of  Mackinac,  with  the  approaches  thereto 
from  Lakes  Huron  and  Michigan,  will  al- 
ways command  attention  from  the  passing 
traveller.  Through  this  channel  will  pass, 
for  ages  to  come,  a  great  current  of  com- 
merce, and  its  shores  wiU  be  enlivened 
with  civilized  life. 

In  this  great  commercial  route.  Lake 
Huron  is  traversed  its  entire  length,  often 
affording  the  traveller  a  taste  of  sea-sick- 
ness and  its  consequent  evils.  Yet  there 
often  are  times  when  Lake  Huron  is  hard- 
ly ruffled,  and  the  timid  passenger  enjoys 
the  voyage  with  as  much  zest  as  the  more 
experienced  mariner. 

Mackinac,  crowned  by  a  fortress,  where 
wave  the  Stars  and  the  Stripes,  the  gem  of 
the  Upper  Lake  islands,  may  vie  with  any 
other  locality  for  the  salubrity  of  its  cli- 
mate, for  its  picturesque  beauties,  and  for 
its  vicinity  to  fine  fishing-grounds.  Here 
the  invalid,  the  seeker  of  pleasure,  as 
well  as  the  sportsman  and  angler,  can  find 
enjoyment  to  their  heart's  content  during 
warm  weather,     fhr  description,  seep.  88. 

On  leaving  Mackinac  for  Green  Bay,  the 
steamer  generally  runs  a  west  course  for 
the  mouth  of  the  bay,  passing  the  Beaver 
Islands  in  Lake  Michigan  before  entering 
the  waters  of  Green  Bay,  about  150  miles. 

Summer  Island  lies  on  the  north  side 
and  Rock  Island  Ues  on  the  south  side 
of  the  entrance  to  Green  Bay,  forming  a 
charming  view  from  the  deck  of  a  steamer. 


■      :'^>,  ^^"'^  ;^5^- 

Washington  or  Potawatombb  Island, 
Chambeks'  Island,  and  other  small  isluids 
are  next  passed  on  tlie  upward  trip  toward 
the  head  of  the  bay. 

Wasiiinoton  Harbor,  situated  at  the 
north  end  of  Washington  Island,  is  a  pictu- 
resque fishing  station,  affording  a  good 
steamboat-landing  and  safe  anchorage. 

Green  Bay,  about  100  miles  long  and 
from  20  to  30  miles  wide,  is  a  splendid 
sheet  of  water,  destined  no  doubt  to  be 
enlivened  with  commerce  and  pleasure 
excursions.  Here  are  to  be  seen  a  num- 
ber of  picturesque  islands  and  headlands. 
Several  important  streams  enter  into 
Green  Bay,  the  largest  of  which  is  Neenah 
or  Fox  River,  at  its  head,  and  is  the  outlet 
of  Winnebago  Lake.  Menomonee  River 
forms  the  boundary  between  the  States  of 
Wisconsui  and  Michigan,  and  empties  in- 
to  the  bay  opposite  Green  Island. 

The  recent  improvement  of  the  Fox  and 
Wisconsin  Rivers,  not  only  opens  steam- 
boat navigation  between  the  Bay  and  the 
head  of  Lake  Winnebago,  but  it  connects 
the  Fox  and  Wisconsin  Rivers,  one  of 
which,  flowing  northward,  falls  into  the  At- 
lantic through  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  ^he 
other,  running  southward,  discharges  its 
waters,  through  the  Mississippi,  into  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico.  By  this  connection  a 
steamer  can  start  from  New  Orleans,  pass 
up  the  Mississippi  to  the  mouth  of  the 
Wisconsin,  pass  up  this  river  to  Portage, 
through  a  short  canal  to  the  Upper  Fox 
Rivers,  down  this  river  to  Lake  Winne- 
bago, at  Oshkosh, — down  the  lake  to  the 
point  where  it  contracts  into  the  Lower 
Fox, — down  this  romantic  river  some 
thirty-five  miles,  by  means  of  numerous 
canals  around  the  principal  rapids,  into 
Green  Bay,  and  so  on  without  interruption 
through  the  great  lakes  into  the  St.  LaW' 
rence  to  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 


fn 


TRIP    TIIRODOII    THE    LAKES. 


Green  Bay,  one  of 

the  most  favored  cities  of 
Wisconsin,  the  Capital  of 
Brown  County,  is  advanta- 
geously situated  near  the 
mouth  of  Fox  or  Neenah 
river,  at  its  entrance  into  Green  Bay,  where 
is  a  good  and  secure  harbor.  It  lies  90 
miles  southwest  from  Lake  Michigan,  by 
water,  26  miles  due  west  of  Kewaunee, 
on  the  west  shore  of  Lake  Michigan,  and 
116  miles  north  from  Milwaukee.  The 
town  is  handsomely  ated,  and  con- 
tains many  large  wareLi  ases  and  elegant 
residences,  together  with  several  churches, 
hotels,  and  stores  of  dififerent  kinds,  and 
about  5,000  inhabitants.  The  improve- 
ment of  Fox  Biver  by  dams  and  locks,  in 
connection  with  the  improvements  on  the 
Wisconsin  River,  affords  an  uninterrupted 
steam  navigation  from  Green  Bay  to  Prai- 
rie du  Chien,  on  the  Mississippi  River — 
thus  making  Green  Bay  a  great  point  for 
the  trans-shipment  of  goods  and  produce 
of  every  variety ;  the  largest  class  steam- 
ers and  propellers  running  to  Chicago  on 
the  south,  Saut  Ste.  Marie  on  the  north, 
as  well  as  to  CoUingwood,  to  Sarnia,  to 
Detroit,  and  to  Buffalo  on  the  east.  The 
lumber  trade  of  Green  Bay  is  immense, 
this  whole  section  of  country  abounding 
in  timber  of  different  kinds  the  most  use- 
ful for  building  purposes.  There  is  no 
city  '"n  the  West  which  can  boast  of  a  po- 
sition so  advantageous  commercially,  or 
which  will  compare  with  it  in  after  years 
in  the  wealth  and  extent  of  its  trade. 
With  an  uninterrupted  water  communica- 
tion East  and  South,  a  harbor  five  miles 


^  in  length,  capable  of  accom- 
modating the  shipping  of  the 
whole  lakes,  it  will  eventual, 
ly  be  connected  by  Railroad 
with  every  important  point 
W(  stand  North,  as  the  near- 
est route  to  and  from  the  East-, 
em  and  Southern  markets. 
AsTOR  is  the  name  of  a  sub- 
urb of  Green  Bay,  lying  at  the  mouth  of 
Fox  River,  while  on  the  opposite  side  of  the 
stream  stands  Fort  How  a  ud,  surrounded 
by  a  village  of  the  same  name,  where  ter- 
minates the  Chicago  and  Northwest  Rail 
way,  running  south  to  Chicago,  242  miles. 
Oconto,  situated  on  Green  Bay,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Oconto  River,  is  a  new  and 
thriving  lumber  settlement.  It  lies  25 
miles  north  of  the  town  of  Green  Bay, 
having  daily  communication  by  steamboat. 
As  regards  the  lumbering  interests  of 
this  region,  a  late  writer  says :  "  Oconto 
County  is  a  portion  of  the  great  Pine  re- 
gion of  Northern  Wisconsin,  lying  along 
the  west  shore  of  Green  Bay,  and  is,  for 
lumbering  purposes,  one  of  the  most  im- 
portant counties  in  the  State— being  easy 
of  access  during  the  season  of  navigation, 
and  supplied  with  an  almost  exhaustless 
amount  of  excellent  pine  timber.  Mem- 
kaunee  is  at  the  extreme  northern  verge 
of  the  county,  at  the  mouth  of  Menomo- 
nee  River,  and  is  already  the  seat  of  an 
important  trade.  The  settlement  (which 
also  includes  "Mission  Point"  and  "Mari- 
nette") is  scattered  along  the  bank  of  the 
river  for  a  distance  of  some  two  miles, 
and  contains  about  1,500  inhabitants. 

"The  extensive  mills  of  the  *N.  Y. 
Lumber  Co.'  are  located  at  this  point,  and 
are  well  worth  a  trip  from  your  city  to 
see.  Some  idea  may  be  formed  of  the 
vast  amount  of  business  done  by  this 
Company,  when  the  fact  is  stated,  that 
they  had  within  their  booms,  at  the  com- 
mencement of  the  season,  over  fifty  aaer 
of  logs.  This  vast  amount  of  material  will 
find  its  way  into  market,  before  the  season 


ell 

k 

oil 

all 
m; 

thi 
is 

kidl 
esti 


=vjs-f  <: 


•£:.:.. 


5  of  {iccom- 

>ping  of  the 

U  evontual- 

)y  Railroad 

rtant  point 

18  the  ncar- 

m  the  East-, 

markets. 

no  of  a  sub- 

e  mouth  of 

3  side  of  the 

surrounded 

where  t'^r- 

hwest  Fail 

,  242  miles. 

Bay,  at  the 

a  new  and 

It  lies  25 

Jreen  Bay, 

steamboat. 

nterests  of 

:    "  Oconto 

it  Pine  re- 

png  along 

and  is,  for 

most  im* 

eing  easy 

avigation, 

haustless 

jr.     Mene- 

\exvL  verge 

Menomo 

jeat  of  an 

it  (which 

id  "Mari- 

knk  of  the 

ro  miles, 

tants. 

'N.  Y. 

)oint,  and 

ir  city  to 

of  the 

by  this 

ted,  that 

the  com- 

Yfty  aoer 

(rial  will 

le  season 


BTBAMDOAT  ROUTE  FaObf  DBTUOIT  TJ  GREEN  BAT,  CHICAGO,  ETC.         77. 


closes,  in  the  shape  of  good  marketable 
lumber.  This  Company's  Mills  alone  turn 
out  over  half  a  million  of  feet  per  week, 
all  of  which,  I  believe,  goes  to  the  Chicago 
market. 

"But  it  must  be  borne  in  mind  that 
this  is  but  a  fraction  of  the  lumber  which 
is  made  in  this  county.  There  are,  be- 
sides the  mills  here,  extensive  lumbering 
establishments  at  Peshtigo,  Oloton,  Pen- 
Ruukee,  and  Little  Suamico,  which  proba- 
bly turn  out  in  the  aggregate  at  least  two 
million  feet  of  lumber  per  week,  or  eighty 
niillions  per  year — which  added  to  the  es- 
timate for  this  place,  makes  a  yearly  pro- 
duct of  one  hundred  and  twer  ty  millions. 
A  fair  amount  of  business,  for  a  single 
county  of  not  over  5,000  inhabitants." 

Nenomonbb  City,  Oconto  County,  Wis., 
ia  a  thriving  settlement,  situated  on 
the  west  side  of  Green  Bay,  near  the 
mouth  of  Nenomonee  River,  containing 
2,000  inhabitants,  5  large  saw-mills,  and 
several  stores.  The  country  to  the  west 
and  north  of  this  place  is  as  yet  a  wilder- 
ness, inhabited  only  by  a  fow  roving  In- 
dians. The  Kenomonee  River  forms  the 
boundary,  in  part,  between  Michigan  and 
Wisconsin. 

Penbaukbe,  pEBimoo,  and  other  towns 
are  springmg  up  on  the  west  shore  of 
Green  Bay,  where  are  to  be  found  numer- 
ous large  lumber  establishments  situated 
on  the  streams  miming  into  the  bay. 

EscANABA,  Delta  Co.,  Michigan,  is  a 
new  and  promising  town  situated  on  the 
western  shore  of  Little  Bay  de  Noc,  120 
miles  north  of  the  city  of  Green  Bay,  and 
is  the  southern  terminus  of  the  Peninsula 
Railroad  of  Michigan.  This  place,  laid 
out  in  the  Spring  of  1864,  has  command- 
ing advantages,  where  is  a  good  and  se- 
cure harbor  of  easy  access,  with  a  suffi- 
cient depth  of  water  for  the  largest  class 
of  vessels  navigating  the  lakes.  The 
docks  erected  by  the  railroad  company 
are  of  a    substantial    and  conmiodiouB 


character,  intended  for  the  transhipment 
of  iron  and  copper  ore  from  the  Lake  Su- 
perior mines,  distant  about  66  miles. 

The  situ  of  the  town  lies  on  Sand  Point, 
where  is  a  favorable  view  of  the  waters 
of  Green  Bay  lying  to  the  south,  and 
Little  Bay  de  Noo  on  the  north.  The 
streets  are  laid  out  at  right  angles,  witii 
ample  public  grounds  adjoining  the  water- 
front. Stores  and  warehouses  are  about 
being  erected,  also  a  church,  and  a  first- 
class  hotel.  The  future  of  this  place  is 
hard  to  predict,  its  growth  being  identi- 
fied with  the  rich  mineral  deposits  of  tho 
Upper  Peninsula  of  Michigan,  bordering 
on  Lake  Superior. 

Steamers  run  from  Green  Bay  to  Es- 
canaba,  connecting  with  the  Northwestern 
Railway,  extending  to  Chicago,  and  with 
the  Peninsula  Railroad  running  to  tho 
Iron  Mountain  on  Lake  Superior. 

GsNA,  or  Mason,  situated  on  Little  fiay 
de  .\oc,  at  the  northern  extremity  of 
Green  Bay,  is  a  new  and  promising  place. 
A  mail  route  is  now  opened  from  Gena, 
situated  at  the  head  of  Green  Bay,  to 
Marquette,  Lake  Superior,  a  distance  by 
land  of  about  56  miles.  < .  r  s^. 


>  .1.''    J 


'  t 


Route   from   Oreen   Bay   to 
Fond  du  dac,  Wisconsin. 

There  s  now  a  railroad  and  steamboat 
route,  extending  from  Green  Bay  to  Ap- 
pleton,  Oshkosh,  and  Fond  du  Lac,  situa- 
ted at  the  head  of  Lake  "Winnebago,  60 
miles  distant,  the  latter  passing  through 
Fox  River  and  the  above  beautiful  sheet 
of  water. 

Fox  or  Neenah  River  rises  in  Marquette 
Co.,  Wis.,  and  passing  through  Lake  Win- 
ndbago,  forms  its  outlet.  This  important 
stream  io  rendered  navigable  for  steamers 


78 


TRIP   TIIROrOII    THE    LAirES. 


of  ft  small  class  by  means  of  dams  and 
locks,  forming,  in  connection  witti  a  short 
canal  to  the  Wisconsin  River,  a  direct  wa- 
ter communication  from  Green  Bay  to  the 
Mississippi  River,  a  distance  of  about  200 
miles.  The  rapids  in  the  lower  part  of 
Fox  River  afford  an  immense  water-power, 
while  the  upper  section  of  country  through 
which  it  flows,  produces  lumber  and  grain 
in  great  abundance.  Here  is  a  fall  of  170 
feet  in  the  distance  of  35  miles,  before  en- 
tering Lake  Winnebago. 

De  Perb,  5  miles  above  Green  Bay,  is  a 
town  of  about  700  inhabitants,  where  is 
a  fall  of  8  feet,  also  a  lock  for  the  passage 
of  steamers. 

Little  Kaukauka,  11  miles,  has  a  fall 
of  8  feet,  with  look  and  dam. 

Wriohtstown,  16  miles,  is  a  small  set- 
tlement, where  is  a  steam  saw-mill  and 
other  manufacturing  establishments. 

Rapid  db  Croopb,  2  miles  further,  is  a 
steamboat  landing.  Here  is  a  lock  and 
dam,  there  being  a  fall  of  about  10  feet. 

Kaukauna,  3  miles  further,  is  a  small 
village.  Here  are  five  locks,  overcoming 
a  fall  of  60  feet. 

Little  Chute,  25  miles  from  Green  Bay, 
is  a  small  French  settlement,  where  is  an 
old  Roman  Cathohc  Mission  House.  Here 
are  four  locks,  there  being  a  descent  of  40 
feet  in  the  river. 

Applbton,  Outaganie  Co.,  Wis.,  is  situ- 
ated on  Fox  or  Neenah  River,  30  miles 
from  its  entrance  into  Green  Bay,  and 
five  miles  from  Lake  Winnebago,  where 
are  rapids  called  the  Grand  Chute.  The 
river  descends  here  about  30  feet  in  one 
mile  and  a  half,  affording  an  inexhaustible 
amount  of  water-power.  Here  are  located 
three  fiouring-mills,  six  saw-mills,  and 
several  other  extensive  manufacturing  es- 
tablishments. This  is  the  capital  of  the 
county,  where  is  situated  the  Lawrence 
University ;  and  it  is  no  doubt  destined  to 
become  a  large  manufacturing  and  com- 
mercial place,  from  the  facilities  which  it 
possesses,  by  means  of  navigation  and  hy- 


draulic power.  Population,  4000.  Steam- 
ers run  south  into  Lake  Winnebago,  atid 
north  into  Green  Bay. 

The  approach  to  Appleton  fVoni  Green 
Bay,  by  water,  is  most  lovely  and  pictur. 
esque, — the  river  here  winding  through  a 
rich  section  of  country,  clothed  for  several 
miles  by  a  dense  forest,  extending  to  the 
very  margin  of  the  water.  During  the 
early  autumn  months  the  scene  is  truly 
gorgeous,  the  foliage  presenting  every 
variety  of  color. 

Menasha,  35  miles  from  Green  Bay,  is 
situated  on  an  expansion  of  the  river,  hero 
called  Lake  Butte  dts  Marts,  where  is  a  lock 
and  a  canal  of  about  one  mile  in  length. 
Here  are  several  large  manufacturing  es- 
tablishments, and  a  population  of  about 
2,500. 

Neenah,  lying  at  the  foot  of  Lake  Win- 
nebago, on  the  west  shore,  is  a  flourishing 
village,  of  about  2,500  inhabitants. 

Lake  Winnebago  is  a  most  beatitiful 
sheet  of  water,  being  32  miles  long  and 
about  12  miles  wide,  with  bold  land  on 
the  east  shore,  while  on  the  west  it  seems 
elevated  but  a  few  feet  above  the  waters 
of  the  lake.  It  abounds  with  several  va- 
rieties of  fish,  of  a  fine  flavor,  affording  rare 
sport  to  the  angler.  Steamers  run  through 
the  Upper  Fox  or  Wolf  River,  emptying  in- 
to the  lake  at  Oshkosh,  for  upwards  of  100 
miles,  bringing  down  immense  quantities 
of  lumber  and  agricultural  products. 

The  City  of  Oshkosh,  lying  on  the  west 
side  of  Lake  Winnebago,  20  miles  north  of 
Fond  du  Lac,  is  a  large  and  flourishing 
place,  being  favorably  situated  at  the  mouth 
of  Fox  River  on  both  sides  of  the  stream. 
It  now  contains  an  active  population  of 
about  9,000  inhabitants.  From  its  wharves 
steamers  run  to  all  the  ports  on  the  lake 
and  Fox  River,  while  the  Chicago  and 
Northwestern  Railway  extends  northward 
to  Green  Bny.  It  contains  the  county 
buildings,  10  churches,  several  well-kept 
hotels,  100  stores  of  different  kinds,  be- 
sides steam  grist-mills,   steam  saw-mill;*, 


ml 


ROUTE    FROM    ORBBN    DAT    TO    FOND    DU    LAi.%    WIS. 


7d 


iron  foundrios,  cabinot-shops,  and  a  groat 
Dumbor  of  other  manufacturing  ostublish- 
ments.  This  is  a  groat  mart  for  lumber, 
being  brought  down  the  Fox  or  Wolf 
Kiver  for  upwards  of  100  miles,  this  stream 
flowing  through  a  tine  pine  region  of  coun- 
try, for  which  northern  Wisconsin  is  justly 
celebrated. 

Fond  Du  Lao,  capital  of  Fond  du  Lac 
County,  is  a  flounshing  city  favorably  situ- 
ated at  the  head  of  LiEike  Winnebago,  87 
inilt'3  N.  N.  W.  from  Milwaukee,  and  176 
miles  from  Chicago,  by  the  Chicago  and 
Kurthwestem  Railway,  now  finished  through 
to  Green  Bay,  a  total  distance  of  242  miles. 
Here  are  located  the  coimty  buildings,  8 
churches,  4  banks,  6  public-houses,  100 
stores  of  different  kinds,  a  steam  grist- 
mill, 10  steam  saw-mills,  a  steam  car  fac- 
tory, steam-engine  manufactory,  machine- 
shops,  and  various  other  manufacturing 
establishments.  The  lumber  and  produce 
business  is  very  extensively  carried  on 
here,  affording  profitable  returns.  Fond  du 
Lac  is  celebrated  for  its  fountains,  water 
being  found  of  a  pure  quality  by  means  of 
Artesian  Wells,  in  which  the  city  abounds. 

The  Fox  River  Improvement  is  a  work 
of  great  magnitude,  affording  by  means  of 
locks  and  dams  a  water  communication 
from  Green  Bay  to  Lake  Winnebago,  and 


thence  south-westward  throtigh  the  Upper 
Fox  river  to  I'ortago  City,  where,  by  niuans 
of  a  canal,  it  interlocks  with  the  Wis- 
consin River,  falling  into  the  Mississippi  at 
Prairie  du  Cliieu. 

This  enterprise  is  thus  graphically  de- 
scribed: 

"  *  Meetino  or  THE  Waters.'  — A  gen- 
tleman, recently  from  Green  Bay,  men- 
tioned a  curious  fact  a  day  or  two  since, 
illustrative  of  the  results  of  the  completion 
of  the  liiver  Improvement.  He  saw  lying 
at  the  docks  in  that  place  the  steamer 
Appleto7i  Belle,  built  at  Pittsburgh,  and  the 
steamer  Gurdon  Grant,  built  at  Philadel- 
phia— points  on  opposite  sides  of  the  Alle- 
ghany Mountains,  and  on  waters  Howing  on 
the  one  hand  to  the  Atlantic,  and  on  the 
other  to  the  Mississippi  and  Gulf  of  Mexico. 
The  BeUe  had  sailed  northward  and  west- 
ward through  the  Ohio,  Mississippi,  and 
Wisconsin ;  and  the  Grant  in  ?,  contrary 
direction  through  the  Delaware  and  Hud- 
son, along  the  Erie  Canal,  and  the  chain  of 
the  Great  Lakes.  These  are  the  victories 
of  commerce,  in  which  Wisconsin  is  play- 
ing a  prominent  part" 

The  Trip  from  Chicaqo  to  Mackinac, 
&c.,  connecting  at  the  latter  place  with  the 
Green  Bay  route,  is  fully  described  iu 
another  part  of  this  work. 


Ports  of  Lake  Michigan  situated  on  the  East  and  South  Shores* 


Michifpan  City,  Ind.,  situated  at  the 
extreme  south  end  of  Lake  Michigan,  is  dis- 
tiuit  45  miles  from  Chicago  by  water,  and 
228  miles  from  Detroit  by  railroad  route. 
Tlie  New  Albany  and  Salem  Railroad,  228 
miles  in  length,  terminates  at  this  place, 
connecting  with  the  Michigan  Central 
Railroad.  Several  plank  roads  also  ter- 
minate here,  affording  facilities  for  cross- 
ing the  extensive  prairies  lying  in  the 
rear.  Here  are  several  large  storehouses 
situated  at  the  mouth  of  Trail  Creok,  in- 


tended for  the  storage  and  shipment  of 
wheat  and  other  produce ;  16  or  20  stores 
of  different  kinds,  several  hotelii,  and  a 
branch  of  the  State  Bank  of  Indiana.  It 
was  first  settled  in  1831,  with  the  expec- 
tation that  it  would  become  a  great  em- 
porium of  trade ;  but  owing  to  the  want 
of  a  good  harbor,  and  the  rapid  increase 
of  Chicago,  the  expectations  of  its  founders 
have  not  been  realized.  It  now  contains 
about  3,000  inhabitants,  and  is  steadily 
increasing  in  wealth  and  numbers. 


do 


■.>irr\' 


:<£■ 


TRIP   THROUGH    THE    LAKES. 


\T.*i    aTr.'0"; 


r  , ':  .  V.iH! 


?,■; 


iiihi 


iiii 


i! 


New  Buffalo,  Mich.,  l/iog  60  miles 
east  of  Chicago  by  steamboat  route,  is  situ- 
ated on  the  line  of  the  Michigan  Central 
Railroad,  218  mihs  west  of  Detroit.  Here 
have  been  erected  £.  light-house  and  pier, 
the  latter  affordiLjj  a  good  landing  for 
steamers  and  lake  craft.  The  settlement 
contains  two  or  throe  hundred  inhabi- 
tants, and  several  storea  and  storehouses. 
It  is  surrounded  by  a  light,  sandy  soil, 
which  abounds  all  along  the  east  and 
south  shores  of  Lake  Michigan. 

8t.  Joseph,  Berrien  Co.,  Mich.,  is  ad- 
vantageously situated  on  the  east  shore 
of  Lake  Michigan,  at  the  mouth  of  St. 
Joseph  River,  194  miI(5S  west  of  Detroit. 
Here  is  a  good  harbor,  affording  about  10 
feet  of  water.  The  village  contains  about 
1,000  inhabitants,  and  a  number  of  stores 
and  storehouses.  An  active  trade  in 
lumber,  grain,  and  fruit  is  carried  on  at 
this  place,  mostly  with  the  Chicago 
market,  it  being  alstant  about  '?0  miles 
by  water.  Steamers  of  a  small  class  run 
from  St.  Joseph  to  Niles  and  Constantine, 
a  distance  of  1 20  miles,  to  which  place  the 
St.  Joseph  River  is  navigable. 

St.  Joseph  River  risos  in  the  southern 
portion  of  Michigan  and  Northern  Indiana, 
and  is  about  250  miles  long  Its  general 
course  is  nearly  westward;  is  very  ser- 
pentine, with  an  equable  current,  and 
flowing  through  a  fertile  section  of  coun- 
try, celebrated  alike  for  the  raising  of 
grain  and  diflfereut  kinds  of  fruit.  There 
are  to  be  found  several  flourishing  villages 
on  its  banks.  The  principal  are  Constan- 
tine,  Elkhart,  South  Bend^  and  Niles. 

Niles,  situated  on  St.  Joseph  River,  is 
26  miles  above  itf]  mouth  by  land,  and  191 
miles  from  Detroit  by  railroad  route. 
This  is  a  flourishing  village,  containing 
&i)Ovt  3,000  inhabitants,  five  churches, 
tnree  l»otel8,  several  large  stores  and 
ilouring  milL^;  the  country  around  pro- 
ducing large  quantities  of  wheat  and  other 
kinds  of  grain.  A  small  class  c^  steamers 
run  tc  St.  Joseph  belov^  an'^  other  places 


above,  on  the  river,  aflfording  great  facil- 
ities to  trade  in  this  section  of  country. 

South  Haven^  Van  Buren  Co.,  lies  at 
the  mouth  of  Black  River. 

Naples,  Allegan  Co.,  lies  on  the  east 
side  of  Lake  Michigan,  near  the  mouth  of 
the  Kalamazoo  River. 

Amsterdam,  Ottawa  Co.,  is  a,  small  vil- 
lage lying  near  the  Lake  shore,  about  20 
raUes  south  of  Grand  Haven. 

Holland,  situated  on  Black  Lake,  a  few 
miles  above  Amsterdam,  is  a  thriving 
town,  settled  mostly  by  Hollanders.  Here 
is  a  good  and  spacious  harbor. 

The  counties  of  Berrien,  Cass,  Van  Bu- 
ren, Kalamazoo,  Allegan,  Kent,  and  Ot- 
tawa are  all  celebrated  as  a  fruit-bearing 
region. 

The  Ports  extendmg  from  Grand  Haven 
to  Saginaw  Bay  are  fully  described  in 
another  portion  of  this  work,  as  well  as 
the  bays  and  rivers  falling  into  Lakes 
Michigan^  and  HuroiL 


€hicag[0,  "  The  Garden  City,"  is 
advantageously  situated  on  the  west  side 
of  Lake  Michigan,  at  the  mouth  of  Chica- 
go River,  in  N.  lat.  41°  52',  acd  W.  long, 
from  Greenwich  87''  35'.  It  is  elevated 
eight  to  ten  feet  above  the  lake,  which 
secures  it  from  ordinary  floods,  and  ex- 
tends westward  on  both  sides  of  the  river, 
about  two  miles  distant  fr<  rn  its  entrance 
into  Lake  Michigan,  the  front  on  the  lake 
being  three  or  four  miles  from  north  to 
south.  The  harbor  has  a  depth  of  from 
twelve  to  fourteen  ffeet  of  water,  which 
makes  it  a  commodious  and  safe  haven ; 
and  it  has  been  much  imprt^ved  artificially 
by  the  construction  of  Diers,  which  extend 
on  each  side  of  the  entrance  of  tlie  river 
for  some  distance  into  Lhe  lake,  to  prevent 
the  accumulation  of  sand  upon  the  bar. 
The  light-house  is  on  the  south  side  of  the 
harbor,  and  shows  a  fixed  light  on  a  tower 
forty  feet  above  the  surface  of  the  lake ; 


t 

t! 
o 
P 

St 

of 


IJl 

lei 


I'll 


t-v  T-rs' 


PORTS  OF  LAKE  MICHIGAN EAST  AND  SOUTH  8B0RS. 


••♦^"-  <:^ 


;  facil- 

try. 
lies  at 

le  east 
)uth  of 

lall  vil- 
lout  20 

c,  a  few 
hriving 
3.  Hero 

7&n  Bu- 
and  Ot- 
-bearing 

J  Haven 
ribed  in 
I  well  as 
0  Lakes 


'^tty"  is 


there  is  also  a  beacon  fight  on  the  end  of 
the  pier.  In  a  naval  and  military  point 
of  view,  this  is  one  of  the  most  important 
ports  on  the  upper  lakes,  and  should  be 
strongly  defended,  it  being  the  "  Odessa'^ 
of  these  inland  seas. 

The  city  contains  an  United  States 
custom-house  and  post-oflBce  building;,  a 
court-house  and  jail,  the  county  buildings, 
Ivush  Medical  College,  a  ootimuTcial  col 
lego,  a  marine  hi>spital,  market-houses, 
tighty  churches,  eight  banks,  several  fire 
und  m.  "Qe  insurance  companies,  and  a 
muiiOer  of  large  public  houses ;  gas-works, 
and  water-works.  The  manufacturing 
establishments  of  Chicago  are  numerous 
and  extensive,  consisting  of  iron-foundries 
and  machine-shops,  railroad  car  manufac- 
tory, steam  saw,  planing,  and  flouring 
mills,  manufactories  of  agricultural  imple- 
ments, etc.  Numerous  steamers  and  pro- 
pellers ply  between  this  j^ace  and  Saut 
Ste.  Marie,  Lake  Superior  ports,  Colling- 
wood,  Goderich,  Detroit,  Buffalo,  and  the 
various  intermediate  ports.  Population  in 
1860,  109,260,  and  is  rapidly  increasing  in 
numbers  and  wealth. 

The  principal  hotels  are  the  Adams 
House,  Briggs  Houne,  Lake  House,  Sherman 
House,  and  the  Tremont  House,  besides 
many  other  public-houses  of  less  note. 
Chicago  also  boasts  of  several  benevolent 
and  charitable  institutions,  educational 
and  medical ;  also  hospitals  an'^  dispensa- 
ries, ^ts  commerce  is  already  immense, 
and  rapidly  incro^ing. 


6 


The  proposed  Ship  Canal  will  connect 
th«  waters  of  the  Mississippi  with  the 
River  St.  Lawrence,  the  waters  of  which 
here  almost  commingle,  and  no  dotibt  are 
destined  to  be  wedded,  and  to  flow  iii 
unison  from  the  cold  waters  of.  the  Gulf 
of  St.  Lawrence  to  the  warm  waters  of 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  carrying  on  their  tide 
the  rich  products  of  the  tropics,  the  ce- 
reals of  the  temperate  zone,  and  the  tim- 
ber and  other  valuable  commodities  of  the 
colder  region  of  the  American  continent. 

"Chicago,  when  fairly  understood,  in  a 
commercial,  dimatic,  and  favored  point  of 
view,  as  regards  water  and  land  communi 
cation,  I  as  probably  no  equal  on  the  fact 
of  the  globe.  Standing  near  the  southern 
border  of  one  of  the  live  great  Lakes  of 
AmerM-%,  affording  four  or  five  thousand 
miles  of  inland  ship  navigation,  and  by 
means  of  the  Erie  Canal  of  Now  York, 
favored  by  an  outport  on  the  Atlantic 
ocean,  it  only  now  wasts  a  Ship  Canal  to 
the  Mississippi  River  to  give  it  an  outport 
on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

"As  to  Railroad  facilities,  no  adequate 
idea  can  be  conveyed, — the  irrm  hart 
alreody  extend  to  Montreal,  Quebec,  and 
Portland  on  the  northeast ;  to  Boston,  New 
York,  &c.,  on  the  east;  to  Charleston  and  , 
Savannah  on  the  southeast,  and  to  Mo- 
bile and  New  Orleans  on  the  south — 
heing,  ere  long,  no  doubt  destined  to  have 
railroad  facilities  with  other  cities  to  the 
Gold  Regions  and  the  Pacific  ocean  on  the 
west ;  while  northward  a  railroad  hne  is 
finished  to  Green  Bay,  Wisconsin,  and 
anotiier  line  nearly  (vjmpleted  to  St.  Paul, 
Minnesota. 

"  Look  at  a  map  of  the  United  States 
and  Canada,  and  see  her  favored  position 
uear  the  centre  of  the  temperate  zone; 
while  east  and  west  she  lies  centrally 
between  the  Atlantic  and  eastern  slope 
of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  By  nature  she 
claims  pre-eminence  as  a  great  inland  city. 
Give  her  the  boon  she  asks  at  this  time, 
L'lnd  thfi  whole  Bepublic  will  be  beaefited, 


I     ',  r 


TRIP  THROUGH  THE  LAKES. 


J':  ,'i 


■t  I- 


;'|l;| 


inasmuch  as  it  will  afford  facilities  to  the 
far  West,  and  the  eastern  portions  of  our 
wide-extended  country.  Like  the  Erie 
canal,  it  will  even  tend  to  lessen  the  price 
of  provisions  in  foreign  markets,  and  at 
the  same  time  strengUien  and  enrich  our 
own  people,  North  and  South,  notwith- 
standing the  latter  are  now  in  open  rebel- 
lion." 

"A  late  writer  remarks,  'Chicago  is 
most  emphatically  the  city  of  the  West ; 
for  when  any  town  can  justly  claim  to  be 
the  greatest  market  for  grain,  beef,  pork, 
and  ifuraber  in  the  world,  then  we  may 
confidently  believe  that  all  else  that  en- 
ters into  the  composition  of  a  great  city 
will  gdiher  there  to  build  up,  if  not  the 
greatest,  one  of  the  most  important  cities 
of  the  continent.' " 

The  Illinois  and  Michigan  Canal,  con- 
necting Lake  Michigan  with  Illinois  Kiv- 
er,  which  is  sixty  feet  wide  at  the  top,  6 
feet  deep,  and  107  miles  in  length,  includ- 
ing five  miles  of  river  navigation,  termi- 
nates here,  through  which  is  brought  a 
large  amount  of  produce  from  the  south 
and  southwest;  and  the  numerous  rail- 
roads radiating  from  Chicago  add  to  the 
vast  accumulation  which  is  here  shipped 
for  the  Atlantic  sea-board.  Chicago  being 
within  a  short  distance  of  the  most  exten- 
-  sire  coal-fields  to  be  found  in  Illinois  and 
the  pineries  of  Michigan  and  Wisconsin, 
as  well  as  surrounded  by  the  finest  grain 
region  on  the  face  of  the  globe,  miskes  it 
the  natural  outlet  for  the  varied  and  rich 
produce  of  an  immense  section  of  fertile 
country. 
^  The  Great  Lako  Tunnel  at  Chicago,  for 
the  supply  of  pure  water,  has  already 
been  nearly  finished. 


RAILROADS  DIVEROINQ  FROM  CHICAGO. 

Miles. 
1.  Chicago,  Alton,  and  St.  Lends  Railroad. iSl 

8.  Chicago,  Jiurl/im^t<m,  and  Quincy 268 

8,  Chicago  and  Bock  Island 182 


H1I«B. 

4.  Chicago.  Fulton^  and  lotoa  (finished) 249 

6.  Chicago  and  Jvorth-  Western  (Chicago  to 
Green  Bay) 242 

6.  Chicago  and  Milwaukee 85 

7.  Cincinnati  and  Chicago  Air  Line 280 

8.  Galena  and  Chiatgo  Union*  (Chicago  to 

Preeport) 121 

9.  Illinois  Cent/  alf  (Chicago  to  Cairo) 865 

10.  Michigan  Central  (Detroit  to  Chicago).  ..2iS4 

11.  Michigan  Southern  and  Northern  Indt- 

ana  (Chicago  to  Toledo,  Ohio) 243 

12.  Pittsburgh,  Fort  Wayne, and  Chicago... 46S 

*  This  road  connects  with  the  Illinois  Central 
Railroad^  running  westward  to  Dunleith,  oppo- 
site Du  Uii«me,  Iowa, 
t  Illinois  ventral  Railroad  and  its  Branches: 

Cairo  to  Lasalle,  Main  Une 808  Miles. 

Lasalle  to  Dunleith,  Galena  Branch ....  147     " 
Chicago  to  Centralia,  Chicago  Branch.  .267     ** 

Total  length 722  Miles. 


DfstaDces  from  Chlcag^o  to 
iHackiiiac. 

Running  along  the  West  Shore  of  Lake 
Michigan. 

Ports.  Miles- 

CHI0A6O  to  Waukegan,  111 85 

Kenosha,  Wis 16    51 

Eacine,  Wis 11    62 

Milwaukee,  Wis 23    8? 

Fort  Washington,  Wis 26  110 

Sheboygan,  Wis 25  185 

Manitowoc,  Wis 30  165 

Two  Rivers,  Wis T  172 

Kewaunee,  Wis 22  1D4 

Anheepee,  Wis 11  205 

Bayley's  Harbor 86  240 

Death^s  Door *20  260 

(To  Green  Bay  80  miles.) 

Washington  Hnrhor,  Mich 13  273 

Rock  Island,  Mich 7  2b0 

Beaver  Island,  Mich 67  84T 

Pt.  Waugoshance,  Mich 80  All 

Old  Mackinac,  Mich 15  '.VJ2 

Mackinac,  Mich 8  400 


Mackinac  to  De  Tonr  Passage 

De  Tour  to  Saut  Ste.  Marie • 

Mackinac  to  St.  Clair  River  (Fort  Gratiot) 

Fort  Gratiot  to  Detroit 

Fort  Grdtioi  lo  Saginaw  City 

Fort  Gratiot  to  Goderlch,  C.  W 


se 

56 
240 

(50 
150 

CO 


t,  ii.  :   :.'"li. 


H11«B. 

lago  to 
.:.... 242 

86 

2B0 

eago  to 
..:..-. 121 

) 865 

ago)...  284 
n  Jiidt- 

248 

cago..A6i 

>i8  Central 
leith,  oppo- 

Branches: 
.808  Miles. 
,.14T     " 
..26T     " 

..722MlleB. 


ag^o  to 


tof  Lake 


i».. 

.«." 


NAVAL   VESSELS   ON   THE   LAKES. 


r  ■  HAVAI  VESSELS  OK  THE  LAKES.  ' 


Mississippi  and  Lake  Mighiqan  Canal. 


83 


M',n:'\fK 


A  Report  has  recently  been  made  in 
relation  to  the  practicability,  cost,  and 
military  and  commercial  advantages  of 
opening  a  passage  for  gunboats  and 
armed  vessels  from  the  Mississippi  to  the 
Lalces,  by  improving  the  navigation  of  the 
Illinois  River,  and  enlarging  the  Illinois 
and  Michigan  Canal.  The  following  is 
an  extract  from  the  above  Report ; 

"  The  Great  Lakes  and  the  Mississippi 
River  are  among  the  grandest  features  of 
the  geography  of  the  globe.  Their  names 
are  at  once  suggestive  of  commercial  and 
agricultural  wealth  and  national  great- 
ness. No  such  systems  of  internal  navi- 
gation exist  e-sewhere  in  the  world. 
The  most  carefu '.  and  accurate  statements 
of  their  present  uses  for  commercial  pur- 
poses are  truly  wonderful,  while  the  mag- 
nificent future  to  which  enlightened 
enterprise  may  lead^  tasks  the  strongest 
imagination. 

"  The  Mississippi  system  of  navigable 
waters  is  variously  estimated  at  from 
10,000  to  20,000  miles.  Its  numerous 
ramifications  penetrate  a  country  of  un- 
rivalled fertility,  and  in  many  parts  abound- 
ing in  useful  metals.  On  the  Lakes,  we 
have  a  coast  of  3,500  miles.  Their  com- 
merce is  estimated  at  the  value  of  $400, 
000,000,  'in  articles  of  prime  necessity 
to  the  inhabitants  of  the  Eastern  States, 
and  to  our  foreign  commerce.'  That  of 
the  Mississippi,  in  peaceful  times,  is  sup- 
posed to  equal  this.  It  is  the  union  of 
these  two  mighty  systems  that  we  con- 
template in  the  proposed  improvement. 

"For  this  purpose  no  other  route  exists 
comparable  to  the  line  now  proposed,  in 
the  economy  of  cost  of  the  improvement, 
or  in  general  utility.  It  is  one  of  nature^ 
highways— one  of  the  lines  which  she 


marks  out  for  the  gnidance  of  the  great 
emigrant  movements  of  the  race,  and  by 
which  topogp-aphy  foretells  the  march  of 
empire.  The  aboriginal  savage  travelled 
it  by  instinct,  and  now  educated  intelli> 
gence  can  find  no  better  place  for  com- 
pleting and  uniting  hues  of  travel  and 
traffic  embracing  hsdf  a  continent." 

Estimate  for  a  Ship  and  Steamboat  Canal 
from  Lake  Michigan  to  the  Illinois  River, 
and  the  improvement  of  the  Illinois  River 
to  the  Mississippi  River ;  the  canal  to  be 
160  feet  wide  on  the  bottom,  sides  pro- 
tected with  stone  waUs  10  feet  high ;  the 
canal  and  river  locks  to  be  350  feet  long 
and  70  feet  wide,  with  depth  of  water 
suCBcient  to  pass  steamboats  and  vessels 
drawing  six  feet  of  water;  the  canal  to 
be  supplied  with  water  from  Lake  Michi- 
gan. 

Chicago  to  Lockport,  29  miles. 
The  estimated  cost  of  eon^h  and  rock 
exrayation  on  the  summit  level  from     .■^,  .  , 
Chicago  to  Loclcport,  with  walls  on 
both  sides  10  feet  through  the  earth, 

Is $7,092,700 

Lockport  to  Lasalle,  67  miles : 
The  estimated  cost  of  canal  to  Lake 
Jollet,  and  shor-  canals  at  16  lucks,        -' 
wnlled  on  both  sides ;  also  six  stone 
dams,  6U0  feet  long,  eleven  canal  and 
five  river  locks,  each  350  feet  long  and 
70  feet  wide— making  138  feet  of  lock- 
age between  Lockport  and  Lasalle — is    4,081,003 
Lasalle  to  the  Mississippi  Biver,  220 
mi^f'S : 
The  cost  of  seven  tree  and  crib  dams, 
900  feet  long,  the  cribs  to  be  ftiled 
with  stone,  aiid  stone  abutments ;  also 
seven  stone  locks,  350  feet  long,  and 
70  feet  wi<ie,    with    entrances    pro- 
tected, and  insuring  a  depth  of  water 
on  all  bars,  to  pass  the   Lirgest  class 
steamboats  and  vesse.d  drawing  six 

feet,  will  be 1,645,000 

Add  for  bridges,  right  of  way,  engine«rr- 
ing,  contingencies,  &e 578,032 

Total 113,346,834 


!*! 


t'  ' .  ■ 
!■  ■  1 


\  i 


1        'e 


ifr.'A'  '^i. 


^•^rjsfTrr^T^ 


::■(' 


$4 


TRIP    THROUGH    THE    LAKKP. 


U.  S.  Naval  Yessels  on  Lake  Erie, 
1812  TO  1815. 


1812 
1812 
1812 
1812 
1812 
1812 
1812 
1813 
1818 
1818 
1813 
1815 


yams.            Class.    Guns. 

Where  bnilt, 

Amelia,         schooner      1 

Erie,  Pa. 

Ariel,                  "             4. 

Purchased 

Caledonia,         brig         if 

Captured 

Scorpion,       schooner     2 

Purchased 

Somors,              "            2 

u 

Trippe.            sloop         1 

l> 

Tigress,        schooner       1 

Erie,  Pa. 

Lawrence,       brig         20 

u 

Niagara,             •*            20 

w 

Ohio,            schooner      1 

il 

Porcupine,         "             1 

tl 

Ghent,               "            1 

u 

Total  Guns,  5T 

Note. — At  the  conclusion  of  the  war 
with  Great  Britain,  this  squadron,  witli 
the  exception  of  two  small  vessels,  and 
the  prizes  captured  by  the  above  fleet, 
under  Com.  Perry,  Sept.  10,  1813,  were 
dismantled  and  laid  up  at  Erie,  Penn.,  and 
all  subsequently  condemned  and  sold, 
some  having  been  sunk,  with  a  view  to 
their  better  preservation. 

In  1844,  the  U.  S.  steamer  Michigan, 
583  tons,  was  built  at  Erie,  Pa.,  and  is 
now  in  commission  on  the  Upper  Lakes. 


EOTJTE  FROM  CHICAGO  TO  MACKIKAC  AND  SAUT  STE.  MAEIE. 

very  great ;  the  carrying  trade  being 
destined  to  increase  in  proportionate 
ratio  with  the  population  and  wealth 
pouring  into  this  favored  section  of 
the  Union. 

On  reaching  the  green  waters  of 
Lake  Michigan,  the  city  of  Chicago 
is   seen  stretching  along  the  shore 
for  four  or  five  miles,  presenting  a 
fine   appearance   from  the  deck  of  the 
steamer.    Tlie  entrance  to  the  harbor  at 
the  bar  is  about  200  feet  wide.     The  bar 
has  from  ten  to  twelve  feet  water,  the 
lake  being  subject  to  about  two  feet  rise 
and  fall.     The  steamers  bound  for  Mil- 
waukee and  the  northern  ports  usually 
run  along  the  west  shore  of  the  lake  with- 
in sight  of  land,  the  banks  rising  from 
thirty  to  fifty  feet  above  the  water. 

Lake  Michigan  is  about  seventy  miles 
average  width,  and  340  .i.iles  in  extent 
from  Michigan  City,  Ind.,  on  the  south,  to 
the  Strait  of  Mackinac  on  the  north ;  it 
presents  a  great  expanse  of  water,  now 
traversed  by  steamers  and  other  vessels 
of  a  large  class,  runn-  to  the  Saut  Ste. 
Marie  and  Lake  Superioi  to  Collingwood 
and  Goderich,  Can. ;  to  L\  troit,  Midi. ;  to 
Cleveland,  Oh'O,  and  to  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 
From  Chicago  to  Bv.ffalo  the  distance  is 
about  1,000  miles  by  water;  while  from 


On  starting  from  the  steamboat  wharf 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Chicago  River,  the 
Marine  Hospital  and  depot  of  the  Illinois 
Central  Railroad  are  passed  on  the  right, 
while  the  Lake  House  and  lumber-yards 
are  seen  on  the  left  or  north  side  of  the 
stream.  The  government  piers,  long 
wooden  structures,  afford  a  good  entrance 
to  the  harbor;  a  light-house  has  been 
constructed  on  the  outer  end  of  the  north 
pier,  to  guide  vessels  to  the  port. 

The  basin  completed  by  the  Illinois 
Central  Railroad  to  facilitate  commerce  is 
a  substantial  work,  extending  southward 
for  nearly  half  a  mile.  It  affords  ample 
accommodation  for  loading  and  unloading 
vessels,  and  transferring  the  freight  to 
and  from  the  railroad  cars. 

The  number  of  steamers,  propellers, 
and  sailing  vessels  annually  arriving  and 
departing  from  the  harbor  of  Chicago  is 


ROUTF.    FRUM    CHICAOO    TO    MACKINAC    AND    SAUT    STB.    MARIS. 


85 


Chicago  to  Superior  City,  at  the  head  of 
Lake  Superior,  or  Fond  du  Lac,  the  dis- 
tance is  about  the  same,  thus  uSbrding 
two  excursions  of  1,000  miles  each,  over 
three  of  the  great  lakes  or  inland  seas  of 
America^  in  steamers  of  from  1,000  to 
2,000  tons  burden.  During  the  summer 
and  early  autumn  mouths  the  waters  of 
this  lake  are  comparatively  calm,  afford- 
ing safe  navigation.  But  late  in  the  year, 
and  during  the  winter  and  early  spring 
months,  the  navigation  of  this  and  the 
other  great  lakes  is  very  dangerous. 

Waukbgan,  Lake  Co.,  111.,  36  miles 
north  of  Chicago,  is  handsomely  situated 
on  elevated  ground,  gradually  rising  to  50 
or  60  feet  above  the  water.  Here  are 
two  piers,  a  light-house,  several  large 
storehouses,  and  a  neat  and  thriving  town 
containing  about  5,000  inhabitants,  six 
churches,  a  bank,  several  well-kept  hotels, 
thirty  stores,  and  two  steam-flouring 
mills. 

Kenosha,  Wis.,  52  miles  from  Chicago, 
is  elevated  30  or  40  feet  above  the  lake. 
Here  are  a  small  harbor,  a  light-house, 
storeliouses,  mills,  etc.  The  town  has  a 
population  of  about  6,000  inhabitants, 
surrounded  by  a  fine  back  country.  Here 
is  a  good  hotel,  a  bank,  several  churches, 
and  a  number  of  stores  and  manufactur- 
ing establishments  doing  a  large  amount 
of  business.  The  Kenosha  and  Rockford 
Railroad,  73  miles,  connects  at  the  latter 
place  with  a  railroad  running  to  Madison, 
the  capital  of  the  State,  and  also  to  the 
Mississippi  River. 

The  City  of  Racinh,  Wis.,  62  miles  from 
Chicago  and  /"i  miles  south  of  Milwaukee, 
is  built  ou  »ii  elevation  some  forty  or 
lifty  feet  above  tiie  surface  of  the  lake. 
It  is  a  beautiful  and  flourishing  place. 
Here  are  a  light-house,  piers,  storehouses, 
etc.,  situated  near  the  water,  while  the 
city  contains  some  tine  public  buildingH 
and  private  residences.  The  population 
iH  about  10,000,  and  ia  rapidly  increasing. 
Racine  is  the  second  city  in  the  State  in 


commerce  and  population,  and  possessea 
a  tine  harbor.  Here  are  located  the 
county  buildings,  fourteen  churches,  seve- 
ral hotels.  Congress  Hall  being  the  largest; 
elevators,  warehouses,  and  numerous 
ptores  of  different  kinds. 

The  Racine  and  Mississippi  Railroad  ex- 
tends from  this  place  to  the  Mississippi 
River  at  Savanna,  142  miles.  The  Chica- 
go and  Milwaukee  Railroad  also  runa 
through  the  town,  near  the  Lake  Shore. 


UILWAUKSC     HABBOB. 

Miliraukee,  *'  Tub  Cream  City," 
86  miles  from  Chicago,  by  railroad  and 
steamboat  route,  is  handsomely  situated 
on  rising  ground  on  botli  sides  of  the  Mil- 
waukee River,  at  its  entrance  into  Lake 
Michigan.  In  front  of  the  city  is  a  bay  or 
indentation  of  the  lake,  affording  a  good 
harbor,  except  in  strong  easterly  gales. 
The  harbor  is  now  being  improved,  and  will 
doubtless  be  rendered  "ocure  at  all  times 
of  the  season.  The  river  affords  an  ox- 
tensive  water-power,  capable  of  giving 
motion  to  macliinery  of  almost  any  re- 
quired ainount.     The  city   is  built  upon 


■t 


Iff 


86 


KiJ.   .at; 


TRIP  THROUGH  THE  LAKES. 


^«.■i 


1     111     i 


beautifhl  slopes,  descending  toward  the 
river  and  lake.  It  has  a  United  States 
Custom  House  and  Post-Office  building; 
a  court  house,  city  hall,  a  United  States 
land-office,  the  University  Institute,  a 
college  for  females,  three  academies,  three 
orphan  asylums,  forty-five  churches,  sev- 
eral well-kept  hotels,  the  Newhall  House 
and  the  Walker  House  being  the  most 
frequented;  seven  banks,  six  insurance 
companies,  a  Chamber  of  Commerce,  ele- 
vators, extensive  ranges  of  'Stores,  and 
several  large  manufacturing  establish- 
ments. The  city  is  lighted  with  gas,  and 
well  supplied  with  good  water.  Its  ex- 
ports of  lumber,  agricultural  produce,  etc. 
are  immense,  giving  profitable  employment 
to  a  large  number  of  steamers  and  other 
lake  craft,  running  to  difierent  ports  on 
the  Upper  Lakes,  Detroit,  Buffalo,  etc. 
The  growth  of  this  city  has  been  astou- 
isbing ;  twenty  years  since  its  site  was  a 
wilderness;  now  it  contains  over  60,000 
inhabitants,  and  of  a  class  inferior  to  no 
section  of  the  Union  for  intelligence,  so- 
briety, and  mdustry. 

The  future  of  Milwaukee  it  is  hard  to 
predict;  here  are  centring  numerous  rail- 
roads finished  and  in  course  of  construc- 
tion, extending  south  to  Chicago,  west  to 
the  Mississippi  River,  and  north  to  Lake 
Superior,  which,  in  connection  with  the 
Detroit  and  Milwaukee  Railroad,  termin- 
ating at  Grand  Haven,  85  miles  distant  by 
water,  and  the  lines  of  steamers  running 
to  this  port,  will  altogetlier  give  an  im- 
petus to  this  favored  city,  blessed  with  a 
good  climate  and  soil,  which  the  future 
alone  can  reveal. 

During  the  past  few  years  an  unusual 
number  of  fine  buildings  have  been  erected, 
and  the  commerce  of  the  port  has  amount- 
ed to  $60, 000, 000.  The  bay  of  Milwaukee 
offers  the  best  advantages  for  the  con- 
struction of  a  harbor  of  refuge  of  any 
point  on  Lake  Michigan.  The  city  has  ex- 
pended over  $100,000  iu  the  construction 
of  a  harbor;  this  needs  extension  and 


completion,  which  will  no  doubt  be 
effected. 

The  approach  to  Milwaukee  harbor  by 
water  is  very  imposing,  lying  between 
two  headlands  covered  with  rich  foliage, 
and  dotted  with  residences  indicating 
comfort  and  refinement  not  to  be  exceed- 
ed on  the  banks  of  the  Hudson  or  any 
other  body  of  water  in  the  land.  This 
city,  no  doubt,  is  destined  to  become 
the  favored  residence  of  opulent  families, 
who  are  fond  of  congregating  in  favored 
localities. 

The  Granaries  of  Minkesota  and 
Wisconsin. — ^The  La  Crosse  Democrat 
speaks  as  follows  of  the  great  strides  of 
agriculture  in  a  region  which  ten  years 
ago  was  a  wilderness.    It  says: 

"  We  begin  to  think  that  the  granaries 
of  Minnesota  and  Northwestern  Wiscon- 
sin will  never  give  out;  there  is  no  end 
to  the  amount,  judgibg  from  the  heavy 
loads  the  steamers  continually  land  at 
the  depot  of  the  La  Crosse  and  Milwaukee 
Railroad.  Where  does  it  all  come  from? 
is  the  frequent  inquiry  of  people.  We 
can  hardly  tell.  It  seems  impossible  that 
there  can  be  much  more  left,  yet  steam- 
boat men  tell  us  that  the  grain  is  not 
near  all  hauled  to  the  shipping  points 
on  the  river.  What  will  this  country  be 
ten  years  hence,  at  this  rate?  Imagine 
the  amount  of  transportation  that  will  be- 
come necessary  to  carry  the  produce  of 
the  upper  country  to  market.  It  is  hard 
to  state  what  will  be  the  amount  of  ship- 
ments of  grain  this  season  (1863),  but  it 
will  be  well  into  the  millions." 


Railroads  running  prom  Milwaukee. 

Detroit  and  Milwaukee  (Grand  Haven 
to  Detroit,  189  miles),  connecting  with 
steamers  on  Lake  Michigan. 

La  Crosse  and  Milwaukee,  200  miles, 
connecting  with  steamers  on  the  Upper 
Mississippi. 


•; 


FROM    CHICAGO    TO    MACKINAC    AND    SAUT   8TE.    MARIK. 


87 


Milwaukee  and,  Prairie  du  Chien,  192 
miles,  connecting  with  steamers  on  the 
Misaissippi  River. 

Milwaukee  and  Horicon^  93  miles.   ''- 

Milwaukee  and  Western^  11  miles. 

Milwaukee  and  Chicago,  85  miles;  also, 
the  Pviver  and  Lake  Shore  City  Railway, 
running  from  the  entrance  of  the  harbor 
to  different  parts  of  the  city. 

Port  Washington,  Ozaukee  Co.,  Wis., 
25  miles  north  of  Milwaukee,  is  a  flour- 
ishing place,  and  capital  of  the  county. 
The  village  contains,  besides  the  public 
buildings,  several  churches  and  hotels, 
twelve  stores,  three  mills,  an  iron  found- 
ry, two  breweries,  and  other  manufac- 
tories. The  population  is  about  2,500. 
Here  is  a  good  steamboat  landing,  from 
which  large  quantities  of  produce  are  an- 
nually shipped  to  Chicago  and  other  lake 
ports. 

Sheboygan,  Wis.,  50  miles  north  of 
Milwaukee  and  130  miles  from  Chicago, 
is  a  thriving  place,  containing  about  6,000 
inhabitants.  Here  are  seven  churches, 
several  public-houses  and  stores,  together 
with  a  light-house  and  piers ;  the  harbor 
being  improved  by  government  works. 
Large  quantities  of  lumber  and  agricul- 
tural products  are  shipped  from  this  port. 
The  country  in  the  interior  is  fast  set- 
tling with  agriculturists,  the  soil  and  cli- 
mate being  good.  A  railroad  nearly  com- 
pleted runs  from  this  place  to  Fond  du 
Lao,  42  miles  west,  lying  at  the  head  of 
Lake  Winnebago. 

Manitouwoc,  Wis.,  (TO  miles  north  of 
Milwaukee  and  33  miles  east  from  Green 
Bay,  is  an  important  shipping  port.  It 
contains  about  2,500  inhabitants;  five 
churches,  several  public-houses,  twelve 
stores,  besides  several  storehouses ;  three 
steam  saw-mills,  two  ship-yards,  light- 
house, and  pier.  Large  quantities  of  lum- 
ber are  annually  shipped  from  this  port. 
The  harbor  is  being  improved  so  as  to  af- 
ford a  refuge  for  vessels  during  stormy 
weather. 


"  Manitouwoc  is  the  most  northern  of 
the  harbors  of  Lake  Michigan  improved  by 
the  United  States  government.  It  de- 
rives additional  importance  from  the  fact 
that,  when  completed,  it  will  afford  the 
first  point  of  refuge  from  storms  for  ship- 
ping bound  from  any  of  the  other  great 
lakes  to  this,  or  to  the  most  southern  ports 
of  Lake  Michigan." 

Two  Rivers,  Wis.,  seven  miles  north 
from  Manitouwoc,  is  a  new  and  thriving 
place  at  the  entrance  of  the  conjoined 
streams  (from  which  the  place  takes  its 
name)  into  Lake  Michigan.  Two  piers 
are  here  erected,  one  on  each  side  of  the 
river;  also  a  ship-yard,  an  extensive 
leather  manufacturing  company,  chair  and 
pail  factory,  and  three  steam  saw-mills. 
The  village  contains  about  2,000  inhabi- 
tants. 

Kewaunbb,  Wis.,  25  miles  north  of  Two 
Rivers  and  102  miles  from  Milwaukee,  is 
a  small  shipping  town,  where  are  situated 
several  saw-mills  and  lumber  establish- 
ments. Green  Bay  is  situated  about  25 
miles  due  west  from  this  place.  "'^    ,'; 

Ahnebpee,  12  miles  north  of  Kewaunee, 
is  a  lumbering  village,  situated  at  the 
mouth  of  Ahneepee,  containing  about 
1,000  inhabitants.  The  back  country  here 
assumes  a  wild  appearance,  the  forest 
trees  being  mostly  pine  and  hemlock. 

Gibraltar,  or  Bailey's  Harbor,  is  a 
good  natural  port  of  refuge  for  sailing 
craft  when  overtaken  by  storms.  Here  is 
a  settlement  of  some  400  or  500  inhabi- 
tants, mostly  being  engaged  in  fishing  and 
lumbering. 

Port  des  Morts  or  Death's  Door,  th% 
entrance  to  Green  Bay,  is  passed  20  miles 
north  of  Bailey's  Harbor,  DetrQ/i  J/slandi 
lying  to  the  northward. 

Pottowatomeb,  or  Wa^h^nqton  Isl- 
and, is  a  fine  body  of  land  attached  to 
the  State  of  Michigan ;  alsOj  Rock  Islandjj 
situated  a  shcprt.  ^i,stance  to  the  north* 
(See  rouiQ  (fy  Qreen  Bay^  <ko.\. 


I 


m 


1 1 

1^ 


88 


TRIP  THUOUOH  THE  LAKES. 


<.\i.  % 


lilii 


lIBrili  "■ 


On  leaving  Tkao  Rivers,  the  steamers 
passing  through  the  Straits  usually  run 
for  the  Manitou  Islands,  Mich.,  a  distance 
of  about  100  miles.  Soon  after  the  last 
vestige  of  land  sinks  below  the  horizon 
on  the  west  shore,  the  vision  catches  the 
dim  outline  of  coast  on  the  east  or  Michi- 
gan shore  at  Point  aux  Bee  Scies,  which 
is  about  30  miles  south  of  the  Big  Mani- 
tou Island.  From  this  point,  passing 
northward  by  Sleeping  Bear  Point,  a  sin- 
gular shaped  headland  looms  up  to  the 
view.  It  is  said  to  resemble  a  sleeping 
bear.  The  east  shore  of  Lake  Michigan 
presents  a  succession  of  high  sand-banks 
for  many  miles,  while  inland  are  numer- 
ous small  bays  and  lakes. 

LrPTLB,  or  South  Manitou  Islakd,  260 
miles  from  Chicago,  and  110  miles  from 
Mackinac,  lies  on  the  Michigan  side  of 
the  lake,  and  is  the  first  island  encoun- 
tered on  proceeding  northward  from  Chi- 
cago. It  rises  abruptly  on  the  west 
shore  3  or  300  feet  from  the  water's  edge, 
sloping  toward  the  east  shore,  on  which 
is  a  light-house  and  a  fine  harbor.  Here 
steamers  stop  for  wood.  Big  or  North 
Manitou  is  nearly  twice  as  large  as  the 
former  island,  and  contains  about  14,000 
acres  of  land.  Both  islands  are  settled 
by  a  few  famiUes,  whose  principal  occu- 
pation is  fishing  and  cutting  wood  for  the 
use  of  steamers  and  sailing  vessels. 

Fox  Islands,  50  miles  north  from  South 
Manitou,  consist  of  three  small  islands 
lying  near  the  middle  of  Lake  Michigan, 
which  is  here  about  60  miles  wide.  On 
the  west  is  the  entrance  to  Green  Bay, 
on  the  east  is  the  entrance  to  Grand  Trav- 
erse Bay,  and  immediately  to  the  north  is 
the  entrance  to  Little  Traverse  Bay. 

Great  and  Little  Beaver  Islands 
lying  about  midway  between  the  Manitou 
Islands  and  Mackinac,  are  largo  and  fer- 
tile bodies  of  land,  formerly  occupied  by 
Mormons,  who  had  here  their  most  east 
em  settlement. 

Garden  and  HoG  Islands  are  next  pass 


ed  before  reaching  the  Strait  of  Mackinac^ 
which,  opposite  Old  fort  Mackinac,  is 
about  six  miles  in  width.  The  site  of 
Old  Fort  Mackinac  is  on  the  south  main 
or  Michigan  shore,  directly  opposite  Point 
Ste.  Ignace,on  the  north  main  shore.  St. 
Helena  Island  lies  at  the  entrance  of  the 
strait  from  the  south,  distant  about  fifteen 
miles  from  Mackinac. 

Old  Fort  Mackinac,*  now  called  Mac- 
kinac City,  is  an  important  and  interesting 
location;  it  was  formerly  fortified  and 
garrisoned  for  the  protection  of  the  strait 
and  this  section  of  country,  when  in- 
habited almost  exclusively  by  various 
tribes  of  Indians.  This  place  can  be 
easily  reached  by  sail-boat  from  the  island 
of  Mackinac. 

Pte.  lb  Gros  Cap,  lying  to  the  west 
of  old  Fort  Mackinac,  is  a  picturesque  head- 
land well  worthy  of  a  visit. 

The  Strait  op  Mackinac  is  from  five 
to  twenty  miles  in  width,  and  extends 
east  and  west  abor^  fortv  miles,  embosom- 
ing  several  important  islands  besides 
Mackinac  Island,  the  largest  being  Bois 
Blanc  Island,  lying  near  the  head  of 
Lake  Huron.  Between  this  island  and 
the  main  north  shore  the  steamer  Garden 
City  was  wrecked,  May  16,  1854;  her 
upper  works  were  still  visible  from  the 
deck  of  the  passing  steamer  in  the  fall  of 
the  same  year. 

Grossb  Ile  St.  Martin  .and  He  St. 
Martin  lie  within  the  waters  of  the  strait, 
eight  or  ten  miles  north  of  the  island  of 
Mackinac,  In  the  neighborhood  of  these 
difierent  islands  are  the  favorite  fishing- 
grounds  both  of  the  Indian  and  the  "pale 
face." 

macklnaCf  the  Town  and  Fortress,  i^ 
most  beautifully  situated  on  the  east  shore 
of  the  island,  and  extends  for  h  distance 
of  about  one  mile  along  the  water's  edge, 
and  haB  a  fine  harbor  protected  by  a 

*  Settled  by  the  Frencl^  under  Father  Marquette 
In  1670.  - 


? 


FROM    CHICAGO    TO    MACKINAC    AND    SALT    8TE.    MARIS. 


a« 


water  battery.  This  important  island  and 
fortress  is  situated  in  N.  lat.  45*^  64",  W. 
Ion.  84"  30'  from  Grreenwich,  being  seven 
degrees  thirty  minutes  west  from  Wash- 
ington. It  is  350  miles  north  from  Chica- 
go, 100  miles  south  of  Saut  Ste.  Marie  by 
the  steamboat  route,  and  about  300  miles 
northwest  from  Detroit.  Fori  Mackinac, 
(Tiirrisoned  by  U.  States  troops,  stands  on 
elevated  ground,  aboutteOO  feet  above  the 
water,  overlooking  the  picturesque  town 
and  harbor  below.  In  the  rear,  about 
half  a  mile  distant  stand  the  r  uins  of  old 
Fort  Holmes,  situated  on  the  highest  poiut 
of  land,  at  an  elevation  of  320  feet  above 
the  water,  affording  an  extensive  view. 

The  town  contains  two  churches,  five 
hotels,  ten  or  twelve  stores,  100  dwelling- 
hcuses,  and  about  700  inhabitants.  The 
climate  is  remarkably  healthy  and  delight- 
ful during  the  summer  months,  when  this 
favored  retreat  is  usually  thronged  with 
visitors  from  diflFerent  parts  of  the  Union, 
while  the  Indian  warriors,  their  squaws  and 
their  children,  are  seen  lingering  around 
this  their  favorite  island  and  lishing-ground. 

The  Island  of  Mackinac,  lying  in  the 
Strait  of  Mackinac,  is  about  three  miles 
long  and  two  miles  wide.  It  contains 
many  deeply  interesting  points  of  attrac- 
tion in  addition  to  the  village  and  fortress ; 
the  prmcipal  natural  curiosities  are  known 
as  the  Arched  Rock,  Sugar  Loaf,  Lover's 
Leap,  Devil's  Kitchen,  Robinson's  Folly, 
and  other  objects  of  interest  well  worthy 


the  attention  of  the  tourist.  The  Mission 
House  and  Inland  House  are  the  principal 
hotels,  while  there  are  several  other  good 
public-houses  for  the  accommodation  of 
visitors. 

Island  of  Mackinac. — ^The  view  given 
represents  the  Island,  approaching  from 
the  eastward.    "  A  cliff  of  limestone,  white 
and  weather-beaten,  with  a  narrow  allu- 
vial plain  skirting  its  base,  is  the  first 
thing  which  commands  attention;"   but, 
on  nearing  the  harbor,  the  village  (2), 
with  its  many  picturesque  dwellings,  and 
the  fortress  (3),  perched  near  the  summit 
of  the  Island,  are  gazed  at  with  wonder 
and  delight.    The  promontory  on  the  left 
is  called  the  "  Lover's  Leap"  (1),  skirted 
by    a  pebbly    beach,   extending    to  the 
v'Uage.     On  the  right  is  seen  a  bold  rocky 
precipice,   called   ^^  Jiobinson's  Folly^^  (5), 
while  in  the  same  direction  is  a  singular 
peak  of  nature  called  the  ''  Sugar  Loafy 
Still  farther  onward,  the    "  Arched  Rocky 
and  other  interesting  sight",  meet  the  eye 
of  the  explorer,  affording  pleasure  and  de- 
light, particularly  to  the  scientific  traveller 
and  lover  of   nature.      On  the   highest 
ground,  elevated  320  foot  above  the  waters 
of  the  Strait,  is  the  signal  station  (4),  situ- 
ated near  the  ruins  of  old  Fort  Holmes. 

The  settlement  of  this  Island  was  com- 
menced in  1764:.  In  1793  it  was  surren- 
dered to  the  American  government ;  taken 
by  the  British  in  1812;  but  restored  by 
the  treaty  of  Ghent,  signed  in  Nov.,  1814 


fk 


If 


J 

mm 


90 


.•smt.m  .'i 


TRIP   THROUGH   THE   LAKES. 


''J'Wl 


i-,^fe<ja4'';.A,9*- 


•tife' 


.i: ,  t   ■  -lEii! 


The  fjover'f  licap.— Magkinao 
Island. — The  huge  rock  called  the  "  Lov- 
er's Leap,"  is  situated  about  one  mile  west 
of  the  village  of  Mackinac.  It  is  a  high 
perpendicular  bluff,  150  to  200  feet  in 
height,  rising  boldly  from  the  shore  of  the 
Lake.  A  solitary  pine-tree  formerly 
stood  upon  its  brow,  which  some  Vandal 
has  cut  down. 

Long  before  the  pale  faces  profaned  this 
island  home  of' the  Genii,  Me-che-ne-mock- 
e-nung-o-qua,  a  young  Ojibway  girl,  just 
maturing  into  womanhood,  often  wander- 
ed there,  and  gazed  from  its  dizzy  heights 
and  witnessed  the  receding  canoes  of  the 
large  war  parties  of  the  combined  bands 
of  the  Ojibways  and  Ottawas,  speeding 
South,  seeking  for  fame  and  scalps. 

It  was  there  she  often  sat,^  mused,  and 
hummed  the  songs  Gre-niw-e-gwon  loved ; 
this  spot  was  endeared  to  her,  for  it  was 
there  that  she  and  Ge-niw-e-gwon  first 
met  and  exchanged  words  of  love,  and 
found  an  affinity  of  souls  or  spirits  exist- 
ing between  them.  It  was  there  she  often 
sat  and  sang  the  Ojibway  love  song — 

.    "  Mong-e-do-gwain,  in-de-naln-dum, 
Mong-e-do-gwain,  in-de-nain-dum ; 
Wain-shung-ish-ween,  neen-e-ino-sbane,  , 
Waln-shung-ish-ween,  neen-o-mo-shane, 
A-nee-wau- wau-sau-bo-a-zode, 
'      A-ne6-wau- wau-sau-bo-a-zode." 
■'  •'  '  -'  ^ 

I  give  but  one  verse,  which  may  be 
translated  as  follows : 

A  loon,  I  thought  was  looming, 

A  loon,  I  thought  was  looming; 

Why!  it  is  he,  my  lover, 

Why  Tit  is  he,  my  lover. 

His  paddle,  in  the  waters  gleaming; 

His  paddle  in  the  waters  gleaming. 

From  this  bluff  she  often  watched  and 
listened  for  the  return  of  the  war  parties, 
for  amongst  them  she  knew  was  Ge-niw-e- 
gwon  ;  his  head  decorated  with  war-eagle 
plumes,  which  none  but  a  brave  could 
sport.  The  west  wind  often  wafted  far 
in  advance  the  shouts  of  victory  and 
death,  as  they  shouted  and  sang  upon 
leaving  Pe-quot-e-nong  (old  Mackinac),  to 


make  thd  traverse  to  the  Spirit,  or  Fairie 
Island. 

One  season,  when  the  war  party  re- 
turned,  she  could  not  distinguish  his  fa- 
miliar and  loved  war-shout  Her  thinking 
spirit,  or  soul  (presentiment)  told  her  that 
he  had  gone  to  the  Spirit  Land  of  the 
west.  It  v\  as  so,  an  enemy's  arrow  had 
pierced  his  breasji  and  after  his  body 
was  placed  leaning  against  a  tree,  his  face 
fronting  his  enemies  he  died;  but  ere  he 
died  he  wished  the  mourning  warriors  to 
remember  him  to  the  sweet  maid  of  his 
heart.  Thus  he  died  far  away  from  hcHue 
and  the  friends  he  loved. 

Me-che-ne-mock-e-nung-o-qua's  heart 
hushed  its  beatings,  and  all  the  warm 
emotions  of  that  heart  were  chilled  and 
dead.  The  moving,  living  spirit  or  soul 
of  her  beloved  Ge-niw-e-gwon  she  witnes- 
sed, continually  beckoning  he|  to  follow 
him  to  the  happy  hunting  grounds  of 
spirits  in  the  west — he  appeared  to  her  in 
human  shape,  but  was  invisible  to  others 
of  his  tribe.        ^  , 

One  morning  her  body  was  found  man- 
gled at  the  foot  of  the  bluff.  The  soul  had 
thrown  aside  its  covering  of  earth,  and 
had  gone  to  join  the  spirit  of  her  beloved 
Ge-niw-e-gwon,  to  travel  together  to  the 
land  of  spirits,  realizing  the  glories  and 
bliss  of  a  future,  eternal  existence. 

Yours,  Ac, 
.       Wm.  M.  J****** 


ALTITUDE  OP  VARIOUS    POINTS  ON  ISLAND 
OF  MACKINAC. 

r^^^im^^  Above  Abovo 

LocaUttet.  Lake  Huron,  the  Se  . 

Lake  Huron OOOfeet.  674  foot. 

Fort  Mackinac 160    "  724    " 

Old  Fort  Holmes 815   "  889   " 

Robinson's  Folly 128    "  702    " 

Chimney  Rock 181    "  705   ** 

Top  of  Arched  Rock 140   "  714    " 

Lovers  Leap 146   *•  719   " 

Summit  of  Sugar  Loaf...   .    284   "  858    ** 

Principal  Plateau  of  Mack-  )    iaa   u  toa    <* 

Inac  Island f  ^'^  *^ 

Upper  Plateau 800   "  874   '^ 

La  Cloche  Mountnin,north  ( ^  ann  u  i  ii±  u 

■ide  L»ke  Huron,  C.  W.  T'  ' 


FROM    CHICAGO    TO    MACKINAC    AND    8AUT    STB.    MARIE. 


VI 


Tho  whe'ie  Islanol  of  Mackinac  is  deeply 
intorestinr;  to  the  scientific  explorer,  as 
well  as  t'j  the  seeker  of  L3alth  and  plean- 
uro.  The  following  extract,  illustrated  by 
an  engraving,  is  copied  from  "Foster 
ani  Wuitney's  Geological  Report'^  of  that 
region : 

*'Aa  particular  examples  of  denuding 
action  on  the  island,  we  would  mention 
tho  'Arched  Rock'  and  the  'Sugar  Loaf.' 
The  former,  situated  on  the  eastern  shore, 
is  a  feature  of  great  interest.    The  cliffs 
here  attain  a  height  of  nearly  one  hundred 
feet,  while  at  the  base  are  strewn  numerous 
fragments  which  have  fallen  from  above. 
The  Archtd  Rock  has  been  excavated  in. 
a  projecting  angle  of  the  limestone  cliff, 
and  the  top  of  the  span  is  about  ninety 
fnot  above  the  lake-level,  surmounted  by 
about  ten  feet  of  rock.     At  the  base  of  a 
projecting  angle,  which  rises  up  like  a 
buttress,  there  is  a   mall  opening,  through 
which  an  explore '  iaay  pass  to  the  main 
arch,  where,  after  clambering  over  the 
steep  slope  of  debris  and  the  projecting 
edges  of  the  strata,  he  reaches  the  brow 
of  the  cliflf. 

"  The  beds  forming  the  summit  of  the 
arch  are  cut  oflf  from  direct  connection 
with  the  main  rock  by  a  narrow  gorge  of 
no  great  depth.  The  portion  supporting 
tho  ar"'^  on  the  north  side,  and  the  curve 
of  the  arch  itself,  are  comparatively  fra- 
gile, and  cannot,  for  a  long  period,  resist 
the  action  of  rains  and  frosts,  which,  in 
this  latitude,  and  on  a  rock  thus  consti- 
tuted, produce  great  ravages  every  season. 
The  arch,  which  on  one  side  now  con- 
nects this  abutment  with  the  main  cliff. 


the  denuding  action  of  the  water  here  in 
time  past,  and  tho  same  action  aa  now 
manifetitod  in  the  range  of  the  Pictured 
Rocks  on  the  shores  of  Lake  Superior. 
As  an  interesting  point  in  the  scenery  of 
this  island,  the  Arched  Rock  attracts 
much  attention,  and  in  every  respect  is 
worthy  of  examination."  {See  Engraving.) 

Other  picturesque  objects  of  great  in- 
terest, besides  those  enumerated  above, 
occur  at  every  turn  on  roving  about  this 
enchanting  island,  where  the  pure,  bra- 
cing air  and  clear  waters  afford  a  plea- 
surable sensation,  difficult  to  be  described 
unless  visited  and  enjoyed. 

The  bathing  in  the  pure  waters  of  the 
Strait  at  this  place  is  truly  delightful^ 
afifording  health  and  vig^r  to  the  human 
frame. 


will  soon  be  destroyed,  as  well  as  the 
abutment  itself,  and  the  whole  be  precipi- 
tated into  the  lake.  • 

"It  is  evident  that  the  denuding  action 
reducing  aacjh  an  opaning,  with  other 
attendant  phenomena,  could  only  have 
operated  while  near  the  level  of  a  large 
body  of  water  like  the  great  lake  itsel**; 
and  we  find  a  striking  similarity  betwec*: 


The  Island  of  IMackiiiac. 

Romantic  and  Picturesque  Appraranob 
OP  thb  Island  and  Surrounding 
Country — Its  Purity  or  Atmosphbrb 
— A  Moonlight  Excursion,  Ac,  &c. 

"  From  whose  rocky  turrets  battled  high. 

Prospect  immense  snread  out  on  all  sides  round; 
Lost  now  between  the  welkin  and  the  main. 
Now  walled  with  hills  that  slept  above  the  storm, 

Most  fits  such  a  place  for  musing  men ; 
Happiest,  sometimes,  when  musing  without  aim/' 

[i'OLLOK. 

In  this  Northern  region.  Nature  has  at 
last  fully  resumed  her  green  dress.  Flow- 
ers wild,  but  still  beautiful,  bloom  and 
disappear  in  su'wession.  Pii  is  of  various 
hues  have  returned  to  our  groves,  and 
welcome  us  as  we  trace  these  shady  walks. 
"  In  all  my  wand'rings  round  tins  world 
of  care,"  I  have  found  no  place  wherein 
the  climate,  throughout  the  summer  sea- 
S(  'I,  seems  to  exercise  on  the  human  con 
stt  t>on  a  more  beneficial  influence  than 
on  .his  Island.  In  other  parts  of  this 
country  and  in  Europe,  the  places  of  Resort 
are  b  autiful,  indeed;  but  a  certain  op- 
pressiv  ness  there  at  times  pervades  the 


L 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


i.O 


I.I 


2.5 

1.8 


i.25 

1.4 

iL 

^ 

6"     — 

► 

Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WES1  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  S72-4S03 


X( 


y. 


J 


^.•^ 


# 


62 


.awaisr    .SDI    TRIP   THROUGH   THE    LAKES, 


ftii.'tri'.iri'^ 


trv-\  ,'***?*' 


air,  that  ft  person  even  with  the  best 
health  in  the  world,  feels  a  lassitude  creep- 
isg  through  his  frame.  Here,  we  seldom, 
if  ever,  experience  such  a  feeling  from  this 
cause.  For  the  western  breeze  even  in 
the  hottest  days  passing  over  this  island, 
keeps'theair  cool,  and,  especially  if  proper 
exercise  be  taken  by  walking  or  riding, 
cue  feels  a  bracing  up,  a  certain  buoyancy 
of  spirits  that  is  truly  astonishing. 

Ye  inhabitants  of  warm  latitudes,  who 
pant  in  cities  for  a  breath  of  cool  air,  fly 
to  this  isle  for  comfort.  Ye  invalid,  this 
is  the  place  in  which  to  renovate  your 
shattered  constitution.  The  lovers  of 
beautiful  sceaery  or  the  curious  in  nature, 
and  the  artist,  whose  magic  pencil  de- 
lights to  trace  nature's  lineaments,  need 
not  sigh  for  the  suniy  clime  of  Italy  for 
subjects  on  which  to  feed  the  taste  and 
imagination. 

This  island  is  intersected  by  fine  car- 
riage roads,  shaded  here  and  there  by  a 
young  growth  of  beech,  maple,  and  other 
trees.  On  the  highest  part  of  it,  about 
300  feet,  are  the  ruins  of  Old  Fort  Holmes. 
From  this  point  of  elevation,  the  scenery 
around  is  extensive  and  beautiful.  In  sight, 
are  some  localities  connected  with  "  the 
tales  of  the  times  of  old,"  both  of  the  sav- 
age and  the  civilized.  Looking  westward- 
ly,  and  at  the  distance  of  about  four  miles 
across  an  arm  of  Lake  Huron,  is  Point  St. 
Ignace,  which  is  the  southernmost  point 
of  land,  of  the  greater  portion  of  the  Up- 
per Peninsula.  Immediately  south  of  it 
are  the  •'  Straits  of  Mackinac,"  which  sep- 
arating the  Northern  and  Southern  Penin- 
sulas from  each  other,  are  about  four 
miles  wide.  On  the  south  shore,  may  still 
be  seen  traces  of  Old  Fort  Mackinac,  which 
is  well  known  in  history  as  having  been 
destroyed  by  Indians,  in  1763,  at  the  in- 
stigation of  Pontiac,  an  Indian  Chief. 
Turning  our  gaze  southeastwardly,  we  see 
the  picturesque  '*  Round  Island,"  as  it 
were  at  our  feet.  And  further  on,  is 
••Bois-Blano  Island,"    stretching;    away 


with  its  winding  shores,  far  into  Laire 
Huron.  Look  to  the  east,  and  there 
stands  thij  inland  sea,  apparently  "  bound- 
less and  deep,  "and  "pure as th'  expanseof 
heaven."  Directly  north  from  our  place 
of  observation,  are  the  "Islands  of  St. 
Martin;"  while  beyond  them  in  the  Bay, 
are  two  large  rivers — the  Pine,  and  Carp 
Rivers.  And  lastly,  casting  our  eyes  to- 
wards the  northwest,  we  see  on  the  main 
land  the  two  "Sitting  Rabbits;"  being 
iwo  singular  looking  hills  or  rocks,  and  so 
called  by  the  Indians  from  some  resem- 
blance at  a  distance  to  rabbits  in  a  sitting 
posture.  As  a  whole,  this  scenery  pre- 
sents, hills,  points  of  land  jutting  into  the 
lake,  and  "straits,"  bays,  and  islands. 
Here,  the  lake  contracts  itself  into  narrow 
channels,  or  straits,  wliich  at  times  are 
whitened  by  numerous  sails  of  commerce; 
and  there,  it  spreads  itself  away  as  far  as 
the  eye  can  reach.  And,  while  contem- 
plating this  scene,  perhaps  a  dark  column 
of  smoke,  like  the  Genii  in  the  Arabian 
Tales,  may  be  seen  rising  slowly  out  of 
the  bosom  of  Lake  Huron,  announcing 
the  approach  of  the  Genii  of  modern  days, 
the  Steamboat!  Let  uo  descend  to  the 
shore. 

It  is  evening!  The  sun,  with  all  his 
glory  has  disappeared  in  tho  west ;  but 
the  moon  sits  in  turn  the  arbitress  of 
heaven.    And  now — 

"  How  Bweet  the  moonlight  sleeps  upon  this  bank; 
Here  will  we  sit,  and  let  the  sounds  of  music 
Creep  in  our  cars;  soft  stillness  and  the  nigtit, 
Becomes  the  touches  of  sweet  harmony  .** 

Such  a  moonlight  night  I  once  enjoyed. 
The  hum  of  day-life  had  gradually  subsid- 
ed, and  there  was  naught  to  disturb  tho 
stillness  of  the  hour,  save  the  occasional 
laughter  of  those  who  lingered  out  in  the 
open  air.  In  the  direction  of  the  moon, 
and  on  the  Lake  before  me,  there  was  a 
broad  road  of  light  trembling  upon  itn 
bosom.  A  few  moments  more,  two  small 
boats  with  sails  up  to  catch  the  gentle 
breeze,  were  seen  passing  and  re-psMing 


t^,. 


€>'•— TTi'*'^'' 


.■»-'%»<!»li    .«•  IT  ■».  t 


BJilllllilK 


FROM    CHICAOO   TO    MACKINAC   AND   8AUT  STB.    MARIE. 


9S 


to  Eaire 
d  there 

"  bound- 
panse  of 
at  place 

,8    of  St. 

;he  Bay, 
ad  Carp 
Byes  to- 
the  m&in 
;"  being 
3,  and  so 
e  resem- 
a  sitting 
ery  pre- 
into  the 

islands, 
o  narrow 
mes  are 
Oimerce ; 
as  far  as 

contem- 
k  column 

Arabian 

T    out    of 

aouncmg 
em  days, 
to  the 

all  his 

[est ;  but 
itress  of 

I  this  bank; 
masic 
nlgHt, 

[enjoyed. 
Bubsid- 
irb   the 
tcasional 
[t  in  the 
moon, 
was  a 
[ipon  itfi 
ro  small 
gentle 
kpassing 


■'■,  ti  ■''}*.  ■''ivjL-'fRiW' * *'»ifeii' .-^swiW^ws- 

ihisbroad  roadof  Li^ht  Hien  the  Tocal 
song  was  raised  on  the  waters,  end  wo- 
man's voice  was  borne  on  moonlight  beam 
to  the  listening  ear  in  the  remotest  shades. 
The  voices  became  dearer  and  stronger 
as  the  boats  approached  nearer;  then, 
again,  dying  away  in  the  di&tance,  seemed 
to  be  merged  with  the  mellow  rays  of  the 
moon.  But  let  us  leave  poetry  and  fancy 
aside,  and  come  to  matters  of  fact,  mat- 
ters of  accommodation,  prepared  for  those 
who  may  favor  our  island  with  their  vi&its 
this  summer. 

There  are  several  larg  hotels,  with  at- 
tentive hosts,  ever  ready  to  contribute  to- 
wards the  comforts  of  their  visitors.  Walk- 
ing, riding,  fishing,  shooting,  and  sailing 
can  be  here  pursued  with  great  benefit  to 
health.  We  have  billiard-rooms  and  bowl- 
ing-alleys; in  the  stores  are  found  Indian 
curiosities;  and,  perhaps,  the  Indians 
themselves,  who  resort  to  this  island  on 
business,  may  be  curiosities  to  thobe  who 
have  never  seen  them ;  they  are  the  true 
"native  Ameincans,"  the  citizens  of  this 
North  American  Republic. 

RouN3  Island  is  a  small  body  of  land 
lying  a  short  distance  southeast  of  Macki- 
nac, while  Bois  Blanc  Island  is  a  large 
body  of  land  lying  still  farther  in  the  du- 
tance,  in  the  Straits  of  Mackinac 

St.  Martin's  Bat,  and  the  waters  con- 
tiguous, lying  north  of  Mackinac,  afford 
fine  ilshing  grounds,  and  are  much  re- 
sorted to  by  visitors  fond  of  ai^uatic  sports. 
Great  St.  Martin's  and  Little  St.  Martin's 
Inlands  are  passed  before  entering  the 
bay,  und  present  a  beautiful  appearance. 

Carp  and  Pine  rivers  are  two  small 
streams  entering  into  St.  Martin's  Bay, 
afibrding  an  abundance  of  brook  trout  of 
a  large  size.  From  the  head  of  the  above 
bay  to  the  foot  of  Lake  Superior,  is  only 
about  30  miles  in  a  northerly  direction, 
passing  through  a  wilderness  section  of 
country,  sparsely  Inhabited  by  Indians, 
who  have  long  made  this  region  their 
favored  bunting  and  fishing  grounds. 


Point  Be  Tour,  36  miles  east  from 
Mackinac,  is  the  site  of  a  light-house  and 
settlement,  at  the  entrance  of  St.  Mary's 
River,  which  is  here  about  half  a  mile  in 
width;  this  passage  is  also  called  the 
West  Cbsnnel.  At  a  distance  of  about 
two  miles  above  the  Point  is  a  new  set- 
tlement, where  have  been  erected  a  steam- 
boat pier,  a  hotel,  and  several  dwellings. 

Drujimond  Isr<AND,  a  large  and  impor- 
tant body  of  land  belonging  to  the  United 
States,  is  passed  on  the  right,  where  are  to 
be  seen  the  ruins  of  an  old  fort  erected 
by  the  British.  On  the  left  is  the  main- 
land of  Northern  Michigan.  Ascending 
St.  Mary's  River,  next  is  passed  Round  or 
Pipe  Island,  and  other  smaller  islands 
on  the  right,  presenting  a  beautiful  ap- 
pearance, most  of  them  belonging  to  the 
United  States. 

St.  Joseph  Island,  10  miles  above 
Point  de  Tour,  is  a  large  and  fertile  island 
belonging  to  Canada.  It  is  about  20 
miles  long  from  east  to  west,  and  about 
15  miles  broad,  covered  in  part  with  a 
heavy  growth  of  forest-treos.  Here  are 
seen  the  ruins  of  an  old  fort  erected  by  the 
British,  on  a  point  of  land  commanding  tho 
channel  of  the  river. 

Carltonville  is  a  small  settlement  on 
the  Micliigan  side  of  the  river,  12  miles 
above  the  De  Tour.  Here  is  a  steam  saw- 
mill and  a  fev  dwelling-houses. 

Lime  Island  is  a  small  body  of  land 
belonging  to  the  Uuited  States,  lying  in 
the  main  channel  of  the  river,  about  12 
miles  from  its  mouth.  The  channel  here 
forms  the  boundary  between  the  United 
States  and  Canada. 

Mud  Lake,  as  it  is  called,  owing  to  its 
waters  being  easily  riied,  is  an  expansion 
of  the  river,  about  five  miles  wide  and  ten 
miles  long,  but  not  accurately  delineated 
on  any  of  the  modern  maps,  which  appear 
to  be  very  deficient  in  regard  to  St.  Maiy's 
River  and  its  many  islands — ^presenting 
at  several  points  most  beautiful  river 
scenery.    In  tho  St.  Mary's  River  there 


i%-' 


TRIP   THROUGH   THE    LAKES. 


i-rRH*      Ui'it'^ 


are  &bout  fifty  (slanda  belonging  to  the 
United  States,  besides  several  attached  to 
Canada.  ?i  "■'' 

Nebish  IsLAiTD,  and  Sailor's  Encamp- 
ment^ situated  about  half  way  from  the 
Point  to  the  Saut,  are  passed  on  the  left 
wiiile  sailing  through  the  main  channel. 

SuoAE  Island,  a  large  body  of  fertile 
land  belonging  to  the  United  States,  is 
reached  about  30  miles  above  Point  de 
Tour,  situated  near  the  head  of  St  Joseph 
Island.  On  the  right  is  passed  the  British 
or  North  Channel,  connecting  on  the  east 
with  Georgian  Bay.  Here  are  seen  two 
small  rocky  islands  belonging  to  the  Brit- 
ish Government,  which  command  both 
channels  of  the  river,   't^;^     ' "  'r^ 

The  Kebish  Rapids  aire  neit  j^adsed  by 
the  ascending  vessel,  the  stream  here  run- 
ning about  five  knots  per  hour.  The  main- 
land of  Canada  is  reached  immediately 
above  the  rapids,  being  clothed  with  a 
dense  growth  of  forest-treos  of  small  size. 
To  the  north  is  a  dreary  wilderness,  ex- 
tending through  to  Hudson  Bay,  as  yet 
dmost  wholly  unexplored  and  unknown, 
except  to  the  Indian  or  Canadian  hunter. 

Lake  GKORas,  twenty  miles  below  the 
Saut,  is  another  expansion  of  the  river, 
being  about  five  miles  wide  and  eight  miles 
long.  Here  the  diannel  is  only  from  eight 
to  ten  feet  in  depth  for  about  one  mile, 
forming  a  great  impediment  to  naviga^ 
tion.* 

Church's  Landing,  on  Sugar  Island, 
twelve  miles  below  the  Saut,  is  a  steam- 
boat landing;  opposite  it  is  Squirrel 
Island,  belonging  to  the  Canadians.  This 
is  a  convenient  landing,  where  are  situated 
a  store  and  dwelling".  The  industrious 
occupants  are  noted  for  the  making  of 
raspbert-y  jam,  which  is  sold  in  large  quan- 
tities, and  shipped  to  Eastern  and  Southern 
markets. 

Garden  River  Settlement  is  an  Indian 


*  Anew  channel  has  been  formed,  hydre^ng, 
whichglvei  a  gre«ter  depth  of  water. 


village  ten  miles  below  the  Saut,  on  the 
Canadian  shore.  Here  are  a  missionary 
church  and  several  dwellings,  surrounded 
by  grounds  poorly  cultivated,  fishing  and 
hunting  being  the  main  employment  of 
tihe  Chippewa  Indians  who  inhabit  this 
section  of  country.  Both  sides  of  the  river 
abound  in  wild  berries  of  good  flavor, 
which  are  gathered  in  large  quani  ities  by 
the  Indians,  during  the  summer  months. 

Extract  from  a  letter  dated  Saut  Ste 
Marie,  Sept.,  1854: 

"  The  scenery  of  the  St.  Mary's  River 
seems  to  grow  more  attractive  every  year. 
There  is  a  delicious  freshness  in  the  count- 
less evergreen  islands  that  dot  the  river  in 
every  direotion,  from  the  Falls  to  Lake 
Huron,  and  I  can  imagine  of  no  more 
tempting  retreats  from  the  dusty  streets  of 
towns,  in  summer,  than  these  islands;  I 
believe  the  time  will  soon  come  when  neat 
summer  cottages  will  be  scattered  along 
the  steamboat  route  on  these  charming 
islands.  A  summer  could  be  dehghtfully 
spent  in  exploring  for  new  scenery  and  in 
fishing  and  sailing  in  these  waters. 

"  And  Mackinac,  what  an  attractive  little 
piece  of  terra  firma  is  that  island — half 
ancient,  half  modern !  The  view  from  the 
fort  is  one  of  the  finest  in  the  world. 
Perched  on  the  brink  of  a  precipice  some 
two  hundred  feet  above  the  bay — one 
takes  in  at  a  glance  from  its  walls  the  har- 
bor, with  its  numerous  boats  and  the  pretty 
village ;  and  the  whole  rests  on  one's  vision 
more  like  a  picture  than  a  reality.  Every 
thing  on  the  island  is  a  curiosity ;  the 
roads  or  streets  that  wind  ^^round  the  har- 
bor or  among  the  grove-l'^e  forests  of  the 
island  are  naturally  pebbled  and  macadam- 
ized; the  buildings  are  of  every  style, 
from  an  Indian  lodge  to  a  fine  English 
house.  The  island  is  covered  with  charm- 
ing natural  scenery,  from  the  pretty  to  tho 
grand,  and  ,  one  may  spend  weeks  con- 
stantly finding  new  objects  of  interest  and 
new  scenes  of  beauty.  It  is  unnecessary 
to  particularize-^very  visitor  will  find 


FROM   CHICAGO   TO   MACKINAC    AND   8AUT   STB.   MARIK. 


95 


them,  and  enjoy  the  sight  more  than  any 
description. 

"  The  steamers  all  call  there,  on  their 
yray  to  and  from  Chicago,  and  hundreds  of 
sr^all  sail  vessels,  in  the  fishing  trade, 
have  here  their  head-quarters.  Drawn 
upon  tlie  pebbled  beach  or  gliding  about 
the  little  bay  are  bark  canoes  and  the  far- 
famed  'Mackinac  boats,'  without  num- 
ber. These  last  are  the  perfection  of 
light  sail-boats,  and  I  have  often  been 
astonished  at  seeing  them  far  out  in  the 
lake,  beating  up  against  winds  that  were 
next  to  gales.  Yesterday  the  harbor 
was  thronged  with  sail  boats  and  vessels  of 


every  description,  among  the  rest  were 
the  only  two  iron  steamers  that  the  Uni- 
ted States  have  upon  all  the  lakes,  the 
'Michigan'  and  the  'Surveyor,'  formerly 
called  the  '  Abert,'  employed  in  the  Coast 
Survey. 

"For  a  wonder,  Lake  Huron  was  calm 
and  at  rest  for  its  entire  length,  and  the 
steamer  'Northerner'  made  a  beautiful 
and  quick  passage  from  Mackinac  to  this 
place.  The  weather  continues  v\aim  and 
dry,  and  hundreds  are  regretting  they 
have  so  early  left  the  Saut  and  Mackinac, 
and  we  believe  you  will  see  crowds  of 
,  visitors  yet  Jay." 


1 


,v« 


uur 


•*,'!>  ' 


^U^'^ 


the  entrance.  Potagannia' 
sing  Bay,  dotted  with  nu- 
merous small  island8,mo8t- 
ly  belonging  to  the  United 
States,  is  seen  lying  to  the 
eastward,  communicating 
^  with  the  North  Chan- 
-     nel.      Mud  Lake,  &  miles 


St.  Mary*!  River. 

By  a  careful  examina- 
tion of  the  Government 
Charts  of  the  Straits  of 
Mackinac  and  River  Ste. 
Marie,  published  in  1 857,  it 
appears  thai  the  Point  Delbu.' Light-Bouse 
is  situated  in  Ab°  57'  N.  Lat.,  being  36 
miles  to  the  eastward  of  Fort  Mackinac. 
The  width  of  the  De  Tour  passage  is  about 
one  mile,  with  a  depth  of  water  of  100 
feet  and  upwards,  although  but  50  feet 
is  found  off  the  light,  as  you  run  into 
Lake  Huron.  Drummond  Island,  attached 
to  the  United  States,  lies  on  the  east, 
while  the  main  shore  of  Michigan  lies  to 
the  west  of  the  entrance.  Pipe  Island, 
4  miles,  is  first  passed  on  ascending  the 
stream,  and  then  Lime  Island,  6  miles 
further.  3L  JosepKa  Island,  with  its  old 
fortf  attached  to  Canada,  lies  8  miles  from  I 


further,  is  next  entered,  having  an  exp 
panse  of  about  4  miles  in  width,  when 
Saihr^s  Encampment  Island  is  reached, 
being  20  miles  from  Lake  Huron.  The 
head  of  St.  Joseph's  and  part  of  Sugar 
Island  are  reached  26  miles  northward 
from  the  DeTour,  where  diverges  tho 
Canadian  or  North  Channel,  running  into 
the  Geoigian  Bay;  this  channel  is  fol- 
lowed by  the  Canadian  steamers.  The 
^•ebiah  Kapids  are  next  passed,  and  lAike 
George  entered,  6  miles  further,  being  32 
miles  from  Lake  Huron.  This  lake  or  ex- 
pansion of  tlie  river  is  9  miles  in  length 
and  4  miles  broad,  affording  12  feet  of 
water  over  the  shoals  and  terminating  at 
ChurclCs  Landing,  lying  opposite  Squir- 
rel Inland,  attached  to  Canada.  Garden 
River  Settlement,  3  miles,  is  an  Indian 
town  on  the  Canada  side.  lAtUe  Lakt 
George  is  passed  and  Point  Aux  Pim 
reached,   3  miles   fUrther.    From  Little 


I.  ■      ■•! 


06 


«^ritAf« 


.T«  . 


TRIP    THROUGH   THE   LAKIES. 


'W:i  mm^' 


.<,* 
\ 


Lake  George  to  the  Saut  Ste.  Marie^  pas- 
sing nround  the  head  of  Sugar  iBland,  is 
8  miles  further,  being  55  miles  from  Lake 
Iluron.  The  Rapids,  or  Ship  Canal,  ex- 
tend for  about  une  mile,  overcoming  a  fall 
of  20  feet,  when  a  beautiful  stretch  of  the 
river  is  next  passed  and  Waiska  Bay 
entered,  G  miles  above  the  rapids ;  making 
the  St.  Mary's  River  62  miles  in  length. 
The  channel  forming  the  boundary  lino 
between  Canada  and  the  United  States  is 
followed  by  the  ascending  steamer  from 
.  the  lower  end  of  St.  Joseph's  Island  to 
Lcke  Superic;-,  while  a  more  direct  pas- 
sage is  afforded  for  vessels  of  light  draught 
through  Hay  Lake,  lying  west  of  Sugar 
Island  and  entering  Mud  Lake.  Nothing  can 
be  more  charming  than  a  trip  over  these 
waters,  wh«n  sailing  to  or  firom  the 
Straits  of  Mackinac,  thus  having  in  view 
rich  and  varied  lake  and  river  sceneiy, 
'once  thb  exclusive  and  favored  abode  of 
the  red  man  of  the  forest,  now  fast  pass- 
ing away  befbre  the  march  Df  civilization. 

ISaut  Ste.  marie,*  capital  of  Chip- 
pewa Co.,  Aiich.,  is  advantageously  situated 
\m  St.  Mary's  River,  or  Strait,  360  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Detroit,  and  15  miles  from  the 
foot  of  Lake  Superior,  in  N.  lat.  46*=*  31'. 
The  Rapids  at  this  place,  giving  the  name 
to  the  settlements  on  both  sides  of  the 
river,  have  a  descent  of  20  feet  within  the 
distance  of  a  mile,  and  form  the  natural 
liniit  of  navigation.  The  Ship  Canal,  how- 
ever, which  has  recently  been  constructed 
on  the  American  side,  obviates  this  diflB- 
culty.  Steamers  of  a  large  class  now  pass 
through  the   locks    into   Lake  Superior, 


,4.>  i:v,  •  Settled  in  1668,  by  the  French 


;f: 


greatly  facilitating  trade  and  commerce. 
The  village  on  the  imerican  side  is  pleas- 
antly situated  near  the  foot  of  the  rapids, 
and  contains  a  court-house  and  jail;  a 
Presbyterian,  a  Methodist,  and  a  Roman 
Catholic  church;  2  hotels,  and  15  or  20 
stores  and  storehouses,  besides  a  few 
manufacturing  establishments,  aud  about 
1,200  inhabitants.  Many  of  the  inhabi- 
tants and  Indians  in  the  vicinity  are  en- 
gaged in  the  fur  trade  and  fisheries,  the 
latter  being  an  important  and  profitable 
occupation.  Summer  visitors  flock  to  this 
place  and  the  Lake  Superior  country  for 
health  and  pleasure.  The  Chippewa  House, 
a  well  kept  hotel  on  the  American  side, 
and  one  on  the  Canadian  side  of  the  rivei*, 
both  afford  good  accommodations. 

Fort  Bbadt  is  an  old  and  important 
United  Sti^tes  military  post  contiguous  to 
this  frontier  village,  where  are  barracks 
for  a  full  garrison  of  troops.  It  commands 
the  St.  Mary's  River  and  the  approach  to 
the  mouth  of  the  canal. 

Saut  Ste.  Marie,  C.  W.,  is  a  scattered 
settlement,  where  is  located  a  part  of  the 
Hudson  Bay  Company.  Here  is  a  steam- 
boat landing,  a  hotel,  and  two  or  three 
stores,  including  the  Hudson  Bay  Com- 
pany's; and  it  has  from  600  to  600  in- 
habitants. Indians  of  the  Chippewa  tribe 
reside  in  the  vicinitj  in  considerable  num- 
bers, they  having  the  exclusive  right  to 
take  fish  in  the  waters  contiguous  to  tlio 
rapids.  They  also  employ  themselves  in 
running  the  rapids  in  their  frail  canoes, 
when  desired  by  citizens  or  strangers — 
this  being  one  of  the  most  exhilarating  en- 
joyments for  those  fosd  of  aquatic  sports. 
{Su  Engraving.)     'Z^:"^ 


;a^  .Sk'if 


4, 


■i      .u:i'ii 


t-'/: 


.1', 


■:vf\'4^'\. 


:^«  1 ' 


commerce, 
ide  is  pleas- 
'tlie  rapids, 
and  jail;  a 
d  a  Roman 
d  15  or  20 
des    a  few 

and  about 
the  iuhabi- 
lity  are  en- 
sheriea,  the 
i  profitable 
Jock  to  this 
country  for 
oewa  ffotise, 
jrican  side, 
f  the  river, 
ns. 

[  important 
ntiguous  to 
e  barracks 

commands 
tpproach  to 

a  scattered 
part  of  the 
is  a  steam- 
0  or  three 
Bay  Cora- 
to  600  in- 
pewa  tribe 
rable  num- 
e  right  to 
ous  to  the 
mselves  in 
ail  canoes, 
itrangers — 
arating  en- 
itic  sports. 


-■M 


.}  I 


> 

■■        \ 

■4 

1 

9 

1 

, 

1 

1 

1', 

i 

i 

^•1 

'' 

'■■'«.'i-'. 
■*;■'?'■ 

Fi: 

'^^:k: 

;■          ti  ■  '• 

.  .-■>•< 

■1  '  •  ■ 

i,jM 

■fc 

■ 

1/ 

!     . 

'^f^    '-ay 

V^^v 

'' 

:;h 

■ 

R  • 

H;\h 

i'f- 

m 

1       i 

m 

/"b 

■■  !;;• 

I 

,' ' 

•■■ 

1 

^  i^H'' 


Tj;!.' 


•!.'  II 


u. 


■< 


\\ 


"^  '    TRIP  THROUGH  THE  LAKES. 


vTj-a^ 


•I 


•   iti- 


St.  mary^s  Falls  Sbip  Canal. 

This  Canal,  which  connects  the  naviga- 
tion of  Lake  Superior  witli  the  Lower 
Lakes,  is  one  mile  in  length,  and  cost 
about  one  million  dollars. 

It  was  bunt  in  the  years  1 853,  '6^  *55, 
by  the  Saint  Maiy's  Falls  Ship  Canal  Com- 
pany, under  a  contract  with  commission- 
ers appointed  by  the  atithorities  of  tlie 
State  of  Michigan  to  secure  the  building 
of  the  canaL 

A  grant  of  750.000  acres  of  the  public 
land  had  previously  been  made  by  Con- 
gress to  the  State  of  Michigan,  to  aid  in 
the  construction  of  this  important  work. 

This  grant  of  750,060  acres  was  given 
to  the  parties  contracting  for  the  building 
of  the  canal,  provided  the  work  should  be 
completed  within  two  years  from  the  date 
of  ttte  contract. 

The  work  was  commenced  in  tlie  spring 
of  1853,  and  completed  within 'the  time 
spt'citied  in  the  contract  {two  years  I). 

This  result  was  accomplished  under 
many  disadvantages,  during  a  very  sickly 
season,  and  when  great  difficulty  was  ex- 
perienced in  obtaining  laborers ;  but  the 
luiremittiug  vigor  of  those  who  had  the 
charge  of  the  work  secured  its  completion 
in  the  most  substantial,  permanent,  and 
acceptable  manner. 

During  a  great  portion  of  the  time  there 
were  from  1,200  to  1,G00  men  employed 
upon  the  work,  exclusive  of  the  force  at 
the  different  quarries  where  the  stone  was 
cut  and  prepared  for  the  locks,  beside  a 
large  force  employed  in  necessary  agen- 
cies, getting  timber,  etc. 

The  stones  for  the  locks  were  cut  at 
Anderden,  Canada  (near  Maiden),  and  at 
Marblehead,  near  Sandusky,  in  Ohio.  Tliese 
were  sent  in  vessels  to  the  work,  some 
twenty-five  different  sailing  vessels  being 
employed  in  this  business. 

On  the  completion  of  the  canal  in  June, 
1855,  the  governor  of  the  State,  the  State 
officers,  and  the  Canal  Commissioners  pro- 

7 


ceeded  to  Saut  Ste.  Marie  for  the  purpose 
of  inspecting  the  work.  It  was  accepted, 
and  thereupon,  in  accordance  with  the 
terms  of  the  contract,  tJio  State  author- 
ities released  to  the  Canal  Company  and 
issued  patents  for  the  750,000  acres  of 
land.  This  was  all  tlie  remuneration  the 
company  received  lor  the  work. 

The  lands  were  selected  during  the 
building  of  the  canal,  by  agents  ap- 
pointed by  the  governor  of  Michigan. 

Of  the  750,000  acres,  39,000  acres  were 
selected  in  the  iron  region  of  Lake  Su- 
perior, 147,000  acres  in  the  copper  region, 
and  the  balance,  564,000  acres,  in  the 
Lower  Peninsula. 

The  following  figures  wQl  give  some 
idea  of  the  magnitude  oi  this  work  : 

Lengtli  of  canal,  5,543  feet,  — >  1  mile 
304  feet. 

Width  at  top,  115  feet — at  water-line^ 
100  feet — at  bottom,  04  feot. 

The  deptli  of  the  canal  is  12  feet 

A  slope  wall  on  the  sides  of  the  canal  ia 
4,000  feot  in  length. 

There  are  two  locks,  each  350  feet  in 
length. 

Width  of  locks,  70  feet  at  top— 61 J  feci 
at  bottom. 

The  walls  are  25  feet  high— 10  feet  thick 
at  bottom. 

Lift  of  upper  lock,  8  feet — lower  do.,  10 
feet;  total  lockage,  18  feet. 

Lower  wharf,  180  feet  long;  20  feet  wide. 
Upper  wharf,  830  feet  long;  from  16  to  30 
feet  wide. 

There  are  3  pairs  of  folding  gates,  each 
40  feet  wide. 

Upper  gate,  17  feet  high — ^lower  gate,  24 
feet  6  inclies  high. 

There  are  also  upper  and  lower  caisson 
gates,  used  for  shutting  off  the  water  from 
the  CruaL 

The  amount  of  l-imbor,  timber,  and  iron 
used  in  the  building  of  the  piers  and  gates 
is  enormous. 

There  were  103,437  lbs.  of  wrought  iron 
used  in  the  gates,  and  38,000  lbs.  cast  iron. 


i. 


^^; 


;i 


E    ■:■: 


■i^ 


98 


FROM   OHIOAOO  TO  MAOXIirAO   AHO   SAUT  STX  MARIS. 


About  8,000  feet  of  ottk  timber,  etc. 

Tho  tolls  on  the  c«nal  are  collected  bj 
the  State — are  merely  nominal — and  00I7 
intended  to  defray  the  necessary  expenses 
of  repairs. 

Thb  St.  Mart's  Falls  Ship  Oajtal, 
Michigan,  now  forms  a  navigable  oom- 
munication  between  Lake  Superior  and 
Huron,  passing  through  the  St.  Mary's 
BiTer  for  a  distance  of  about  60  miles. 


The  first  Steamer  which  passed  through 
the  locks  was  the  Illinois,  927  tons, 
commanded  by  John  Wilson,  on  her  trip 
through  to  the  upper  ports  on  Lake  Su- 
perior, June  18,  1866.  The  Illinois  was 
fcdlowed  by  the  Steamer  Baltimore,  514 
tons;  Samuel  Ward,  434  tons;  and  the 
North  Star,  1,100  tons,  during  the  month 
of  June  of  the  same  year. 


.»*: 


*■■!, 


Opbhing  and  Closoto  07  Nayioahon,  from  186&  to  1863,  Indushre. 


Data  First  Yeaie]. 

June  18,  1866. Illinois,  VST  toat. 

May     4,  1866 Msnbsttui, 

Msjr     9,  1857 North  Stu; 

April  16,  186R Iron  City, 

May      8,  1860 1.ady  Elgfo, 

May    11,  1860 Fountain  City, 

May     8,1861 Michigan,  648 

April  8T,  1868.  „ . . . .City  of  Cleveland,   788 
April  281.  1868 Mineral  Bock.         666 


1,100 
600 

1,088 
890 
648 


Dais.  Laat  YesseL 

Not,  28,  1866 Planet,  1,164  tona 

Not.  28,  1866 Gen.  Taylor,  468  ** 

Not.  80,  J857 Miaeral  Sock.  666  ** 

Not.  20,  1868 Lady  Elgla,  1,088  '' 

Not.  88,  1860 Forester,  884  ** 

Not.  88,  1860 Mont«omery,  8T9  ** 

Not.  28,  1861 Oea  Taylor,  468  ** 

Not.  87,  1802 Mineral  Sock,  666  ** 

Not.  90,1868 Meutor,  728  '" 


May     8,  1864 CleTeland,     '         074 

Average  season  of  navigation,  6^  months.  * 

Bak.qf  JbU,  6  cents  for  every  registered  ton,  for  every  description  of  vessel. 


fif:;tij;*?,£  4i.ii*,r^jj'- 


TABLE  OF  BISTAHCES 
From  Toronto  to  €ollingw<»od  and  Saut  Ste«  Marie. 

Tobonto  to  Ck)LLiNOWOOD  {BaOrood  Boute\  94  miles. 
Steamboat  Routb. 

(GoOingwood  to  Sant  Ste.  Marie,  Mich.,  passing  through  OeOTi^aa  Bay  and  North 

ChanneL) 

Ports,  eta  Miles.        Ports,  eta  Miles. 

GoLLiNOwooD. 0  Saut  Stb.  Maris 0 

Cape  Rich 30  Sug^  Island. 4 

Cabot's   Head 80  Garden  River  Set. 10 

Lonely  Island.... ., 100  OhurcK  8  Landing. , 14 

CapeSmyth 126  Lake  George 20 

Ske'ba-wa-ndh-ning , . .  146  Nebish  Rapids 24 

Man-i-tou-wah-ning  (26  m.)  St.  Joseph  Island 25 

Little  Current,             }  ^hq  The  Narrows 35 

Great  Manitoulin  Is.  J Campement  D'Ours  Is 38 

Clapp^rjon  Island 190  Bruce  Mines , 50 


FROM    TORONTO    TO    COLLINGWOOD    AND    8AUT    8TE.    MAKIB. 


99 


led  through 
927  tonB, 
on  her  trip 
n  Lake  Su- 
Qlinois  was 
timore,  514 
ts;  and  the 
;  the  month 


ihre. 


"Xir 


1,164  tona 

686     »* 

>84  ** 

8T»  *• 

4M  "^ 

I.  666  ** 


j'i-*-^.'. 


yenMl. 


,^^:-^-'.-. 


Marie. 


tnd  Korth 

Miles. 

0 

4 

10 

14 

>.  20 

24 

1 25 

'^^ 

38 

, 60 


Ports,  etc  •    ^  Miles. 

Barrie  Island 220 

Cockburn  Island. . . . ; 266 

Drummond's  Island,  Mich 270 

Bruct  Minw,  C.  W. 290 

St.  Joseph  Island 296 

Tampement  D'Ours  Is 302 

The  Narrows 306 


Ports,  etc.  Mi'  s 

Dniinniond's  Island,  Mich 70 

Cockburn  IsUnd,  0.  W 86 

Barrie  Island 120 

Clappertou  Island 150 

LidU  Current              )  ^i^q 

Great  Manitoulin  Is.  J 

Man-i-tou-wah-ning  (25  m.) 

Sugar  Island,  Mich 316     She-ba-wa-nah-ning 196 

Nebish  Rapids 316    Cape  Smyth 216 

Lake  George 320    Loneir  Island 240 

Churches  Landing 326    Cabot's  Head 260 

CapeRich 310 

COLUNOWOOD 340 

\:  (inn 
Note.— Landings  in  iifoftc.   ,     ,   .^i         '    '  ***"* 


Garden  River  Set 330 

Saut  Stk.  Marib 340 

Sr£AMBOAT  Fare,  $8  50. 
J,         Including  meals. 


Usual  Time,  36  hoUrs. 


}IS 


€olllngl¥OOd,  94  miles  north  from 
Toronto,  is  most  advantageously  situated 
near  the  head  of  Nottawassaga  Bay,  an 
indentation  of  Georgian  Bay.  The  town, 
although  commenced  in  1854,  at  the  time 
of  the  completion  of  the  Ontario,  Sirocoe, 
and  Huron  Railroad,  now  contains  (1861) 
about  2,000  inhabitants,  and  is  rapidly  in- 
creasing. The  surprising  giowth  is  main- 
ly owing  to  its  being  the  northern  termi- 
nus cff  the  railway  which  connects  the 
Georgian  Bay  with  Lake  Ontario  at 
Toronto.  Great  numbers  of  travellers  and 
emij^rants  are  at  this  point  transferred  to 
steamorsor  propellers,  bound  for  Mackinac, 
Green  Bay,  Chicago,  and  the  Great  West, 
as  well  as  to  the  Saut  Ste.  Marie  and  Lake 
Superior.  Here  are  a  long  pier,  800  feet 
in  length ;  a  breakwater,  and  light-house ; 
several  large  stores  and  storehouses; 
four  hotels,  and  two  or  three  churches  in 
the  course  of  erection.   * 

The  steamers  leaving  Collingwood  for 
Mackinac  and  Chicago,  running  ulong  the 
west  shore  of  Lake  Michigan,  are  of  a 
large  class,  affording  good  accommodations 
for  travellers.    Steamers  run  every  day  to 


.>;r 


'  1  ■;«;:•■ 


Owen*s  Sound,  50  miles  distant;  and 
weekly  to  Bruce  Mines,  the  Saut  Ste.  Ma- 
rie, and  mto  Lake  Superior,  affording  ft 
delightful  steamboat  excursion. 

Immense  quantities  of  lish  are  taken  in 
the  waters  of  Nottawassaga  Bay,  being 
principally  carried  to  the  Toronto  market. 
The  whole  north  shore  of  the  Georgian 
Bay  abounds  in  white  flsli,  salmon,  tiiout, 
maskalonge,  and  other  lish  of  fine  quality, 
affording  profitable  employment  to  the 
Canadians  and  Indians. 

"  Some  idea  of  the  value  and  extent  of 
the  fishing  operations  promiscuously  pur- 
sued in  Nottawassaga  Bay  may  be  formed 
from  the  knowledge  that  the  average 
daily  take  exceeds  one  thousand  fish, 
weighing  from. forty  pounds  down  to  one 
pound.  At  this  rate,  that  of  the  sea.son 
would  not  fall  short  of  £40,000.  At  the 
mouth  of  the  Nottawassaga  River  the 
white  fish  aro  netted  in  perfect  shoala 
throughout  the  spawning  season.  Most 
of  vhe  larger  kind  of  trout  spawn  about 
the  islands  upon  beds  of  calcareous  rock, 
over  which  a  shifting  drift  of  sand  or 
gravel  passes  by  the  action  of  the  waves, 


Hi 


[% 


HB 


\tP 


too 


^H^ 


TRIP   THROUGH   THK   LARKS. 


rA.:r 


where  the  water  is  shallow;  and  from 
being  exposed  to  the  sun,  the  temperature 
of  the  lake  is  warmw  at  these  localities 


than  elsewhere.  Thither  the  fishermen 
resort,  and  net  the  fish,  vapid  and  placid 
as  they  are,  in  fabulous  amounts." 


GEOBGXAN  BAT. 


■;fei   V"'hO  ',;  > 


The  deeply  romantic  character  of  this 
pure  and  lovely  body  oi'  water  irt  almost 
unknown  to  the  American  publio  -lying 
as  it  does  to  the  northeast  of  Lake  Huron, 
being  entirely  within  the  confines  of 
Oanada.  The  northeast  shore  is  the  most 
romantic  and  highly  interesting,  from  the 
fact  of  tiiere  being  innumerable  islands 
and  islets  along  the  coast,  greatly  exceed- 
ing in  number  the  "  Thousand  Islands"  of 
the  St.  Lawrence. 

From  Penetanguishene,  northeast  to 
She-ba-wa-nah-ning,  where  commences  the 
picturesque  body  of  water  known  as  the 
North  Cfiannd,  there  is  one  continued  suc- 


cession of  enchanting  scenery.  Here  the 
wild  fowl,  fur-bearing  game,  and  the  finny 
tribe  disport  in  perfect  freedom,  being  as 
yet  far  removed  from  the  busy  haunts  of 
civilization. 

Georgian  Bay  is  nearly  as  large  as  Lake 
Ontario,  while  the  North  Channel,  connect- 
ing with  St,  Mary's  River  on  the  west,  may 
be  said  to  be  as  large  as  Long  Island 
Sound,  dotted  with  a  large  number  of  love- 
ly islands,  while  to  the  south  lies  the 
romantic  island  of  the  Great  Manitoulin, 
and  on  the  north  rises  La  Cloche 
Mountain — ^altogetlier  forming  the  most 
grand  and  romantic  scenery. 


EOUTE  FBOK  COLLIKQWOOD,  C.  W.,  TO  THE  SAUT  STE. 

THBOUOH  aSOBGIAN  BAT  AND  NOBm  CHANNEL.  ^.  v' 


^■d. 


;;&! 


This  is  a  new  and  highly  interesting 
steamboat  excursion,  brouglit  into  notice 
oy  the  completion  of  the  Ontario^  Simcoe, 
and  Huron  Railroad^  extending  from 
Toronto  to  Oollingwood,  at  the  southern 
extremity  of  Georgian  Bay. 

NoTTAWASSAGA  Bay,  the  southem  termi- 
nation of  Georgian  Bay,  is  a  large  expanse  of 
water  bounded  by  Cape  Rich  on  the  west, 
and  Christian  Island  on  the  east,  each 
being  distant  about  30  miles  from  Colling- 
wood.  At  the  south  end  of  the  bay  lies 
a  small  group  of  islands  called  the  Hen 
and  Chickens.  -^;  f.]^ 

Christian  Island,  lying  about  25  miles 
from  Penetanguishene,  and  25  miles  north- 


east of  Cape  Rich,  is  a  large  and  fertile 
island,  which  was  early  settled  by  the 
Jesuits.  There  are  several  others  passed 
north  of  Christian  Island,  of  great  beauty, 
while  still  farther  northwest  are  encoun- 
tered innumerable  islands  and  islets,  form- 
ing labyrinths,  and  secluded  passages  and 
coves  as  yot  almost  unknown  to  tlie  white 
man,  extending  westward  for  upward  of 
on(  hundred  miles. 

Penetanouishenb,  C.  W.,  50  miles 
north  of  Collingwood  by  steamboat  route, 
situated  on  a  lovely  and  secure  bay,  is  an 
old  md  very  important  settlement,  com- 
pri  .ig  an  Episcopal  and  Roman  Catholic 
church,  two  hotels,  a  custom-house,  severa 


ROrTK    FROM    COLMNOWOOD   TO   BAUT   8TB    MARIl. 


101 


Rtorcs  and  storehouRes.  and  has  about  500 
inhabitants.  In  the  immediate  vicinity  ftre 
a  naval  and  military  depot  and  barrackn, 
established  by  the  liritiHh  governineiit. 
The  natural  beauties  of  the  bay  and  har- 
bor, combined  with  the  picturesque 
scenery  of  the  Bhorcs,  make  up  a  picture 
of  rare  beauty.  Hero  may  be  seen  the 
native  Indian,  the  half-breed,  and  the 
C.inaiian  Voyageur,  with  the  i'ull'blooded 
Kn^^li.shraaE.  or  Scotchman,  forming  one 
couimunity.  This  place,  being  near  tho 
mouth  of  the  River  ^vern,  and  contiguoua 
to,  the  numberless  islands  of  Georgian 
6h/,  is  no  doubt  destined  to  become  a 
favorite  resort  for  the  angler  and  sports- 
min,  as  well  as  ior  the  invalid  and  seeker 
of  pleasure. 

On  leaving  OoUingwood  for  Bruce  Mines 
and  the  Saut  Ste.  Marie,  the  steamer 
usually  runs  direct  across  Georgian  Bay 
to  I«onely  Island,  passing  Cabot's  Head 
to  the  right,  and  the  passage  leading  into 
the  broad  waters  of  Lake  Huron,  which 
is  the  route  pursued  by  the  steamers  in  the 
voyage  to  Mackinac,  Green  Bay,  and 
Chicago.  During  the  summer  months  the 
trip  from  OoUingwood  to  Mackinac  and 
Chicagc  affords  a  delightful  excursion. 

Owzn's  Sound,  or  Sydenham,  50  miles 
west  of  OoUingwood,  although  off  the 
direct  routo  to  the  Saut  Ste.  Marie,  is  weU 
worthy  of  a  passing  notice.  Here  is  a 
thriving  settlement,  surrounded  by  a 
fertile  section  of  country,  and  containing 
about  2,500  inhabitants.  A  steamer  runs 
daily  from  OoUingwood  to  this  place, 
which  will,  no  doubt,  soon  bo  reached  by 
Tiilroad. 

,  Lonely  Island,  situated  about  100 
miles  west  of  OoUingwood  and  20  miles 
east  of  tho  Great  Manitoulin  Islands,  is  a 
large  body  of  land  mostly  covered  with  a 
dense  forest,  and  uninhabited,  except  by  a 
few  fishermen,  who  resort  here  at  certain 
seasons  of  the  year  for  the  purpose  of 
taking  fish  of  different  kinds.  The  steam- 
er usuaUy  passes  this  island  on  its  north 


side,  itoering  for  Cape  Smyth,  a  boM 
promontory  jutting  out  from  tho  Great 
Manitoulin,  and  distant  from  Lonely  Island 
about  25  mites. 

Squaw  Island  and  Papoose  Island 
are  seen  on  the  northeast,  while  farther 
inland  are  the  Fox  Islands,  being  the  oom- 
monoomon'.  on  the  west  of  tho  innumera- 
ble islands  which  abound  along  the  north 
shore  of  Georgian  Bay. 

La  Cloche  Mountains,  rising  about 
2,000  feet  above  the  sea,  are  next  seen  in 
the  distance,  toward  the  north ;  these,  com- 
bined with  the  wUd  scenery  of  the  islaiKlt 
and  headlands,  form  a  grand  pauoramio 
view,  enjoyed  from  the  deck  of  the  passing 
steamer. 

Smyth's  Bay  is  passed  on  the  west, 
some  eiglu  or  ten  miles  distant.  At  the 
head  of  this  bay,  on  the  great  Manitoulin 
Island,  are  situated  a  village  of  Indians, 
and  a  Jesuit's  mission,  called  We-qua-me- 
kong.  Thest  aborigines  are  noted  for 
their  industry,  raising  wheat,  corn,  oats, 
and  potatoes  in  large  quantities.  This 
part  of  tiie  island  is  very  fertUe,  and  the 
climate  is  healthy.     ,  .. r    ii.jt. ',     . 

She-ba-wa-nah-nino,  signifying,  in  the 
Indian  dialect,  "  litre  is  a  Chanuel,^^  is  a 
most  charming  spot,  40  miles  distant  from 
Lonely  Island,  hemmed  in  by  mountains 
on  the  north  and  a  high  rocky  island  on 
the  south.  It  is  situated  on  the  i:  h 
side  of  a  narrow  channel,  about  halt  a 
mile  in  length,  which  has  a  great  depth  of 
water.  Here  are  a  convenient  steamboat 
landing,  a  church,  a  store,  and  some  tea 
or  twelve  dwellings,  inhabited  hy  Cana- 
dians and  half-breeds.  Indians  assemble 
here  often  in  considerable  numbers,  to  seU 
their  fish  and  furs,  prcdenting  with  their 
canoes  and  dogs  a  very  grotesque  appear- 
ance. One  resident  at  this  landing  usual- 
ly attracts  much  attention — a  noble  dog, 
of  the  color  of  cream.  No  sooner  does 
the  steamer's  beU  ring,  than  this  anunal 
rushes  to  the  wharf,  sometimes  assisting 
to  secure  tlie  rope  that  is  thrown  ashore ; 


i  • 


102 


.MTjiAr  ;r 


TRIP   THROUGH    THE    LAKES. 


illil 


tifio  next  move  he  makes  is  to  board  the 
vessel,  as  though  he  were  a  custom-house 
officer  ;  but  on  one  occasion,  in  his  eager- 
ness to  get  into  the  kitchen,  he  fell  over- 
board ;  nothing  daunted,  he  swam  to  the 
shore,  and  then  again  bocrding  the  vessel, 
succeeded  in  his  desire  to  fill  his 
stomach,  showing  the  instinct  <vhich 
prompts  many  a  biped  office-seeker. 

On  leaving  She-ba-vea-nah-nlsg  and  pro- 
ceeding westward,  a  most  beautiM  bay  is 
passed,  studded  with  islands ;  and  moun- 
tains upwards  of  1,000  feet  in  height,  pre- 
senting a  rocky  and  sterile  appearance, 
form  an  appropriate  background  to 
the  view  ;  thence  are  passed  Badgley  and 
Hey  wood  Islands,  the  latter  lying  oft*  Hey- 
wood  Sound,  situated  on  the  north  side 
of  the  Great  Manitoulin. 

Man-i-tou-wah-nino,  25  miles  north- 
v^st  of  She-ba-wa-nah-ning,  is  handsome- 
ly situated  at  the  head  o*"  Heywood 
Sound.  It  is  an  Indian  settlement,  and 
also  a  government  agency,  boin  ne  place 
annually  selected  to  distribute  v^e  Indian 
annuities. 

Little  Current,  25  miles  west  of  She- 
ba-wa-nah-ning,  is  another  interesting 
landing  oh  the  north  shore  oi  the  Great 
Manitoulin,  opposite  La  Cloche  Island. 
Here  the  main  channel  is  narrow,  with  a 
current  usually  running  at  the  rate  of  five 
or  six  knots  an  hour,  being  much  affected 
by  the  winds.  The  steamer  stops  at  this 
knding  for  an  hour  or  upward,  receiving 
a  supply  of  wood,  it  being  furnished  by 
an  intelligent  Indian  or  half-breed,  who 
resides  at  this  place  with  his  family.  In- 
dians are  often  seen  here  in  considerable 
numbers.  They  are  reported  to  be  indo- 
lent and  harmless,  too  often  neglecting 
tlie  cultivation  of  the  soil  for  the  more 
uncertain  pursuits  of  fishing  and  hunting, 
although  a  considerably  large  clearing  is 
to  be  seen  indifferently  cultivated. 

Clappeuton  Island  and  other  islands 
of  less  magnitude  are  passed  in  the  North 
Channel,  which  is  a  large  body  of  water 


about  120  miles  long  and  25  miles  wide- 
On  the  north  shore  is  situated  a  post  of 
the  Hudson  Bay  Company,  which  may 
be  seen  from  the  deck  of  the  passing 
steamer. 

JocKBURN  Island,  85  miles  west  of 
Little  Current  lies  directly  west  of  the 
Great  Manitoulin,  from  which  it  is  sepa- 
rated by  a  narrow  channeL  It  is  a  large 
island,  somewhat  elevated,  but  uninhabit- 
ed, except  by  Indians. 

DRruMOND  Island,  15  miles  farther 
westward,  belongs  to  the  United  States, 
bemg  attached  to  the  State  of  Michigan. 
This  is  another  large  body  of  land,  being 
low,  and  as  yet  mostly  uninhabited. 

The  next  Island  approached  before 
landing  at  Bruce  Mines  is  ot.  Joseph  Is- 
land, being  a  large  and  fertile  body  of 
land,  with  some  few  settlers. 

Bruce  Mines  Village,  C.  W.,  is  situ- 
ated on  the  north  shore  of  Lake  Huron, 
or  the  "North  Channel,"  as  it  is  here 
called,  distant  290  miles  from  Collingwood, 
and  50  from  the  Saut  Ste.  Marie.  Here 
are  a  Methodist  chapel,  a  public-house, 
and  a  store  and  storehouse  belonging  to 
the  Montreal  Copper  Mining  Company, 
besides  extensive  buildings  used  for  crush- 
ing  ore  and  preparing"  it  for  the  market ; 
about  75  dwellings  and  600  inhabitants. 
The  copper  ore,  after  being  crushed  by 
powerful  machinery  propelled  by  steam, 
is  put  into  puddling  troughs  and  washed 
by  water,  so  as  to  obtain  about  20  per 
cent,  pure  copper.  In  this  state  it  is 
shipped  to  the  United  States  and  England, 
bringing  about  $80  per  ton.  It  then  has 
to  go  through  an  extensive  smc'.„:ng  pro- 
cess, in  order  to  obtain  the  pure  metal. 
The  mines  are  situated  in  tlie  immediate 
vicinity  of  the  village,  there  being  ten 
openings  or  shafts  from  which  the  ore  is 
obtained  in  its  cnide  state.  Horse-powoi 
is  mostly  used  to  elevate  the  ore:  tlie 
whims  are  above  ground,  attached  to 
which  are  ropes  and  bucl<ets.  This  mine 
gives  employment  to  about  300  workmeu. 


TRIP   FROM    COLLINOWOOD   TO    PORT   WILLIAM. 


103 


The  capital  stock  of  the  oompaaj  amounts 
to  $600,000. 

Tho  WeUin-'jon  Mine,  about  one  mile  dis- 
tant, is  also  owned  by  the  Montreal  Min- 
ing Company,  but  is  leased  and  worked 
by  an  English  company.  This  mine,  at 
the  present  time,  is  more  productive  than 
the  Bruce  Mines. 

The  Lake  Superior  Journal  gives  the 
following  description  of  the  Bruce  Mine, 
from  which  is  produced  a  copper  ore  dif> 
fering  from  that  which  is  yielded  by  other 
mines  of  that  peninsula. 

*'  Ten  years  i^  this  mine  was  opened, 
and  large  sums  expended  for  machinery, 
which  proved  useless,  but  it  is  now  un- 
der new  raanagemenv,  and  promises  to 
yield  profitably.  Twelve  shafts  have  been 
opened,  one  of  which  has  been  carried 
down  some  330  feet.  Some  200  or  300 
men  are  employed,  all  from  the  European 
mines.  Some  of  the  ores  are  very  beauti- 
ful to  the  eye,  resembling  fine  gold.  After 
being  taken  out  of  the  shaft,  they  are 
taken  upon  a  rail-track  to  the  crushing- 
house,  where  they  are  passed  between 
large  iron  rollers,  and  sifted  till  only  a 
fine  powder  remains ;  from  thence  to  the 
'J'fiTffer- works,'  where  they  are  shaken  in 
water  till  much  of  the  earthy  matter  is 
washed  away,  after  which  it  is  piled  in 
the  yard  ready  for  shipment,  having  more 
the  appearance  of  mud  than  of  copper.  It 
ia  now  :  ostly  shipped  to  Swansea,  in 
Tales,  for  smelting.    Two  years  since, 


1,600  tons  were  shipped  to  Baltimore  And 
Buffalo  to  be  smelted."  '    ' '   ** 

On  resuming  the  voyage  alter  leaving" 
Bruce  Mines,  the  steamer  runs  along 
St.  Joseph  Island  through  n  beautiful 
sheet  of  water,  in  which  are  embosomed 
some  few  islands  near  the  main  shore. 

Campbment  D'Oubs  is  an  island  passed 
on  the  left,  lying  contiguous  to  St  Joseph 
Island.  Here  are  encountered  several 
small  rocky  islands,  forming  an  intricate 
channel  called  tbe  "  Narrovtay  On  some 
of  the  islands  in  this  group  are  found  cop- 
per ore,  and  beautiful  specimens  of  raoss. 
The  forest-trees,  however,  are  of  a  dwarf- 
ish growth,  owing,  no  doubt,  to  the  scant- 
iness of  soil  on  these  rocky  islands. 

About  10  miles  west  of  the  "  Narrows,'* 
(he  main  channel  of  the  St  Mary's  Riv- 
er is  reached,  forming  the  boundM'y  be- 
tween the  United  States  and  Canada.  A 
rocky  island  lies  on  the  Canadian  side, 
which  is  reserved  for  government  pur- 
poses, as  it  commands  the  main  or  ship 
channeL 

Sugar  Island  is  now  reached,  which 
belongs  to  the  United  St&'-tes,  and  the 
steamers  run  a  further  distance  of  26 
miles,  when  the  landing  at  the  Saut  Ste.  Ma- 
rie is  reached,  there  being  settlements  on 
both  sides  of  the  river.  The  British  boats 
usually  land  on  the  north  aide,  while  the 
American  boats  make  a  landing  on  the 
south  side  of  the  river,  near  the  mouth  cX 
the  ship  canaL 


<i 


TEIP  FROM  COLLIHGWOOD  TO  FORT  WILLIAM,  C.  W. 


The  First  Trip  or  the  Steahbr  Resccb. 


^.■> 


'  --i-fiy. 


•'  To  the  Editor  of  the  Toronto  Globe. 

"  SiE :  As  you  have  on  all  occasions  taken 
a  prominent  part  in  advocating  the  opening 
..p  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Territory  and  the 
North  Shore  of  Lake  Superior,  I  send  you 
a  log  journal  of  the  first  cruise  of  the 
Steamer  Jiesciuif  Capta.a  Jambs  Diof^  from 


CoUingwood  to  Port  William.  On  this 
trip,  she  fairly  maintained  hor  previous 
reputation ;  for  in  a  heavy  gale  of  wind  on 
the  beam  for  many  hours,  between  Mich- 
ipicohen  IsUmd  and  Fort  W'Uiam,  she 
made  her  10^  miles  per  hour,  and,  during 
the  gale,  was  steady,  and  free  from  any 


■i 


I 


li 


)!?  1  '!■  '!*'■'.! 


104 


•  W^'f '  >^  "^ 


YBIP  THROUGH  THE  LAFXS. 


-IV  '(r-^T 


unpleasant  motion.  We  left  Collmgwood 
ftt  lO.SO  A.  Iff.,  on  the  12th  July,  1858^ 
Captain  Kennedy  in  charge  of  the  mails, 
for  Red  River.  We  passed  Cabot's  Head 
at  6.30  p.  IL;  Cove  Island  light,  at  9  p.  iff. 
(merely  a  lantern  on  the  top  of  the  tower, 
Tis'Me  about  two  miles  oii  a  clever  night) ; 
paissed  between  the  middle  and  western 
Duck  Islands  at  4  a.m.,  at  easy  steam,  so 
as  to  enter  the  Missisaga  Straits  in  day- 
Ught ;  at  11.20  a.  m.,  ran  alongside  the 
\^iarf  at  Bruce  Mines;  landed  mails,  and 
wooded.  Under  the  kind  supervision  of 
l£r.  Davidson  we  inspected  the  process  of 
extracting  coppw  ore  from  the  bowels  of 
the  earth.  We  found  that  it  contained  4 
per  cent,  at  the  mouth  of  the  pit,  and  25 
per  cent  barrelled  up  in  the  form  of  paste. 
Sometime  ago^  the  Montreal  Mining  Com- 
pany (owning  the  Bruce  Mines),  leased 
half  their  location  to  the  Wellington  Min- 
ing Company.  There  are,  in  consequence, 
within  one  mile,  separated  by  a  small 
island^  two  establishments,  forming  one 
oonsiderable  tov/n.  j\rrivei  at  Saut  Ste. 
Marie,  Pirn's  wiiarf  (British  side),  at  1  p. 
H. ;  landed  mails,  and  ran  over  to  the 
American  side  for  oonla.  At  6  a.  m.,  on 
the  14th,  entered  the  ship-canal,  paying 
siz  cents  per  ton  lockage  dues.  Mr.  Simp- 
son, of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company,  very 
politely  sent  with  us  the  Captain  of  their 
aohooner  to  pilot  us  through  to  Pine  Point, 
where  we  engaged  his  son-in-law,  Alex. 
Clark,  as  pilot. 

"Passed  White  Fish  Point,  Lake  Su- 
perior, at  10  o'clock  A.  M.,  Carioou  Island 
at  4.30  o'clock  p.  it.  This  island  was  ^o- 
callod,  from  the  circumstance  of  Captain 
McHargo,  who  accompanied  Bayfield  in 
hia  survey,  having  on  one  occasion  killed 
60  Caribous  on  it.  At  6  p.  m.,  we  were 
close  to  '  Rescue'  Harbor,  Islaud  of  Mi- 
ohipicoten.  The  harbor  at  Michipicoten 
is  described  by  the  pilot,  who  has  been  15 
Years  on  the  lake,  as  superb,  and  is  so 
laid  down  by  Bayfield.  The  island  is 
llKiiUt  16  miles  by  6^  covered  with  sprace, 


fir,  birch,  ash  and  maple,  the  latter  grow- 
ing on  elevated  ground.  There  are  sever- 
ai  lakes  upon  it,  full  of  speckled  trou^ ;  the 
bay  is  full  of  salmon,  trout,  and  white  fish. 
A  schooner  was  loaded  here  last  season  in 
a  very  short  time  with  fish  in  and  about 
the  harbor;  and  the  climate  is  said  by  old 
voyageurs  to  be  far  more  pleasant  during 
the  winter  than  at  the  Saut  and  other 
places  farther  south,  '^ingof  a  drier  nature* 
Between  the  island  and  the  main  land  is 
the  most  sheltered  passage,  with  two  ex- 
cellent harbors  on  each  side,  one  at  Ot- 
ters' Creek  and  the  other  ai  MiehTpicoten 
River  and  harbor.  This  latter  place  is 
an  important  port  of  the  Hudson's  Bay 
Company,  distant  from  Moose  Fort,  Hud- 
son's Bay,  300  miles,  which  has  been  pass- 
ed over  in  canoes  in  six  days.  Michipi- 
coten Island  is  said  to  contain  great  min- 
eral deposit — silver,  copper,  and  lead ;  the 
Quebec  Mining  Oompany  have  a  location 
here.  '*" 

At  daybreak  on  Thursday  we  passed 
Slate  Island,  and  shortly  after  encountered 
a  dense  fog  and  lay  to  till  1  p.  u.  It  was 
two  o'clock  before  we  saw  land.  I^ssect 
close  to  Thunder  Cape,  a  perpendicular 
rock  rising  fi^m  the  water's  edge  1,350 
feet.  Anchored  at  Fort  William,  situ- 
ated at  the  mouth  of  Kaministoguoi  River 
at  7  p.  M.,  on  Thursday  15  th,  and  landed 
the  mail  Owing  to  a  bar  and  shoal  at 
the  month  of  the  'iver,  we  anchored  about 
a  mile  from  the  Fort,  early  on  Friday  the 
IGth.  Some  of  the  party  went  up  the 
river  in  canoes  to  the  Jesuit  Mission,  about 
three.miks,  where  they  were  kindly  re- 
ceived by  the  priest.  Capt.  Jas.  Dick  and 
Mr.  "ijicMurrich  went  fishing  to  Current 
River,  about  five  miles  to  the  north,  where 
the  speckled  trout  proved  too  large  and 

*  Tbe  roinsuitio  and  uninhabited  harbor  on  the 
south  side  of  Michliiicoten  Island,  exceeds  iu 
safety,  extent,  and  gntndeu7  any  hsrb«>r  found  on 
the  shores  of  these  ereat  lakes.  It  was  visited 
by  the  steamer  •'  Plaughboy^''  with  a  party  of 
pleasure  ob  boArd  in  liifiO,  lying  at  aiu:hor  all 
night. 


'HJji 


TRIP   FROM    COLLING  WOOD   TO   FORT   WILLIAM. 


105 


r  grow- 
3  sever- 
ou* ;  the 
aitetish 
eason  in 
d  about 
i  by  old 
;  dnring 
id  other 
r  nature* 
I  land  is 
L  two  ex- 
je  at  Ot- 
hrpicoten 

place  is 
on's  Bay 
'ort,  Hud- 
>eeu  pass- 

Michipi- 

reat  min- 

lead ;  the 

i  location 


i-bor  on  the 

[exceeds  ii> 

|>r  found  on 

VM  visited 

party  of 

'1, .   ' 


strong  for  their  light  rods  and  tackle, 
smashing  the  tops  of  their  rods  and  tear- 
ing away  thuir  lines  and  flies  as  fast  as 
they  were  thrown  in,  and  they  iiad  to 
give  it  up  for  want  of  material.  One  of 
the  trout  caught  was  the  largest  speckled 
trout  I  have  seen  for  some  years.  There 
are  trout  in  this  strear*,  and  in  all  the  rapid 
streams  between  the  Saut  and  Fort  Wil- 
liam, from  2  lbs.  to  6  lbs.,  and  if  larger 
ones  are  required,  at  Neopigon  River 
they  can  be  caught  from  8  lbs.  to  12  lbs. 
Fancy  such  a  cpot,  ye  disciples  of  Isaac 
Walton ;  speckled  trout  to  be  had  for  the 
trouble  of  throwing  a  fly,  witliin  3^  days 
of  Toronto,  weighing  from  2  lbs.  to  12  lbs. 
In  this  vicinity  are  to  be  found  beautiful 
specimens  of  amethyst  and  other  precious 
stones. 

"  The  gardens  at  Fort  WiUiam  and  at 
th  Jesuit  Mission  are  as  forward  as 
those  on  the  north  part  of  the  county  of 
Simcoe.  The  Hudson's  Bay  Company 
have  a  large  farm,  50  cows  besides*  horses 
and  sheep,  and  up  the  river  there  are 
other  farms;  they  raise  oats,  barley,  and 
all  kinds  of  vegetables,  and  I  see  no  rea- 
son why  they  cannot  raise  wheat.  Mrs. 
Mclntyre,  the  wife  of  the  agent,  was  very 
poUte  and  kind,  and  invited  us  all  up  to  the 
Fort — gave  us  supplies  of  milk  and  vege- 
tables. By  this  route  their  trade  is  car- 
ried on  to  Red  River.  Sir  Greorge  Simp- 
Bon  returned  from  Red  River  just  before 
we  arrived  with  two  canoes  (9  men  in  each) 
aad  left  again  for  the  Saut.  This  bay. 
Black  Thunder,  Neepigon  Bay,  and  Pie 
Island  Bay  and  neighborhood,  abound  in 
white  fish  and  trout — 10  tish  frequently 
fill  a  barrel — 20  as  a  general  rule ;  nets 
should  be  5^  to  7^  inch  mesh.  Our  pilot, 
two  years  ago,  in  five  weeks,  with  two 
men,  filled  175  barrels;  he  was  furnished 
by  merchants  at  the  Saut  with  barrels 
and  -alt,  and  $5  when  returned  fuU — the 
rate  this  year  being  about  $4.  Thirty 
barrels  of  white  fish  were  taken  at  one 
haul  of  a  seine  near  Fort  William. 


We  left  Fort  William  at  8  P.  M.,  for 
Grand  Portage^  passing  McKay's  Mount 
of  Greenstone,  1,000  feet  perpendicular 
height.  La  Pate  or  Pie  Island,  850  feet 
perpendicular ;  this  inland  is  said  to  abouud 
in  lead ;  hardly  a  stone  can  be  picked  up 
on  the  shore  without  lead  in  it.  On  aU 
these  islands  valuable  stones  can  be  pick- 
ed up,  fit  for  brooches  and  rings.  Th'- 
channel  being  very  intricate,  and  the  pilot 
not  quite  posted  up,  we  lay  to  till  day- 
break, and  entered  Grand  Portage  Bay  at 
5  A.  M.  Capt.  Kennedy  landed  here  with 
the  mails,  purchased  a  oanoe,  and  was 
ready  to  start  before  we  left.  A  nudeua 
of  a  town  has  already  sprung  up  here  on 
the  United  States  side. 

"  After  giving  Capt.  Kennedy  a  hearty 
shake  of  the  hand  all  round,  we  startod 
homeward,  at  7.16  a.  m.,  and  passed  Ccp- 
per  Harbor  at  2  p.  m.,  Manitou  Light  5.U0 
p.  M.,  White  Fish  Point  6.40  A.  M. ; 
and  on  the  18th  July  entered  the  Saut 
Canal  at  10.18  a.  m.  Coaled  on  the 
American  side,  and  wooded  on  Pirn's 
wharf,  Brit  '^h  side.  Landed  the  mail,  and 
started  at  2.46  p.  H.  Came  to  the  wharf 
at  Bruce  Mines  at  seven  p.  u. — wooded 
and  left  at  7.40 — passing  through  the  Mis- 
sesaga  Straits  and  the  channel  between 
the  Middle  and  West  Duok.  On  the 
19th  passed  Cove  Island  hght  at  8 
A.  M.,7— Cabot's  Fead  10  o'clock  A.  M., 
and  came  to  the  wharf  at  Colling- 
wood  at  6  p.  m.  Thus  making  the  first 
trip,  including  delays  and  stoppages 
round  Lake  Superior,  in  seven  days  and  six 
hours ;  distance  run,  taken  from  Bayfield's 
chart,  between  1,250  and  1,300  (geographic 
cal)  miles.  The  average  speed,  running 
time,  being  a  little  over  ten  miles  per  hour. 

"  The  scenery  throughout,  and  especial- 
ly that  of  Superior,  is  magnificent.  And 
now  that  the  means  of  communication 
are  afforded  to  this  great  and  unknown 
region,  in  a  safe  and  commodious  boat, 
under  the  care  of  a  well-known  and  ex- 
perienced captain,  it  must  beoomo  tho 


106 


TRIP  THROUGH  THE  LAKES. 


'lf'\] 


favorite  route  for  the  tourist  in  search  of 
health  and  picturesque  scenery." 

The  Compiler  of  this  volume  having, 
during  the  summer  of  1860,  passed  over 
the  same  route  on  hoard  the  Canadian 
Btesmer  Ploughboy,  can  vouch  for  the 
Accuracy  of  most  of  the  above  described 
trip,  exceeding  in  rich  variety  of  lake  and 
riyer  scenery  any  other  excursion,  of 
equal  extent,  on  the  continent  of  Am- 
erica. 

The  shores  or  mainland,  together  with 
virgin  islands,  are  in  view  for  most  of  the 
distance,  except  while  crossing  the  wide 
waters  of  Lake  Superior, — ^when  aU  the 
vastness  of  the  ocean-deep  is  realized, — 
you  then  being  surrounded  by  an  un- 
broken waste  of  waters. 


1^^ 


Distance  around  Ijake 
Superior. 

Saut  Ste.  Marie  to  Fort  William,  C. 
W.,  300  miles ;  Fort  William  to  Superior 
City,  Wis.,  200  miles;  Superior  City  to 
Saut  Ste.  Marie  (American  side),  665  miles 
— ^making  the  grand  circuit  of  Lake  Supe- 
rior, 1,065  miles.    .,  „ 


.*■>*», 


Dittancef  flrom  the  Sant.  Ste. 
JUarle  to  Superior  City. 

Ports,  Ac.       ■  "  '    '     Distances.    Miles. 

Saut  Ste.  Marie,  Mich 00 

Point  Iroquois 15  15 

White  Fish  Point 25  40 

Point  au Sable  ....*. GO  90 

Pictured  Rocks 20  llu 

Grand  Island 10  120 

Munising,  Mich. . . , 5  125 

Marquette,  "..... 45  170 

Huron  Islands 45  215 

Portage  Sntry 25  240 

Hough*'  n  (Portage  Lake,  14  m.)   „ 

Manitou  Island,  or  Eewee-  )    qq  „qq 

naw  Point ) 

CopperHarbor. 15  315 

Agate  Harbor. 10  325 

Eagle  Harbor 6  331 

Eagle  River 9  340 

Onto^aoon,  Mich 65  405 

Porcupine  Hills 25  430 

La  Poinie,  Wis 52  482 

Bayfield 3  485 

Point  de  Tour 10  495 

Superior  Citt,  Wis. 70  565 


GRAND  PLEASVEE  EXGTTRSIOH  ABOUND  LAKE  SUPERIOR. 


On  leaving  the  Ship  Canal,  at  th0  Saut. 
the  steamer  ascends  a  beautiful  stretch 
of  the  St.  Mary's  River  for  10  miles  be- 
fore reaching  Waiska  Bay,  being  an  ex- 
pansion of  the  river  of  about  5  miles. 
Here  the  shores  assume  a  bold  appearance 
well  worthy  the  attention  of  the  traveller 
before  launching  out  on  the  waters  of  the 
broad  lake. 

Iroquois  Point,  on  the  American  side, 
and  Gros  Cap,  on  the  Canadian  side,  are 
next  passed,  15  miles  from  the  Saut  Ste. 
Marie.  The  latter  is  a  bold  promontory, 
risiug  some  400  or  500  feet  above  the 
water,  with  still  higher  hills  rising  in  the 
distance. 


ToNQUAiaiNONBAY  is  next  entered,  and 
a  scene  of  grandeur  is  presented  to  the 
view;  on  the  southwest  or  American 
shore  the  land  rises  to  a  moderate  height, 
while  on  the  northeast  or  Canada  shore 
the  land  rises  (o  mountain  height,  being 
elevated  from  800  to  1,000  feet,  runniug 
off  far  in  the  distance  toward  the  north. 

Parisient  and  other  islands,  attached  to 
Canada,  are  passed  on  the  right,  the  bay 
being  about  25  miles  long  and  as  many 
broad;  in  fact,  forming  a  part  of  Lake 
Superior,  whose  pure  waters  are  in  full 
view  as  far  as  the  eye  can  reach. 

Gk)ULAia  Bay,  and  Point,  another  bold 
headland,  lie  to  the  north  of  Qros  Cap, 


EXCURSION   AROUND    LAKl    SUPERIOR. 


107 


where  enters  a  river  of  tlie  same 
name,  and  are  situated  on  the  Canada  side. 
Here  are  fine  fishing-grounds  in  the  bay, 
while  the  river  abounds  in  s]keekled  trout, 
being  a  favored  resort  for  fishing-parties 
during  pleasant  weather. 

Lake  Superior,  by  far  the  largest 
of  the  Inland  Seas  of  North  America,  ly- 
ing between  46"  30'  and  49°  north  lati- 
tude, and  between  84"  30'  and  92'*  30' 
west  longitude,  situated  at  a  height  of 
600  feet  above  the  sea,  from  which  it  is 
distant  about  1,600  miles  by  th^  course  of 
its  outlet  and  the  St.  Lawrence  River,  is 
460  miles  long  from  east  to  west,  and  170 
miles  broad  in  its  widest  part,  with  an 
average  breadth  of  86  miles.  It  is  800 
feet  in  greatest  depth,  extending  200  feet 
below  the  level  of  tbe  ocean ;  estimated 
area,  32,000  square  miles.  Near  two 
hundred  rivers  and  creeks  are  said  to 
flow  into  the  lake,  the  greater  part  being 
small  streams,  and  but  few  navigable,  ex- 
cept by  canoes,  owing  to  their  numerous 
falls  and  rapids.  It  contains  several 
islands,  the  most  important  of  which  are 
Isle  Btjyale,  and  The  Twelve  Apostles, 
near  its  western  extremity,  and  Grand 
Island,  all  attached  to  the  United  States ; 
Caribou  Island,  Michipicoten,  St.  Ignace, 
Pie,  Slate,  and  other  islands  attached  to 
Canada. 

Kewebnaw  Point  is  its  most  remarka- 
ble feature,  jutting  far  out  into  the  lake 
some  sixty  or  seventy  miles.  On  the 
range  of  hills  running  through  this  point, 
about  20  miles  wide,  are  found  the  most  val- 
uable copper  mines  in  the  world.  Its  good 
and  secure  harbors  are  but  few  on  the  south 
side  of  the  lake,  while  on  the  north  shore 
and  islands  are  several  perfectly  safe 
harbors,  and  easy  of  access.  It  dis- 
charges its  surplus  waters  by  the  Strait, 
or  River  St.  Mary,  60  miles  long,  into 
Lake  Huron,  which  lies  27  feet  below, 
most  of  the  de!i>cent  being  at  the  Saut  Ste. 
Marie,  where  is  a  Ship  Canal  three-fourths 
of  a  mile  in  length,  with  two  locks  of  10 


feet  less  each,  overcoming  a  descent  of  20 

feet. 

"  Tho  early  French  Jesuit  fathers,  who 
first  explored  and  described  this  great 
lake,  and  published  an  account  of  it  in 
Paris,  in  1036,  describe  the  form  of  its 
shores  as  similar  to  that  of  a  bended  bow, 
the  northern  sliore  being  the  arc,  and  the 
southern  shore  the  cord,  while  Keweenaw 
Point,  projecting  from  the  southern  shore 
to  near  the  middle  of  the  lake,  fs  the  ar- 
row." 

This  graphic  description  is  illustrated 
by  a  map,  prepared  by  them,  which  dis- 
rl&ya  the  geographical  position  of  its 
ihorep  with  as  much  fidelity  as  most  of 
the  maps  of  our  day,  and  proves  that 
those  early  explorers  were  perfectly  fa- 
miliar with  its  outline  and  shores. 

^*  The  coast  of  Lake  Superior  is  mostly 
formed  of  rocks  of  various  kinds,  and  of 
different  geological  groups.  With  the  ex- 
ception of  sandy  bars  at  the  mouth  of 
some  of  the  rivers  and  small  streams,  the 
whole  coast  of  the  lake  is  rock-bound; 
and  in  some  places,  but  mure  particularly 
on  the  north  shore,  mountain  masses  of 
considerable  elevation  rear  themselves 
from  the  water's  edge,  while  mural  preci- 
pices and  beetling  crags  oppose  themselves 
to  the  surges, of  this  mighty  lake,  and 
threaten  the  unfortunate  mariner,  who 
may  be  caught  in  a  storm  upon  a  lee-shore, 
with  almost  inevitable  destruction." 

"  Father  of  Lakes  I  thy  waters  bend 
Beyond  the  eagle's  utmost  view, 
When,  throned  In  heaven,  he  sees  thee  send 
Back  to  the  sky  its  world  of  blue, 

"  Boundless  and  deep,  the  forests  weave 
Their  twilight  shade  thy  borders  o'er. 
And  threatening  cliffs,  like  giants,  heave  I 

Their  rugged  forms  along  thy  shore." 

There  are  now  situated  on  the  Ameri- 
can side  of  Lake  Superior  twelve  Ught- 
houses,  viz.,  on  Point  Iroquois;  White 
Fish  Point;  Grand  Island;  Marquette 
Harbor ;  Portage  Entry ;  Manitou  Island, 
near  Keweenaw  Point;  Copper  Harbor; 


I 


108 


TRIP  THROUGH  THE  LAKES. 


;.*■* 


Si' 


Eaf^lo  Harbor ;  Eagle  Rirer ;  Ontonagon, 
at  mouth  Ontonagon  River ;  La  Pointe, 
on  Madeline  Island;  and  Minnesota  Point, 
mouth  of  St.  Louis  River! 

A  government  survey  of  the  Upper 
Lakes,  including  the  St.  Mary's  River 
and  Straits  of  Mackinac,  is  being  made 
by  a  corps  of  Topographical  Surveyors, 
which  when  published  will  furnish  accu- 
rate charts  of  these  Inland  Seas.      '.  ;;":v 

White  Fish  Point,  and  Liairr-iiotJSB, 
40  miles  from  the  Saut,  lies  on  the  south- 
west or  American  shore,  forming  a  oon- 
spicuous  landmark,  whUe  Mamains  Point 
is  seen  on  the  northeast  or  Canada 
shore. 

On  passing  White  IHsh  Point,  where 
may  be  seen  a  number  of  "  sand-dunes," 
or  hills,  and  a  light-house  75  feet  in 
height,  the  broad  waters  of  Lake  Superior 
are  reached.  The  steamers  usually  pur- 
sue a  westerly  course  toward  Grand 
Island  or  Marquette,  passing  Point  au 
Sai)le^  60  miles  farther.  During  dear 
weather,  the  steep  sandy  hills  on  the 
south  shore,  ranging  from  300  to  500 
feet  in  height,  may  be  seen  from  the 
deck  of  the  steamer. 

Point  \u  Sable,  50  miles  from  White ! 
Fish  t'oiut,  is  the  first  object  of  interest 
seen  on  the  south  shore,  on  the  upward 
trip,  from  the  deck  of  the  passing  steamer, 
which  usually  runs  within  sight  of  land, 
affording  views  of  a  continued  succession 
of  interesting  points  and  bold  headlands. 

The  Pictured  Rocks,  20  miles  further, 
or  about  110  miles  from  the  Saut,  are 
next  passed,  presenting  a  magnificent  ap- 
pearance at  certain  times  of  the  day, 
when  favorably  seen  under  the  rays  of  a 
brilliant  sun;  then  the  effect  is  height- 
ened by  the  constantly  changing  appear- 
ance of  these  almost  enchanted  rocks. 
The  steamers  occasionally  run  close  in 
shore,  when  the  weather  is  favorable,  af- 
fording a  fine  opportunity  to  examine 
these  wonders  of  nature. 


it\tm  »«•»* 


,j  J... 


Trip  to  £<ako  Superior. 

Extract  from  a  lietter,  dated 
"St.  Illinois,  of  Pictured  Rocks,  L.  S., 

'•July,  31,  1862. 

"  At  sunrise  this  morning,  we  ap- 
proached the  far-famed  Pictured  Eocka 
of  Lalce  Superior,  and  were  favored  with 
one  of  the  most  grand  scenes  imaginable. 
The  sun  rose  dear,  reflecting  its  rays  in 
the  waters  of  the  lake,  presenting  a  gor- 
geous appearance.  The  Sml  BwJc,  and 
other  points  of  interest,  were  distinctly 
visible,  while  the  steamer  was  running 
for  the  '  Grand  PortaiC  of  the  voyageurs, 
the  most  remarkable  feature  of  this  won- 
der of  nature,  varying  with  every  doud 
effect  SIS  seen  firom  the  passing  vessel 

"The  steamer  approached  cautiously  un- 
til she  had  run  her  bows  under  the  project- 
ing cliff,  then  came  to  a  stand-still  as  quietly 
as  though  she  was  lying  at  a  pier  or 
wharf,  giving  the  numerous  passengers  a 
fine  opportunity  to  examme  the  deep  re- 
cesses of  this  immense  cavern,  the  floor 
being  covered  with  clear,  transparent 
wiEkter  to  the  depth  of  10  or  20  feet.  In- 
side were  visible  two  lesser  openings, 
where  a  small  boat  might  pass  out  into 
the  lake  on  either  side — the  portail  beiug 
formed  at  the  termination  of  a  projecting 
diff — rising  about  200  feet  above  the  lake 
surface. 

"The  Pictured  Rocks  are  thus  briefly 
described  by  Foster  and  Whitney,  in  their 
geological  report: — 'They  may  be  de- 
scribed, in  general  terms,  as  a  series  of 
sand-stone  bluffs,  extending  along  the 
South  shore  of  Lake  Superior,  for  eight 
or  ten  miles,  and  rising,  in  most  places, 
vertically  ft*'  m  the  water,  without  any 
beach  at  the  base,  to  a  height  varying 
from  50  to  200  feet.' 

'  ;  '      "Tours,  &c.,    J.  D." 

/^  ^ir^JirkJ-oi  'ic  '^-.u  ■'-'*  -, ^"-t-  }■■  '^v^-  -fi')-'  '.!"-■■  ■  ■ 


5 


i..- 


EXCURSION    AROUND   LAKE   SUPERIOR. 


109 


m 


The  Pictured  Racks,  of  which  almost  fab-  ^ 
nlous  accounts  are  given  by  travellera,  are 
onooftho  wonders  of  this  "  Inland  Sea." 
Here  are  to  be  seen  the  Cascade  FaUs  and 
other  objects  of  great  interest.  The  Am- 
phitheatre, Miners'  Castle,  Chapel,  Grand 
Portal,  anid  Sail  Rock,  are  points  of  great 
picturesque  beauty,  which  require  to  be 
seen  to  be  justly  appreciated. 

Extract  from  Foster  and  "Whitney's 
Report  of  the  Geology  of  the  Lake  Supe- 
rior Land  District : 

Pictured  Rocki. — "The  range 
of  cliflfe  to  which  the  name  of  the  Pictur- 
ed Rocks  has  been  given,  may  be  regard- 
ed as  among  the  most  striking  and  beau- 
tiful features  of  the  scenery  of  the  North- 
west, and  are  well  worthy  the  attention 
of  the  artist,  the  lover  of  the  grand  and 
beautiful,  and  the  observer  of  geological 
phenomena. 

"Although  occasionally  visited  by  trav- 
ellers, a  full  and  accurate  description  of 
this  extraordinary  locality  has  not  as  yet 
been  communicated  to  the  public* 

"The  Pictured  Rocks  may  be  described, 
in  general  terms,  as  a  series  of  sandstone 
bluffs  extending  along  the  shore  of  Lake 
Superior  for  about  five  miles,  and  rising, 
in  most  places,  vertically  from  the  water, 
without  any  beach  at  the  base,  to  a  height 
varying  from  fifty  to  nearly  two  hundred 


*  Schoolcraft  has  undertaken  to  describe  this 
ranj^o  of  cliflfs,  and  illustrate  the  scenery.  The 
sketches  do  not  appear  to  have  been  made  on  the 
spot,  or  flnishe'^i  bf  one  who  was  acquainted  with 
the  scenery,  w,  they  bear  no  resemblance,  so  far 
as  we  observed,  to  any  of  the  prominent  features 
of  the  Pictured  Kockk. 

''  [t  is  a  matter  <>f  surprise  that,  so  far  as  wo 
know,  none  of  our  artists  have  visited  this  region, 
and  ^ven  to  the  world  representations  of  scenery 
80  sinking,  and  so  ditferent'  from  any  which  can 
bi«  found  elsewhere.  We  can  hardly  conceive  of 
any  thing  more  worthy  of  the  artist's  pencil ; 
and  if  the  tide  of  pleasure-travel  should  once  bo 
turned  in  this  direction,  it  seems  not  unreason- 
able to  suppose  that  a  fashionable  hotel  may  yet 
be  built  under  the  shade  of  the  pine  groves*  near 
the  Chapel,  and  a  trip  thither  become  as  c<»niraon 
as  one  to  Niagara  n<»w  is." 


feet.  Were  they  simply  a  line  of  difb, 
they  might  not,  so  far  as  relates  to  height 
or  extent,  be  worthy  of  a  rank  among 
great  natural  curiosities,  although  such 
an  assemblage  of  rocky  str<»ta,  washed  by 
the  waves  of  the  great  lake,  would  not, 
under  any  circumstances,  bo  destitute  of 
grandeur.  To  the  voyager  coasting  along 
their  base  in.  his  frail  caiioe  they  would, 
at  all  times,  be  an  object  of  dread;  the 
recoil  of  the  surf,  the  rock  bound  coast, 
affording  for  miles  no  place  of  refuge ;  the 
lowering  sky,  the  rising  wind;  all  these 
woulu  excite  his  apprehension,  and  induce 
him  to  ply  a  vigorous  oar  until  the 
dreaded  wall  was  passed.  But  in  the 
Pictured  Rocks  there  are  two  features 
which  communicate  to  the  scenery  a  won- 
derful and  almost  unique  character.  These 
are,  first,  the  curious  manner  in  which  the 
cliffs  have  been  excavated  and  worn  away 
by  the  action  of  the  lake,  which  for  cen- 
turies has  dashed  an  ocean-like  surf 
against  their  base;  and,  second,  the  equal- 
ly curious  manner  in  which  large  portions 
of  the  surface  have  been  colored  by  bands 
of  brilliant  hues. 

"It  is  from  the  latter  circumstRii'«  that 
the  name  by  which  these  cUffs  a^e  'mown 
to  the  American  traveller  is  derived;  while 
that  applied  to  them  by  the  French  voya- 
geurs  ('Les  Portails'*)  is  derived  from  the 
former,  and  by  far  the  most  striking  pe- 
culiarity. 

"  The  term  Pictured  Rocks  has  been  in 
use  for  a  great  length  of  time,  but  when 
it  was  first  applied  we  have  been  unable 
to  discover. 

"  The  Indian  name  applied  to  these  cliffs, 
according  to  our  voya/jeurs,  is  ScfJcuec- 
archibi-kung,  or  *  The  end  of  the  rocks,' 


*  Le  Portail  is  a  French  term,  signifying  the 
principal  entrance  of  a  church  or  a  portal,  and 
this  name  was  given  to  the  Pictured  Kocks  by 
the  voyugeurs,  evidently  in  allusion  to  the  arcbra 
entrances  whicii  constitute  the  most  characteris- 
tic feature.  Le  Gnind  Portail  is  the  great  arch- 
way, or  Grand  PortaL 


,i"^jj' 
''■«(■ 


':> 


110 


^«:; 


TRIP   THROUGH   THE    LAKES. 


f-H 


which  seems  to  refer  to  the  fact  that,  ia  ( 
descending  the  lake,  after  having  passed 
them,  no  more  rocks  are  seen  along  ihe 
shore.  Our  voyagewa  had  many  legends 
to  relate  of  the  pranks  of  the  Afenni-boupu 
in  these  caverns,  and  in  answer  to  our  in- 
quiries seemed  disposed  to  fabricate  sto- 
ries without  end  of  th<)  achievements  of 
this  Indian  deity. 

«*  We  will  describe  the  most  interesting 
points  in  the  series,  proceeding  from  west 
to  east.  On  leaving  Grand  Island  harbor,* 
high  cliffs  are  seen  to  the  east,  which  form 
the  commencement  of  the  series  of  rocky 
promontories,  which  rise  vertically  from 
the  water  to  the  height  of  from  one  hun- 
dred to  one  hundred  and  twenty-five  feet, 
covered  with  a  dense  canopy  of  foliage. 
Occasionally  a  small  cascade  may  be  seen 
falling  from  the  verge  to  the  base  in  an 
unbroken  curve,  or  gliding  down  the  in- 
clined face  of  the  cliff  in  a  sheet  of  white 
foam.  The  rocks  at  this  point  begin  to 
assume  fantastic  shapes ;  but  it  is  not  un- 
til having  reached  Miners'  River  that 
their  striking  peculiarities  are  observed. 

*  The  traveller  desirous  of  visiting  this  scene 
Bhould  take  advantage  of  one  of  the  steamers  or 

Sropellers  which  navigate  the  lake  and  land  at 
»rand  Island,  fh>in  which  he  can  proceed  to 
make  the  tour  of  the  interesting  points  in  a  small 
boat  The  large  vessvls  on  the  lake  do  not  ap- 
pn>ach  sufficiently  near  the  cliffs  to  allow  the  trav- 
eller to  gather  more  than  a  general  idea  of  their 
position  and  outlines.  To  be  able  to  appreciate 
and  understand  their  extraordinary  character,  it 
is  indispenMible  to  coast  along  in  close  proximity 
to  the  clilfs  and  pass  beneath  the  Orund  Portal, 
wnich  is  only  accessible  from  the  lake,  and  to 
land  and  enter  within  the  precincts  of  the  Chapel. 
At  Grand  Island,  boats,  men,  and  provi^tions  may 
be  iH-ocured.  The  traveller  should  lay  in  a  go«»d 
stipply,  if  it  is  intended  lo  be  absent  long  enough 
to  make  a  thorttugh  examination  of  the  whole 
series.  In  fiict,  an  old  voyager  will  not  readily 
trust  himself  to  the  mercy  of  the  winds  and  waves 
of  the  hike  without  them,  as  he  may  not  unfre- 
quently,  however  auspicious  the  weather  when 
sttirting,  Hnd  himself  weather-bound  for  days  to- 
gether. It  is  possible,  however,  in  one  day,  to 
start  from  Grand  Island,  see  the  most  interesting 
points,  and  return.  The  distance  fn»m  William's 
to  the  Chapel — the  farthest  point  of  interest— is 
aboat  fifteen  miles. 


Here  the  coast  makes  an  abrupt  turn  to 
the  eastward,  and  just  at  the  point  where 
the  rocks  break  off  and  the  friendly  sand- 
beach  begins,  is  seen  one  of  the  grandest 
works  of  nature  in  her  rock-built  archi- 
tecture. We  gave  it  the  name  of 'Miners' 
Castle,'  from  its  singular  resemblance  to 
the  turreted  entrance  and  arched  portal 
of  some  old  castle — for  instance,  that  of 
Dumbarton.  The  height  of  the  advanc- 
ing mass,  in  which  the  form  of  the  Gothic 
gateway  may  be  recognized,  is  about  sev- 
enty feet,  while  that  of  the  main  wall 
forming  the  background  is  about  one  hun- 
dred and  forty.  The  appearance  of  the 
openings  at  the  base  changes  rapidly  with 
each  change  in  the  position  of  the  spec- 
tator. On  taking  a  position  a  little  far- 
ther to  the  right  of  that  occupied  by  the 
sketcher,  the  central  opening  appears 
more  distinctly  flanked  on  either  side  by 
two  lateral  passages,  making  the  resem- 
blance to  an  artificial  work  stiU  more 
strik  ig. 

"A  little  farther  east.  Miners'  River 
enters  the  lake  close  under  the  brow  of 
the  cliff,  which  here  sinks  down  and  gives 
place  to  a  sand-bank  nearly  a  third  of  a 
mile  in  extent.  The  river  is  so  narrow 
that  it  requires  no  little  skill  on  the  part 
of  the  voyager  to  enter  its  mouth  when 
a  heavy  sea  is  rolling  in  from  the  north. 
On  the  right  bank,  a  sandy  drift  plain, 
covered  with  Norway  and  Banksian  pine, 
spreads  out,  affording  good  camping-ground 
—the  only  place  of  refuge  to  the  voyager 
until  he  reaches  Chapel  River,  five  miles 
distant,  if  we  except  a  small  sand-beach 
about  midway  between  the  two  points, 
where,  in  case  of  necessity,  a  boat  may 
be  beached. 

"Beyond  the  sand-beach  at  Miners 
River  the  cliffs  attain  an  altitude  of  oiie 
hundred  and  seventy-three  feet,  and 
maintain  a  nearly  uniform  height  for  a  con- 
siderable distance.  Here  one  of  those 
cascades  of  which  we  have  before  spoken 
is  seen  foaming  down  the  rock. 


KXCURSIOR    AROUND   L/KS   SUPERIOR. 


Ill 


"The  difffl  do  not  form  straight  Unes, 
but  rather  arcs  of  cirdes,  the  space  be- 
tweea  the  projecting  p^^^ints  having  been 
worn  out  in  symmetrbai  curves,  some  of 
which  are  of  large  dimensions.  To  one 
of  the  grandest  and  most  regularly  form* 
ed  we  gave  the  narne  of  'The  Auiphi- 
theatre.'  Looking  to  the  west,  another 
projecting  point — its  base  worn  into  cave- 
like forms — and  a  portion  of  the  concave 
surface  of  tlie  intervening  space  are  seen. 

"  It  is  in  tliis  portion  of  the  series  that 
the  phenomena  of  colors  are  most  beauti- 
fiilly/and  conspicuously  displayed.  These 
cannot  be  illustrated  by  a  mere  crayon 
sketch,  but  would  require,  to  reproduce 
the  natural  effect,  an  elaborate  drawing 
on  a  large  scale,  in  which  the  various 
combinations  of  color  should  bo  carefully 
represented.  These  colors  do  not  by  any 
means  cover  the  whole  surface  of  the  cliff 
even  where  they  are  most  conspicuously 
displayed,  but  are  confined  to  certain 
portions  of  the  cliffs  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
Amphitheatre ;  the  great  mass  of  the  sur- 
face presenting  the  natural  light-yellow 
or  raw  sienna  color  of  the  rock.  The  col- 
ors are  also  limited  in  their  vertical  range, 
rarely  extending  more  than  thirty  or  forty 
feet  above  the  water,  or  a  quarter  or  a 
third  of  the  vertical  height  of  the  cliff. 
The  prevailing  tints  consist  of  deep-brown, 
yellow,  and  gray — ^burnt  sienna  and 
French  gray  predominating. 

"  There  are  also  bright  blues  and  greens, 
though  less  frequent.  All  of  the  tints 
&re  fresh,  brilliant,  and  distinct,  and  har- 
monize admirably  with  one  another,  which, 
taken  in  connection  with  the  grandeur  of 
the  arched  and  cavemed  surfaces  on 
which  they  are  laid,  and  the  deep  and 
pure  green  of  the  water  which  heaves  and 
swells  at  the  base,  and  tlie  rich  foliage 
which  waves  above,  produce  an  effect 
truly  wonderful. 

'*  They  are  not  scattered  indiscriminate- 
Iv  over  the  surface  of  the  rock,  but  are 
arranged  in  vertical  and  parallel  bands, 


extending  to  the  water's  edge.  The 
mode  of  their  production  is  undoubt- 
edly as  follows:  Between  the  bands 
or  strata  of  thick-bedded  sandstone 
there  are  thin  seams  of  shaly  materials, 
which  are  more  or  less  charged  with  the 
metallic  oxides,  iron  largely  predomina- 
ting, with  here  and  there  a  trace  of  copper. 
As  the  surface-water  permeates  through 
the  porous  strata  it  comes  in  contact  with 
these  shaly  bands,  anu,  oo  ..^  out  from 
the  exposed  edges,  trickles  down  the  face 
of  the  cliffs,  and  leaves  behind  a  sediment, 
colored  according  to  the  oxide  which  is 
contained  in  the  band  in  which  it  origi- 
nated. It  cannot,  Lowcver,  be  denied  that 
there  are  some  |/eculiarities  which  it  is 
difficult  to  explain  by  any  hypothesis. 

"  On  first  examining  the  Pictured  Rocks, 
we  were  forcibly  struck  with  the  brilliancy 
and  beauty  of  the  colors,  and  wondered 
why  some  of  our  predecessors,  in  their 
descriptions,  had  hardly  adverted  to  what 
we  regarded  as  their  most  characteristic 
feature.  At  a  subsequent  visit  we  were 
surprised  to  find  that  the  effect  of  the 
colors  was  much  less  striking  than  be- 
fore ;  they  seemed  faded  out  leaving  only 
traces  of  their  former  brilliancy,  so  that 
the  traveller  might  regard  this  as  an  un- 
important feature  in  the  scenery.  It  is 
difficult  to  account  for  this  change,  but  it 
may  be  due  to  the  dryness  or  humidity  of 
the  season.  If  the  colors  are  produced 
by  the  percolation  of  the  water  through 
the  strata,  taking  up  and  depositing  the 
colored  sediments,  as  before  suggested,  it 
is  evident  that  a  long  period  of  drought 
would  cut  off  the  supply  of  moisture,  and 
the  colors,  being  uo  longer  renewed, 
would  fade,  and  finally  disappear.  This 
explanation  seems  reasonable,  for  at  the 
time  of  our  second  visit  the  beds  of  the 
streams  on  the  summit  of  the  table-land 
were  dry, 

"It  is  a  curious  fact,  that  the  colors 
are  so  firmly  attached  to  the  surface  that 
they  are  very  little  affected  by  rains  or 


m\\ 


ji_^ 


119 


TRIP  THROUGH    TBI   LAKIH. 


Ill 


the  dashing  c»t'  the  surf,  since  they  were, 
in  numerous  instances,  observed  extend- 
ing in  idl  their  freshness  to  the  very  wa- 
ter's edge. 

**  Proceeding  to  the  eastward  of  the 
Amphitheatre,  we  find  the  difl's  scooped 
out  into  caverns  and  grotesque  openings, 
of  the  most  striking  and  beautiful  variety 
of  forms.  In  some  places  huge  blocks  of 
sandstone  have  become  dislodged  and  ac- 
cumulated at  the  base  of  the  cliff,  where 
they  are  ground  up  and  the  fragments 
borne  away  by  the  ceaseless  action  of  the 
surge. 

"  To  a  striking  group  of  detached  blocks 
the  name  of  'Sail  Bock'  has  been  given, 
from  its  striking  resemblance  to  the  jib 
and  mainsail  of  a  sloop  when  spread — so 
much  so  that  when  viewed  from  a  dis- 
tance, with  a  full  glare  of  light  upon  it, 
while  the  cliff  in  the  rear  is  lefb  in  the 
shade,  the  illusion  is  perfect  The  height 
of  the  block  is  about  forty  feet. 

"Masses  of  rock  are  frequently  dis- 
lodged from  the  cliff,  if  we  may  judge 
from  the  freshness  of  the  fracture  and 
the  appearance  of  tlie  trees  involved  in 
the  descent.  The  rapidity  with  which 
this  undermining  process  is  carried  on, 
at  many  points,  will  be  readily  apprecia- 
ted when  we  consider  that  the  cliffs  do 
not  form  a  single  unbroken  line  of  wall ; 
but,  on  the  contrary,  they  present  numer- 
ous salient  angles  to  the  full  force  of  the 
waves.  A  projecting  corner  is  undermin- 
ed until  the  superincumbent  weigjuti  be- 
comes too  great,  the  overhanging  mass 
cracks,  and,  aided  perhaps  by  the  power 
of  frost,  gradually  becomes  loosened  and 
finally  topples  with  a  crash  into  the  lake. 

"  The  same  general  arched  and  broken 
line  of  cliffs  borders  the  coast  for  a  mile 
to  the  eastward  of  Sail  Rock,  where  the 
most  imposing  feature  in  the  series  is 
reached.  This  is  the  Grand  Portal — Le 
Grand  Portail  of  the  voyageurs.  The  gen- 
eral disposition  of  the  arched  openings 
which  traverse  this  great  quadrilateral 


mass  may,  perhaps,  be  made  intelligible 
without  the  aid  of  a  ground-plan.  The 
main  *xxiy  of  the  structure  consists  of  a 
vast  mass  of  a  rectilinear  shape,  project- 
ing out  into  the  lake  about  six  hundred 
feet,  and  presenting  a  front  of  three  hun- 
dred or  four  hundred  feet,  and  rising  to 
a  height  of  about  two  hundred  feet.  An 
entrance  has  been  excavated  from  one 
side  to  the  other,  opening  out  into  large 
vaulted  passages  which  communicate  with 
the  great  dome,  some  three  hundred  feet 
from  the  front  of  the  cliff.  The  Grand 
Portal,  which  opens  out  on  the  lake,  is 
of  magnificent  dimensions,  being  about 
one  hundred  feet  in  height,  and  one  hun- 
dred and  sixty-eight  feet  broad  at  the 
water-leveL  The  distance  from  the  verge 
of  the  cliff  over  the  arch  to  the  water  is 
one  hundred  and  thirty-three  feet,  leaving 
thirty-three  feet  fur  the  thiclcness  of  the 
rock  above  the  arch  itself.  The  extreme 
height  of  the  cUff  is  about  fifty  feet  more, 
making  in  all  one  hundred  and  eighty- 
three  feet. 

"It  is  impossible,  by  any  arrangement 
of  words,  or  by  any  combination  of  col- 
ors, to  convey  an  adequate  idea  of  this 
wonderful  scene.  Thewvast  dimensions 
of  the  cavern,  the  vaulted  passages,  the 
varied  effects  of  the  light,  as  it  streams 
through  the  great  arch  and  falls  on  the 
different  objects,  the  deep  emerald  green 
of  the  water,  the  unvarying  swell  of  the 
lake,  keeping  up  a  succession  of  musical 
echoes,  the  reverberations  of  one's  own 
voice  coming  back  with  startling  effect, 
all  these  must  be  seen,  and  heard,  and 
felt,  to  be  fully  appreciatf'd. 
•  "Beyond  the  Grand  Portal  the  cliffs 
gradually  diminish  in  height,  and  the  gen- 
eral trend  of  the  coast  is  more  to  the 
southeast ;  hence  the  rock,  being  less  ex- 
posed to  the  fotce  of  the  waves,  bears 
fewer  marks  of  their  destructive  action. 
The  entrance  to  Chapel  River  is  at  the 
most  easterly  extremity  of  a  sandy 
beach  which  extends  for  a  quarter  of  a 


y  \ 


<Pk "  : 


■■>  ■,  ^H"^ 


>^v 


V 

.    I 

»':;■,' 

■■',j  • 

i\:v' 

«  .■">• 


» ^ 


■Ct-^?' 


■**' 


'I 


Hi     .     *• 


•Av,    ^'f^/ft- 


;i'!^ 


■    I 


■'H' 


5,*^ 


_ '  'ill' 


5* 


*-, 


-■^V-i*  - 


'»-. 
^T" 


r    i  n 


Mil 


'<^i.^ 


...       <•.       .        L-i-X 


I 


IIP 


ii 


<      '%||!i!;|fi!|!|: 


•♦  •  * 


•  f. .  1  rt  IJ  « 


XXCURSiON  AROUND  LARB  8UPBRI0B. 


lis 


I      • 


mile,  and  affords  a  oonrenicnt  landing- 
plaoe,  while  the  drift-terraoe,  elevated 
about  thirty  feet  above  the  lake-level,  be- 
ing  lui  open  pine  plain,  affords  ezoellent 
citnipiug-ground,  and  is  the  most  central 
and  coiivonient  spot  for  the  traveller  to 
piu-h  hia  tent,  while  he  examines  the  most 
interesting  localities  in  the  serietj  lurtiich 
occur  in  tliia  vicinity — to  wit,  the  Grand 
rortol  and  the  Chapel.   (See  Engraving.) 

'"Tlie  Chapel — La  Cfuipelk  of  the  voya- 
gears — if  not  the  grandest,  is  among  the 
most  grotesque  of  Nature's  architeoture 
iiero  displayed.  Unlike  the  excavations 
before  described,  which  occur  at  tlie  wa- 
ter's edge,  this  has  been  m.  de  in  tlie  rod^ 
at  a  heiglit  of  thirty  or  forty  feet  above 
the  lake.  The  interior  consists  of  a  vault 
ed  apartment,  which  lias  not  inaptly  re- 
ceived the  name  it  bears.  An  arched 
roof  of  sandstone,  from  ten  to  twenty  foet 
ill  tliicknesa,  rests  on  four  gigantic  col- 
umns of  rock,  »o  as  to  leave  a  vaulted 
apartment  of  irregular  shape,  about  forty 
feet  in  diameter,  and  about  the  same  in 
}ieight  The  columns  consist  of  finely 
(stratified  rock,  and  have  been  worn  into 
curious  shapes.  At  the  base  of  one  of 
tliom  an  arched  cavity  or  niche  has  been 
cut,  to  which  aoces^is  had  by  a  flight  of 
etcps  formed  by  the  projecting  strata. 
Tlie'  disposition  of  the  whole  is  Buch  as 
to  resemble  very  much  the  pulpit  of  a 
church ;  since  there  is  overhead  an  arch- 
ed canopy,  and  in  front  an  opening  out 
toward  the  vaulted  interior  of  the  chapel, 
with  a  flat  tabular  mass  in  front,'  rising 
to  a  convenient  height  for  a  desk,  wliile 
on  the  right  is  an  isolated  block,  which 
not  inaptly  represents  an  altar;  so  that 
if  tlie  whole  had  been  adapted  expressly 
for  a  place  of  worship,  and  fashioned  by 
tlio  hand  of  man,  it  could  hardly  have 
been  arranged  more  appropriately. .  It  is 


J  I 


hardly  possible  to  desoribe  the  singular 

and  uniqi^e  effect  of  this  ^traordinarj 
structure ;  it  is  truly  a  temple  of  statui*— 
'a  house  not  made  with  hands.' 

*'0n  the  west  side,  and  iq  close  prox- 
imity. Chapel  River  enters  the  lake,  pre- 
cipitating itself  over  a  rocky  ledge  ten  or 
h^een  feet  in  height* 

"  It  is  surprising  to  see  how  little  the 
action  of  the  stream  has  worn  away  the 
rocks  which  form  its  bod.  There  appears 
to  have  been  hardly  any  recession  of  the 
cascade,  and  the  rooky  bed  has  been  ex- 
cavated only  a  foot  or  two  since  the  stream 
assumed  its  present  direction. 

"  It  seems  therefore  impossible  that  the 
river  could  have  had  any  influence  in  ex- 
cavating the  Chapel  itself,  but  its  exca- 
^'atioa  must  be  referred  to  a  period  when 
the  waters  of  the  lake  stood  at  a  higher 
level 

"  Near  the  Grand  Portal  the  cliffs  are 
covered,  in  places,  with  an  eflSoresoence 
of  sulphate  of  lime,  in  delicate  crystalli- 
zations ;  this  substance  not  only  incrusts 
the  walls,  but  is  found  deposited  on  the 
moss  which  lines  them,  forming  singular 
and  interesting  specimens,  which  how- 
ever cannot  be  transported  without  losing 
their  beauty.  '^'''"  ^" '' '   *      ' 

"At  the  same  place  we  found  numer- 
ous traces  of  organic  life  in  the  form  of 
obscure  fucoidal  marking?,  which  seem  to 
be  the  impressions  of  plants,  similar  to 
those  described  by  Prof.  Hall  as  occurring 
in  tlto  Potsdam  sandstone  of  New  York. 
Tiiese  were  first  noticed  at  this  place  by 
Dr.  Locke,  m  1847.'' 

*  "■  At  thlB  fall,  scoording  to  Iminemorltl  nsaffo 
aiiioDg,  the  voyageura  in  tUMUinding  the  lake,  the 
mangmrs  dz  lard,  who  inuko  their  flrat  trip,  re- 
ceive haptisin  ;  which  consists  in  giving  them  a 
severe  ducking — a  ceremony  son;ewhat  similar 
to  that  practiflod  on  ^dea-k.>m8  wiiaii  aouing 
the  Una. 


n 


■;i: 


."-<• 


! 


lU 


iiofRtp  THRoron  The  lakes, -''^-i 


.■ht 


%<l,jik«  Sapciior  Regloii. 

vt/v.. 

The  following  yerses  >svere  writtea  hj 
J.  G.  Whittub,  on  receiving  an  eagle's 
tirtiU,  when  on  a  risit  *o  Lake  Superior  in 
1846.    '•'iJ''  >-i-i'i'';;uL,' :,.;^f 

THE  SEER.       '--  •  :     i 

I  heu*  the  ranK>ff  voyager's  horn,  ' "'"    V 
I  see  the  Y»ii>kee'B  trail—  "^ ' 

<..>\}  His  foot  ou  «ver>'  moantain  pass,   .  y-i  {.i: 
On  every  stream  bis  sail 

He's  whistling  round  St  Mary's  Falls, 
Upon  liis  loaded  train ; 
, . . ,    He's  leaving  on  the  Pictured  BooIm 
His  Aresh  tobacco  stain. 

I  see  the  mattock  in  the  mine, 

The  axe-stroke  in  the  dell. 
The  clamor  from  tMe  Indian  lodge. 

The  Jesuit's  chapel  belli 

1  see  the  swarthy  trappers  come 

From  Mississippi's  Springs ; 
.ihd  war-chiefs  with  their  jtainted  brows, 
'  And  crests  of  eogle  wings. 

Behind  the  scared  jquaw's  birch  canoe, 
The  steamer  smokes  and  raves ; 
<       And  city  lots  are  staked  for  sale 

Above  old  Indian  graves.  u 

By  forest,  lake  and  water-fell, 
*  I  see  the  peddler's  show ; 
The  mighty  mingling  with  the  mean, 
The  lofty  with  the  low.  ^^    -. 

1  hear  the  tread  of  pioneem 

Of  nations  yet  to  be ; 
The  first  low  wash  of  waves  where  soon 

Bhali  roll  a  human  sea. 

The  rudtrav^nts  of  empire  here 

Are  plastic  yet  and  warm ; 
The  caaos  of  a  mighty  world 

Is  rounding  into  form  I 

Each  radd  and  jostling  fhtgment  soon 

Its  fitting  place  shalT  find — 
The  raw  materials  of  a  state,  » 

Its  muscle  and  its  mind ! 

Ai;.(l,  westering  still,  the  star  which  leads 

The  new  world  in  its  train, 
Has  tipped  with  fire  the  icy  spears 

Of  many  a  mountain  chain. 

Grand  Island,  125  miles  distant  firom 
the  Saut,  is  about  10  miles  long  and  5 
wide,  lying  close  in  to  the  bou^  shore. 


This  is  awfld  and  romantic  island;  the 
dtffs  of  sandstone,  irregular  and  broken 
into  '  7  the  waves,  form  picturesque  cav- 
ems,  pillars,  and  arches  of  immense  di- 
mensions. There  are  several  romantic 
bays  and  inlets  protected  from  storms, 
which  are  frequent  on  this  great  lake, 
where  the  brook  trout  of  a  large  size  can 
be  caught  in  quantities.  The  forests  also 
afford  a  delightful  retreat,  while  all  nature 
seems  hushed— save  by  the  moaning 
winds  and  billowy  jurg^s  of  the  surround- 
ing waters.  n     .. 

A  few  fairilies  reside  on  the  south 
shore,  facing  the  mainland,  where  i»  a 
clearing  of  considerable  extent.  The 
main-shore  in  full  sight,  and  the  Pictured 
Rocks,  visible  from  its  eastern  shore,  alto- 
gether add  a  charm  to  this  truly  Grand 
Island,  unsurpassed  by  no  other  spot  in 
this  interesting  region. 

MuNiSiNO,  formerly  cillied  Grand  Island 
City,  lies  on  the  south  side  Of  Grand  Island 
Bay,  here  about  3  miles  in  width.  Here  is 
a  steamboat  wharf  and  hotel,  together  with 
a  few  dwellings,  being,  no  doubt,  destined 
tb  become  a  favorite  place  of  resort,  as 
from  this  place  the  Pictured  Rocks  can  bo 
easily  reached  by  canoes  or  small  boats 
during  calm  weather.  Trout  fishing  is 
also  good  in  Ann's  River,  which  enjiers 
Grand  Island  Bay,  and  in  Miner's  River, 
aear  the  Pictured  Rocks. 

The  bay  or  harbor  is  capacious,  deep, 
and  easy  of  access  from  the  east  or  west, 
being  6  miles  in  length  by  from  2  to  4 
in  width,  with  a  depth  of  water  of  100 
feet  and  upwards.  It  is  perfectly  land- 
locked by  hills  rising  from  100  to  300  feet 
high,  and  capacious  enough  to  contain  the 
entire  fleet  of  the  lakes. 

It  is  proposed  to  construct  a  railroad 
from  this  harbor  to  the  head  of  Big  Bay 
de  Noc,  the  most  northern  arm  of  Green 
Bay,  only  40  miles  distant.  * 

Miner's  Point,  a  most  remarkable  head- 
land, lies  6  mUes  east  of  Munising,  at  the 
mouth  of  a  small  stream  of  the  same  name. 


BlCMARKABLB    PHENOMENA    ON    LAKE    SUPERIOR. 


115 


l*he  action  of  the  waters  has  here  dis- 
integrated portions  of  the  sand-stone 
formation,  forming  romantic  cavems  and 
grottoes  where  the  waters  of  the  lalce 
penetrate,  making  strange  music  in  the 
subterranean  passages. 


MoNUMBXT  Rock,  about  one  milo  west 
of  Miner's  Point,  is  another  8trau|f3  freak 
of  nature,  being  an  upright  column  stand- 
ing in  full  view,  near  the  ii^'ater's  edge, 
elevated  some  80  or  100  feet  ab.''°'e  Sie 
lake.  (Sm  Engraving.)  All  these  poluta 
csn  easilj  be  reat^ed  from  Munising,  or 
Grand  Idand,  by  »  sail  or  row  boat 

:■    -:.-.'l.  :     .,/H  W  r   :     '' 

•    ■  .,.i-    ..'     ■  '     .'     1''  w-  •   .,'    it  I.".'?.;  t'.  .i 


MONUJfKNT   BOC&. 


Remarkable  Phenomena  on 
I^ake  Superior, 

The  sudden  and  singular  changes  of  the 
weather  on  Lake  Superior,  in  connection 
with  its  healthy  influence,  during  the  sum- 
mer and  fall  months,  present  one  of  the 
phenomena  of  nature  which  seems  almost 
unaccountable.  The  sun  frequently  rises 
clear  and  cloudless,  giving  indications  of 
continued  suushiise,  when  suddenly  the 
sky  becomes  overcaist  with  whitfe,  fleecy'* 
clouds,  scudding  low  tad  giving  out  a 
chilly  atmosphere,  not  unfVequehtly  ac- 
companied with  rain, — the  clouds  as  sud- 
denly disappear,  and  a  pleasant  afternoon 
usudly  follows,  with  light  winds.  This 
influence,  causing  a  fluctuation  of  several 
degrees  of  the  thermometer,  seems  to 
have  an  injurious  effect  on  most  kinds 
of  fruit  and  vegetables  requiring  a  warm 
sun  throughout  tlie  day  in  order  to  arrive 
at  maturity ;  the  country  a  few  miles  in- 
land, however,  being  less  subject  to  these 
frequent  changes. 

On  the  6th  of  August,  1860,  there  oc- 
curred a  reiftarkable  phenomenon,  as  wit- 
nessed on  Grand  Island  Bay,  near  the 
Pictured  Rocks-— Lake  Superior  being  here 
about  170  miles  wide.  During  the  fore- 
noon of  a  pleasant  summer's  day,  the  wa- 
ter was  observed  suddenly  to  fall  some 
three  or  four  feet  perpendicularly  on  tho 
south  shore,  then  rise  in  about  half  an 
hour,  as  buddenly  again  to  recede  and 
rise  several  times;  exposing  the  bed  of 
the  lake  for  a  considerable  distance  where 


116 


;,f',Vv!^,«'iTRIP   THROUGH    THE   LAKES.  rX'^j^^jsit^ii 


II 


,1     :  ■     ■  Tlli 


the  water  was  shallow,  affording  a  fine  op- 
portunity to  collect  pebbles  or  different 
hues,  and  precious  stones. 

At  noon  the  wind  blew  moderately  from 
the  southward,  while  the  thermometer 
ranged  at  about  74*^  Fahr.  This  appa-' 
rently  calm  and  pleasant  weather  was  ta- 
ken advantage  of  by  a  party  of  pleasure  to 
cross  the  bay  in  a  sail-boat  from  Munislng 
to  Grand  Island,  3. miles  distant,  affording  a 
delightful  excursion.  On  looking  eastward 
at  about  4  o'clock,  p.  ic.,  a  dense  fog  or 
low  cloud  was  seen  rapidly  to  enter  the 
east  channel  of  the  bay,  from  the  north- 
ward, rolling  on  in  majestic  grandeur,  and 
presenting  apparently  the  smoke  caused 
by  the  discharge  of  a  park  of  artillery,  ob- 
scuring every  object  in  the  far  distance, 
while  the  headlands  within  one  or  two 
miles  were  distinctly  visible.  As  it  ap- 
proached, the  thermometer  fell  several 
degrees,  and  rain  followed,  attended  with 
lightning  and  thunder.  Soon,  however, 
the  wind  lulled,  or  entirely  ceased,  while' 
the  rain  poured  down  in  torrents.  The 
mist  or  fog  seemed  mostly  to  ascend  as  it 
passed  over  the  high  lands  on  the  main 
land,  and  assumed  the  appearance  of 
clouds,  while  portions  remained,  in  low 
and  wet  localities,  above  the  forest-trees, 
— presenting  altogether  a  most  magnifi- 
cent appearance.  The  rain-storm  and 
cloud  effect,  after  continuing  some  two 
hours,  as  suddenly  ceased,  followed  by  a 
splendid  rainbow, — ^being  the  harbinger 
of  a  pleasant  evening  and  calm  weather 
for  a  time. 

Mackenzie,  who  wrote  in  1789,  relates 
a  very  similar  phenomenon,  which  oc- 
curred at  Grand  Portage,  on  Lake  Supe- 
rior, and  for  which  no  obvious  cause  could 
be  assigned.  He  says :  "Tlie  water  with- 
djajw,  leaving  the  ground  dry  which  had 
never  before  been  visible,  the  fall  being 
equal  to  four  perpendicular  feet,  and  rush- 
ing back  with  great  velocity  above  the 
common  mark.  It  continued  thus  rising 
and  falling  for  several  hours,  gradually 


decreasing  until  it  stopped  at  its  usuid 
height." 

To  the  mariner  these  sudden  storyas 
and  fluctuations,  accompanied  by  fog^,  are 
attended  with  much  danger,  more  partic- 
ularly if  near  the  land,  when  the  sun  and 
all  objects  in  sight  suddenly  disappear  as 
if  in  darkest  night,  the  terrific  noise  of 
the  waves  and  wind  alone  being  heard. 
When  followed  by  snow  the  danger  is 
still  more  increased,  frequently  causing 
the  most  disastrous  shipwrecks.  In  this 
high  latitude  a  perfect  calm  seldom  contin- 
ues but  for  a  short  time ;  the  wind  will  oc- 
casionally lull,  when  fitful  gusts  disturb 
the  waters,  to  be  followed  by  a  breeze 
or  storm  from  some  quarte?of  the  compasfl. 

On  examiniag  the  meteorolc^ical  record 
kept  at  Fort  Mackinac,  about  100  miles 
distant  in  a  southeast  direction  from  C  rand 
Island,  it  was  found  that  the  thermome- 
ter ranged  at  78*  Fahrenheit  at  2  p.  m. 
on  the  above  day ;  the  wind  being  from 
the  south.  At  7  p.  m.  a  heavy  rain  and 
thunder  storm  commenced,  which  lasted 
two  hours,  the  same  as  on  Lake  Superior, 
terminating  with  a  gorgeous  sunset  view, 
exceeded  only  by  the  magnificent  aurora, 
which  frequently  illuminates  the  northern 
heavens  in  this  high  latitude,  or  the  beau- 
tiful mirage  of  mid-day,  which  reflects 
with  remarkable  distinctness  the  invisible 
landscape,  aud  vessels  floating  on  the  bo- 
som of  this  vast  inland  sea. 

How  far  the  receding  of  the  waters 
had  to  do  with  the  above  coming  storm, 
must  be  left  to  conjecture  or  further  in- 
vestigation—no doubt,  however,  it  caused 
a  displacement  of  water  at  some  remote 
parts  of  the  lake,  which  was  almost  im- 
mediately felt  at  other  and  far  distant 
points.  So  with  the  vapory  clouds  which 
suddenly  rise  over  Lake  Superior ;  they, 
no  doubt,  being  caused  by  cold  currents 
of  air  from  the  higher  regions  or  north- 
west, passing  over  warmer  portions  along 
the  (louih  shore,  when  immediately  a  mist 
or  fog  ?s  created,  which  ascends  in  the 


REMARKABLE   PHKNOMSNA   ON   LAKK    SUPERIOR. 


117 


'■« 


usual 

itorvfls 
«,  are 

partic- 
m  aud 
ear  as 
aise  of 
heard, 
iger  is 
lausing 
In  this 
contin- 
svill  oc- 
disturb 
breeze 
jmpasfl. 
I  record 

0  miles 
tt  Grand 
irmome- 
;  2  P.  M. 
[ig  from 
rain  and 

1  lasted 
uperior, 
et  view, 

aurora, 
lorthern 
le  beau- 
reflects 
invisible 
the  bo- 
waters 
storm, 
ther  in- 
oAused 
remote 
nost  im- 
distant 
s  which 
they, 
currents 
>r  north- 
ns  along 
y  a  mist 
in  the 


form  oi  clouds  into  the  upper  reg^ions ; 
not,  however,  at  first  very  far  above  the 
lake  level — thus  giving  out  the  cold  in- 
fluence above  referred  to  as  pecuUar  to 
the  south  shore  of  the  lake  when  the 
northwest  winds  prevail:  this  cold  in- 
fluence being  most  probably  wafted  far  to 
the  east  and  southward,  producing,  no 
doubt,  an  effect  on  the  weather  along  the 
Atlantic  coast  several  hundred  miles  to 
the  southeaf--^.  The  northwest  winds 
which  mostly  prevail  in  the  States  of  New 
York  and  Pennsylvania  have  a  modified 
character,  similar  to  the  winds  from  the 
same  quarter  passing  over  the  upper 
lakes  of  North  America — ^affording  a  cool 
and  bracing  influence  on  the  human 
system. 

Another  remarkable  feature  in  the  cli- 
mate of  Lake  Superior,  is  its  healthy  and 
invigorating  influence  on  residents  and 
invfdids  suffering  from  incipient  pulmo- 
nary and  throat  complaints — the  sudden 
changes  of  hot  and  cold,  or  wet  weather, 
seem  to  brace  the  constitution,  without 
producing  any  other  injurious  effects  than 
rheumatism,  when  too  much  exposure  is 
endured. 

While  the  balmy  southern  clime  too 
often  disappoints  the  invalid,  this  north- 
ern climate,  its  influence  extending  west- 
ward toward  the  Rocky  Mountains,  seems 
to  give  strength  to  the  respiratory  and 
digestive  organs — thereby  often  effecting 
most  miraculous  and   permanent  cures, 


witliout  the  aid  of  medicine,  other  than 
that  afforded  by  nature — pure  air  and 
water.  The  intense  colds  of  winter  are 
here  represented  as  being  far  more  endu* 
rable  than  in  more  southern  latitudes, 
along  the  Atlantic  coast,  whero  damp 
northeast  storms  prevail. 

In  Foster  and  Whitney^ s  Report  on  the 
Geology  of  Lake  Superior,  the  phenome- 
na of  theso  fluctuations  are  elaborately 
discussed;  and,  for  the  most  part,  they 
are  found  to  be  the  premonition  of  an  ap« 
proaching  gale.  They  remark,  that  the 
earth  may  be  regarded  as  surrounded  by 
two  oceans— one  aerial,  the  oti  or  liquid. 
By  the  laws  which  regulate  two  fluids 
thus  relatively  situated,  a  local  distur- 
bance in  the  one  would  produce  a  corre- 
sponding disturbance  in  the  ocher. 

Every  rise  or  fall  of  one-twentieth  of  an 
inch  in  the  mercurial  column,  would  be 
attended  with  an  elevation  or  depression 
in  the  surface  of  the  water  equal  to  one 
inch.  A  sudden  change  of  the  atmos- 
pheric pressure  over  a  large  body  of  wa- 
ter would  cause  a  perpendicular  rise  or 
fall,  in  the  manner  of  waves,  greater  than 
the  mere  weight  itself,  which  would  prop- 
agate themselves  in  a  series  of  uuduia- 
tions  from  the  centre  of  disturbance. 
These  undrJations  result  from  an  unusual 
disturbance  of  the  atmosphere  occurring 
around  the  margin  of  the  storm,  and  its 
effects  are  perceived  before  the  storm  ao 
tually  breaks. 


Rise  and  Fall  of  the  l¥aterg  of  Liake  Superior. 


Prom  a  series  of  careful  observations 
continued  through  a  period  of  eight  years, 
from  1854  to  1862,  by  Dr.  G.  H.  iilaker,  of 
Marquette,  L.  S.,  it  has  been  found  that  the 
annual  rise  and  fall  of  the  surface  of  Lake 
Superior  ranges  between  20  and  28  inches. 
From  the  first  of  May,  when  the  snow 
begins  to  molt  freely,  until  the  first  of 


September,  the  surface  of  the  lake  level 
continues  to  rise  constantly,  about  six 
inches  a  month,  until  it  gains,  on  an  aver- 
age, two  feet  by  the  middle  of  August; 
— and  by  the  first  of  September  it  begins 
to  fall,  and  so  continues  through  the  win- 
ter, until  about  the  middle  of  April.  The 
permanent  rise,  however,  was  found  to 


I: 


(sJi 


J* 


ii 


VI 

Hi 


ii' 


118 


,  it*  r;nv 


TRIP   THBOUOH   THE   LAKES.    lAAlbf^il 


i'  ■'! 
ii: 


mm 

It:,''      ' 


haire  been  about  two  inches  more  than  I3ie 
fall  for  the  first  six  years,  from  1854 
to  end  of  1859,  thus  making  a  total  rise 
of  some  12  inches  in  the  lake  level  at  the 
latter  period. 

During  the  years  1860  and  1861,  the 
waters  of  Lake  Superior  fell  about  two 
inches  annually,  making  a  fall  of  four 
inches  since  1859,  at  which  period  they 
were  at  their  highmst  -point.  '.    : . 

During  the  winter  of  1861-'62,  there 
fell -at  Marquette  only  fowr  feet  and  two 
inches  of  snow,  being  about  one-quarter 
the  usual  amount, — and  for  the  spring 
months  of  1862  there  fell  only  five  inches 
of  moisture,  being  about  one-half  the  usual 
quantity.  These  well-authenticated  and 
singular  facts,  continued  to  July,  1862, 
show  that  the  waters  of  Lake  Superior  at 
Marquette  are  twenty  indies  lower  than 
they  were  in  1861 — thus  showing  an  un- 
v\^vaX  depression  in  the  waters  of  this  great 
iipland  sea. 

1  When  thesA.  interesting  observations 
shall  have  been  extended  over  a  longer 
period  and  at  different  stations,  they  will, 
no  doubt,  solve  the  mystery  which  has 
heretofore  involved  the  annual  and  period- 
ical rise  and  fall  of  these  great  waters  in 
obscurity. 

j  A  careful  survey  of  the  great  lakes  by 
a  corps  of  engineers  attached  to  the  Topo* 
graphical  Bureayi  is  now  nearly  comple- 
ted, which  will  give  meteorological  results 
and  tidal  observations  of  the  greatest  im- 
portance to  the  mariner,  agriculturist,  and 
intelligent  traveller. 


-  marquette,  the  county  seat  of  Mar- 
quette county,  &nd  a  port  of  entry,  is  advan- 
tageously situated  on  the  Bay  of  Marquette, 
in  N.  hit.  46°  32',  W.  long.  87°  41'.  The 
harbor  is  safe  and  commodious,  being  fully 
protected  from  all  but  northeast  winds, 
when  vessels  are  obliged  to  anchor  in  the 
bay  for  safety.  The  settlement  of  Mar- 
quette was  commenced  in  July,  1849,  and 


incorporated  as  a  village  in  June,  1869. 
It  now  contains  a  oourt-house  and  jail; 
1  Episcopal,  1  Methodist,  1  Presbjrterian. 
1  Baptist,  and  I  Roman  Catholic  church: 
4  public-houses,  the  Marquette  Howe  and 
Tremont  House  being  the  most  frequented 
by  strangers ;  2  printing-offices ;  1 5  or  20 
stores  and  storehouses;  besides  a  large 
foundry  and  machine-shops  of  different 
kinds.     Population  in  1860,  1,665. 

This  flourishing  town  is  identified  with 
the  iron-ore  beds  in  the  vicinity,  being 
some  12  or  18  miles  distant,  situated  on 
an  elevated  ridge  being  known  as  the 
Iron  Mountain.  Here  are  now  three  ore- 
beds  extensively  and  profitably  worked, 
being  owned  by  the  Jackson  Iron  Com- 
pany, the  Cleveland  Iron  Mining  Compa- 
ny, and  the  Lake  Superior  Iron  Company ; 
each  of  the  above  companies  have  sepa- 
rate docks,  from  which  the  ore  is  shipped 
to  the  Eastern  markets.  A  railroad  e^ 
tends  from  Marquette  to  the  Lake  Supe- 
rior mine,  18  miles,  affording  ample  means 
for  the  transportati<m  of  iron  ore  to  the 
place  of  shipment  The  Pioneer  Iron 
Works,  situated  near  the  Jackson  Iron 
Mountain,  is  a  largo  blast  furnace  giving 
employment  to  about  150  workmen.  At 
CoUinsville,  3  miles  from  Marquette,  is 
also  a  blast  furnace  employing  about  100 
hands.  At  Forrestville,  situated  on  Dead 
River,  is  another  blast  furnace. 

The  Northern  Iron  Company,  situated  at 
Chocolat,  3  milea  distant  from  Marquette, 
are  new  works  of  an  extensive  character, 
being  largely  engaged  in  the  manufacture 
of  pig-iron.  In  the  village  are  two  iron 
foundries  fcir,  the  manufacture  of  railroad 
car-wheels  and  other  castings. 

The  iron  business  now  gives  employ- 
ment to  above  100  sail-vessehs,  besides 
several  propellers.  Steamers  of  a  large 
dass,  during  the  season  of  navigation, 
whidi  usually  lasts  six  months,  arrive  and 
depart  almost  daily  for  Detroit,  Cleveland, 
Milwaukie,  and  Chicago,  carrying  freight 
and  passengers. 


BXCUR8X0N   AROUND   LAKE   SUPIBIOR. 


119 


Carp  and  Dead  riven  both  flow  into 
Lake  Superior  near  Marquette,  on  each 
Bide  of  which  there  are  rapids  and  falls  of 
great  beauty,  affording  good  water-power. 
Chocolate  River  also  flows  into  the  lake 
some  two  or  three  miles  east  of  Mar- 
quette, but  through  a  difierent  geological 
formation. 

The  small  streams  in  the  vicinity  abound 
in  speckled  trout,  while  the  lake  is  at  most 
seasons  of  the  year  alive  with  white-fish, 
and  the  Mackinac  trout  of  large  dimui- 
sions,  weighing  from  S  to  60  lbs.  The 
climate  of  Marquette  and  its  vicinity  is 
celebrated  for  its  purity  and  healthy  influ- 
ence, being  the  favorite  resort  of  invalids 
and  seekers  of  pleasure. 

Neo>ukee  is  a  new  and  thriving  settle- 
ment, situated  on  the  lino  of  the  railroad, 
12  miles  from  Marquette,  and  in  the  im- 
mediate vicinity  of  the  Iron  Mountain. 
Here  is  a  population  of  about  1,000  souls, 
being  mostly  engaged  in  working  at  the 


nunes. 


■.iK  S-J\. 


-.r.-    .uf:. 


Trout  Fishing. 

Extract  Jrom  a  Mabquettb  Paper  of  July, 
1862. 

"The  chances  for  taking  trout  in  our 
streams  and  lakes  this  season  appear  to 
be  better  than  ever.  Every  day  we  see 
parties  of  our  citizens  or  visitors  starting 
out,  armed  and  equipped  with  all  the  im- 
plements necessary  and  convenient  for  the 
sport,  and  returning  with  satisfied  coun- 
tenances and  fine  strings  of  'speckled 
trout' 

"  A  considerable  quantity  have  been  ta- 
ken about  the  rocky  points  that  extend 
into  the  bay  and  laJce,  while  along  the 
Carp,  Dead  River  and  smaller  streams, 
the  sportsman  meets  with  excellent  suc- 
cess. 

"  To  those  fond  of  taking  long  fishing 
excursions,  and  enjoying  the  luxury  of 
'camping  out,*  this  country  offers  extra 
inducements.    Various  pUees,  both  above 


and  below  us,  on  the  lake  shore,  wbidi 
are  easily  reached  by  sail-boat,  s;e  fre- 
quented by  lovers  of  sport,  who  always 
return  with  a  good  supply  of  trout 

"Back  in  the  country  are  the  £sconawba 
River  and  Lake  Michigaumie,  both  of  which 
are  within  a  comfortable  day's  journey 
from  the  terminus  of  the  railroad.  The 
scenery  around  this  lake  and  al<^  ng  the 
river  is  delightful,  which,  with  the  abun- 
dance of  fish  to  be  taken  there,  well  repays 
the  trouble  of  the  excursion." 


i-i.if.    i<.i^\ 


Bay    de    Koqaet    and    Mar* 
quettc  Railroad. 

This  road  was  commenced  in  1853,  as 
a  private  company,  by  the  late  Herman 
B.  £1^  and  his  associates,  and  chartered 
in  1855,  under  the  title  of  the  Iron  Mquh- 
tain  Railroad;  finished  in  1857  to  the 
Lake  Superior  Iron  Mine,  17  miles  distant 
from  Marquette;  paseiugthe  Jackaon  Mint^ 
14  miles,  and  the  Cleveland  Mine,  16  miles. 
In  1859  it  was  consolidated  with  the  Bay 
de  Noquet  and  Marquette  Railroad,  which 
will  be  extended  to  the  head  of  Little  Bay 
de  Xoquet,  situated  oo  the  north  end  ef 
Green  Bay,  a  total  distance  of  70  miles. 
When  finished  it  will  form  a  direct  route, 
by  means  of  railroad  and  steamers,  to  all 
the  ports  on  Green  Bay  and  Lake  Michi- 
gan. This  road  has  a  land  grant  from 
government  of  six  sections  of  timbered 
land  for  every  mile  constructed,  amount* 
ing  to  420  sections  of  640  acres  each,  of 
268,800  acres,  valued  at  $672,000. 

This  is  a  well-constructed  road  k>y  far 
as  finished,  having  an  ascending  grad^ 
for  twelve  miles,  overcoming  an  elevation 
of  850  feet  before  reaching  the  Iron  MineS| 
thus  facilitating  the  transportation  of  iron 
ore  to  the  port  of  shipment,  where  extent 
sive  piers  are  constructed  for  loading  of 
vessels  engaged  in  this  growing  and  inii 
portant  trade.  The  amount  carried  over 
the  road  in  I860,  ftven>|^  about  1,500 


H 


120 


,SlO\    TRIP  TBROUOH   THB    LAKES/ 


ii,;  !l 


tons  daily,  during  the  season  of  naviga- 
tion. It  has  at  the  present  time  (18G2)  in 
use  four  first-class  looomotives  and  350 
freight-cars,  with  a  carrying  capacity  of 
2,500  tons  a  day. 


On  leaving  Marquette  the  coast  tends 
north-westward,  passing  Presque  Jsle  and 
other  bold  headlands,  the  coast  here  pre- 
senting a  rocky,  iron-bound  appearance 
for  many  miles,  with  high  hills  in  the 
distance,  being  elevated  from  800  to  1,000 
feet  above  the  waters  of  the  lake. 

Granite  Island,  15  miles  north  of 
Marquette,  is  passed  on  the  right,  having 
on  one  side  two  vortical  walls  of  trap,  20 
feet  high  and  12  apart,  forming  a  secure 
boat  harbor.  On  the  mainland  opposite 
is  seen  Granite  Point,  rising  from  120  to 
130  feet.  Due  North  from  the  above 
island  lies  Stanard's  Rock,  a  most  danger- 
ous projection  discovered  by  Captain 
Stanard  in  1835,  while  in  the  employ  of 
the  American  Fur  Company,  sailing  the 
schooner  John  Jacob  Astor.  The  rock 
may  be  seen  on  the  direct  route  of  steam- 
ers from  Marquette  to  Manitou  Island  or 
Copper  Harbor. 

The  Huron  Isles,  lying  aboub  20  miles 
east  of  Portage  Entry,  numbering  .'ive  or 
six  rocky  islands  or  islets,  form  a  most 
picturesque  group,  covered  in  part  with  a 
stunted  growth  of  trees.  :  J 

Huron  Bay  and  Pc«nt  Abbeys  are 
next  passed,  and  the  upward  bound  steam- 
er enters  a  large  expanse  of  water  called 
L'Ance,  or  Keweenaw  Bay,  extending  far 
inland. 

L'Ancb  is  an  excellent  harbor  where  is 
a  small  settlement,  situated  at  the  head 
of  Keweenaw  Bay.  A  short  distance  north 
are  located  a  Roman  Catholic  and  Metho- 
dist mission-house  r  church.  The  Cath- 
olic being  on  the  \.  \  shore  of  the  Bay, 
and  the  Methodist  v  he  east,  both  are 
surrounded  by  Indian  tribes  and  settle- 
ments. This  locality,  at  no  distant  day, 
must  become  an  important  point,  being 


favorably  situated  between  the  iron  and 
nopper  regions  of  Lake  Superior. 

Portage  Entry,  10  miles  above  Mar- 
quette, is  an  important  port  of  entry,  here 
being  the  mouth  of  the  outlet  to  Portage 
Lake,  where  stands  a  light-house  to  guide 
the  mariner. 

The  land  here  is  low  and  the  shore  un- 
interesting, except  being  lined  with  va- 
riegated sandstone,  worked  into  almost 
every  variety  of  shape  by  the  action  of 
water.  i.r..-t^'.K.     ■:,'  . 

The  Entry  and  ZaA;e  is  an  extensive  and 
beautiful  sheet  of  water,  extending  to 
within  half  a  mile  of  the  entire  breadth 
of  the  peninsula  of  Keweenaw  Point,  in 
the  county  of  Houghton.  It  receives  a 
number  of  small  streams,  draining  tho 
rich  copper  region  of  Lake  Superior.  No 
portion  of  the  south  shore  of  Lake  Supe- 
rior exceeds  this  lakQ  and  its  vicinity  as 
a  resort  for  invalids. 

In  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  lake 
are  found  rich  deposits  of  copper,  yield- 
ing great  returns  to  the  miner  and  capi- 
talist,       .■i^jnii-^y' I  .<i3fy-;  fe 

Houghton,  the  county  seat  of  Hough- 
ton county,  Michigan,  and  a  port  of  entry, 
is  situated  on  the  south  side  of  Portage 
Lake,  14  miles  from  Portage  Entry,  where 
its  waters  commingle  with  Lake  Superior. 
The  harbor  is  land-locked,  being  pro- 
tected by  high  hills  on  both  sides.  The 
settlement  of  Houghton  was  commenced 
in  1854,  and  incorporate  1  as  a  village  in 
1861.  It  now  contains  a  court-house  and 
jail;  1  Episcopal,  1  Methodist,  and  1  Bo- 
man  Catholic  church;  5  public-houses, 
the  Douglass  Bouse  being  a  large  and 
well-kept  hotel;  10  stores,  and  several 
warehouses ;  2  steam  saw-mills,  2  brew- 
eries, and  2  large  stamp-mills  using  steam 
power.  The  population  of  the  town  is 
estimated  at  3,000,  being  mostly  engaged 
in  mining  operations,  while  the  geueral 
trade  and  lumbering  afford  prolitable  em- 
ployment to  those  engaged  in  the  latter 
pursuits.    This  new  and  flourishuag  town, 


EXCURSION    IROUVb    LAKK   SUPIRIOR. 


Ul 


■on  and 

ro  Mar- 
ry, here 
Portage 
x>  guide 

\ore  un- 

wiiii  va- 

almosi 

ction  of 

eive  and 
ding  to 
breadth 
Point,  in 
ceives  a 
ling  tho 
ior.  No 
ke  Supe- 
cinity  as 

the  lake 
jr,  yield- 
nd  capi- 


i^ng  on  a  side-hill  rising  300  or  400  feet, 
is  identified  with  the  copper  mines  in  its 
immediate  yicinity.  There  are  several 
mines  worked  to  a  large  extent,  besides 
others  of  less  note  which  will,  no  doubt, 
soon  be  rendered  productive.  The  min- 
eral range  of  Keweenaw  Point,  some  4 
to  6  miles  in  width,  extends  through  all 
this  section  of  country,  being  as  yet  only 
partially  explored.  The  Isle  Boyal,  Hu- 
ron, and  Portage,  are  the  principal  mines 
worked  on  the  south  side  of  the  lake. 

PoBTAOB  Lake  is  an  irregular  body  of 
water  about  20  miles  in  length,  extend- 
ing nearly  across  Keweenaw  Point  to 
within  2  miles  of  Lake  Superior.  Steam- 
ers and  sail-vessels  drawing  12  feet  can 
pass  through  Portage  Entry,  and  navi- 
gate the  lake  with  safety.  This  body  of 
water  was  an  old  and  favorite  thorough- 
fare for  the  Indians,  .and  the  Jesuit  Fa- 
thers who  first  discovered  and  ex{dored 
this  section  of  country.  A  canal  of  two 
miles  in  length  would  render  this  port«^ 
route  navigable  for  steamers  and  sail- 
vessels  navigating  Lake  Superior,  there- 
by reducing  the  distance  over  100  miles. 
During  the  winter  months  the  atmosphere 
is  very  clear  and  transparent  in  the  vi- 
cinity of  Hougliton,  and  all  through  Ke- 
weenaw Point ;  objects  can  be  seen  at  a 
great  distance  of  a  clear  day,  while  sounds 
are  conveyed  distinctly  through  the  at- 
mosphere, presenting  a  phenomenon  pe- 
culiar to  all  northern  latitudes.  This  is 
the  season  of  hoalth  and  pleasure  to  the 
permanent  residents. 

Hancock,  Houghton  county,  Michi- 
gan, is  situated  on  the  north  side  of  Port- 
ago  Lake,  opposite  to  the  village  of  Hough- 
tun,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  a  steam 
lorry.  The  town  was  first  laid  out  in 
is 5 8,  and  now  contains  about  4,000  in- 
habitants, including  the  mining  popula- 
tion on  the  north  side  of  the  lake ;  its 
sudden  rise  and  prosperity  being  identi- 
tiod  with  tlie  rich  deposit  of  nat^e  copper, 
in  which  this  section  of  country  abounds. 


Ti;e  nite  of  the  village  is  on  a  side-hill 
rising  from  the  lake  level  to  a  height  of 
about  500  feet,  where  the  opening  to  tho 
mines  is  situated.  Here  is  1  Congrega 
tional,  1  Methodist,  and  1  Roman  Catholic 
church ;  3  public-houses,  the  Mason  House 
being  a  well-kept  hotel;  a  number  of 
stores  and  warehouses,  1  steam  saw-mill, 
1  barrel-factory,  1  foundry  and  machine- 
shop,  and  other  manufacturing  establish- 
ments; also,  in  the  vicinity  are  4  exten- 
sive steam  stamping-mills  worked  by  the 
different  mining  companies.  The  Portage 
Lake  Smelting  Works  is  an  incorporated 
company,  turning  out  annually  a  large 
amount  of  pure  merchantable  copper. 
The  business  of  the  company  consists  of 
fusing  and  converting  the  mineral  into 
refined  metal  for  manufacturing  purposes. 
Lake  La  Bblle,  lying  on  the  south- 
east side  of  Keweenaw  Point,  near  its 
termination,  is  a  beautiful  sheet  of  water, 
its  outlet  flowing  into  B^te  Gris  Bay.  It 
is  about  two  and  a  half  miles  long  and  half 
a  mile  wide.  In  the  vicinity  of  the  lake 
are  veins  of  copper  ore  of  a  rich  quality, 
and  it  is  proposed  to  commence  mining 
operations  on  a  large  scale ;  also  improve 
the  navigation  of  the  outlet  for  steamers, 
thereby  affording  easy  ingress  to  the 
above  lake. 


Kbwbenaw  Point  ♦  is  a  large  extent 
of  land  jutting  out  into  Lake  Superior, 
from  10  to  25  miles  wide  and  about  GO 
miles  in  length.  This  section  of  country 
for  upward  of  100  miles,  running  flrom 
southwest  tT>  northeast,  abounds  in  silver 

♦  "  On  many  maps  spelled  Keweewaiicona,  and 
otherwise.  Pronounced  by  our  Indians,  'Ki-wi- 
wai-non-ing,'  now  written  and  pronounced  as 
above ;  meaning  a  portage,  or  place  where  a  port- 
age is  made — tho  whole  distance  of  some  eighty 
or  ninety  miles  around  the  Point  being  saved  bv 
entering  Portage  Lnl(e  and  t'oUowing  up  a  suiall 
stream,  leaving  a  portage  of  only  about  a  half 
mile  to  Lake  Superior  on  tho  other  aids." — Fo4- 
UfT  and  Whitney's  Report. 


:^ 


iyl. 


% 


p' 


T 


* 


■  i. 


b\ 


f 


m 


^a. 


TRIP  THR0V6H  THK  LAKES. 


f'  J  '! 


aud  oopper  ores,  yielding  immense  quan- 
tities of  the  latter;  much  of  it  being  pure 
native  oopper,  but  often  in  such  large 
masses  as  to  render  it  almost  impossible 
to  be  separated  for  tlie  purpose  of  trans- 
portation. Masses  weighing  from  1,000 
to  5,000  pounds  are  often  sent  forward 
to  the  Eastern  markets.  The  geological 
formation  is  very  interesting,  producing 
apecimens  of  rare  beauty  and  mudi  value. 

Manitou  Island  lies  off  Keweenaw 
Point,  on  which  is  a  light-house  to  guide 
the  mariner  to  and  from  Copper  Harbor. 
The  island  is  about  7  miles  in  length  and 
four  wide. 

Copper  Habbor,  Mich.,  is  situate! near 
the  extreme  end  of  Keweenaw  Point,  in 
N.  lat.  47 »  30',  W.  long.  88<»  00';  the  har- 
bor, although  somewhat  difficult  to  enter, 
is  one  of  the  best  on  Lake  Superior,  being 
distant  250  miles  from  the  8a,ut  Ste.  Marie. 
The  settlement  contains  about  200  inhabi- 
tants, a  church,  a  hotel,  and  two  or  three 
stores.  Fort  Wilkins,  formerly  an  U.  S. 
military  post,  has  been  converted  into  a 
hotel,  being  handsomely  situated  on  Lake 
Fanny  Hoe,  about  half  a  mile  distant 
from  the  steamboat  landing.  In  the  vicin- 
ity are  copper  mines  which  have  been 
extensively  worked,  and  are  well  worthy 
of  a  visit. 

Agate  Harbor,  10  miles  west  of  Cop- 
per Harbor,  is  the  name  of  a  small  settle- 
ment. This  port  is  not  as  yet  mudi  fre- 
quented by  steamers. 

Eagle  Harbor,  16  miles  west  of  Cop- 
per Harbor,  is  a  good  steamboat  landing. 
Here  are  two  diurches,  a  good  public- 
house,  together  with  several  stores  and 
storehouses.  Population  about  700,  be- 
ing mostly  engaged  in  mining.  The 
Central,  Copper,  Falls,  Pennsylvania,  and 
Amygdaloid  are  the  principal  working 
copper  mines. 

Eagle  River  Harbor  and  Village,  eight 
miles  further,  are  favorably  situated  at  the 
mouth  of  a  stream  of  the  same  name. 
Here  are  two  churches,  a  well-kept  hotel, 


four  stores  and  iev«ral  atorehouses.  Po^ 
ulation  800.  This  is  •  thriving  tettlemeut^ 
it  being  the  outport  of  the  celebrated 
Cliff,  or  Pittsburgh  and  Boston,  and  other 
mines.  The  copper  found  in  this  vicinity 
is  of  the  purest  quality,  where  is  found 
silver  in  small  quantities,  some  of  the 
specimens  being  highly  prized.  Off  this 
harbor  the  lamented  Dr.  Houghton  waa 
drowned,  October,  1846,  while  engaged  in 
exploring  this  section  of  country :  Ke- 
weenaw Point  and  adjacent  country  be- 
ing very  appropriately  named  Houghtob 
County  in  honor  of  his  memory. 

On  the  north  aide  a£  Keweenaw  Point 
bold  shores  extend  to  near  Ontonagoo. 
with  high  land^  in  the  distance,  formmg 
the  rich  oopper  range  of  this  region. 

OntonaifOli,  Ontonagon  Ca,  Mich., 
336  miles  from  the  Saut  Ste.  Marie,  is  advan- 
tageously situated  at  the  mouth  of  the 
river  of  the  same  name.  The  river  is 
about  200  feet  wide  at  its  mouth,  with  a 
sufficient  depth  of  water  over  the  bar  for 
large  steamers.  Here  is  being  erected 
an  extensive  pier  and  breakwater.  The 
village  contains  an  Episcopal,  a  Presby- 
terian, and  a  Roman  Catholic  church ;  two 
good  hotels,  the  Bigeiow  House  and  John- 
son House ;  two  steam  saw-mills,  and  ten 
or  twelve  stores  and  storehouses,  and 
about  1,200  inhabitants. 

In  this  vicinity  are  located  t)ie  Minne- 
sota, the  National,  the  Rockland,  and 
several  other  very  productive  copper 
mines.  The  ore  is  found  from  twelve  to 
fifteen  miles  from  the  landing,  being  im- 
bedded in  a  range  of  high  hills  traversing 
Keweenaw  Point  from  N.  E.  to  S.  W.  lor 
about  100  miles.  Silver  is  here  found  in 
small  quantities,  beautifully  intermixed 
with  the  copper  ore,  which  abounds  in 
great  masses. 

A  good  plank  road  runs  from  Ontona- 
gon to  near  the  Adventure  Mine,  and 
other  mines,  some  twelve  or  fourteen 
miles  distant,  where  commences  the  cop- 
per range  of  hills.     A  small  steamer  also 


V  '" 


RXCUB8I0H   AmOUND'LAKK   SUPBRIOR. 


1S8 


UMfl.    PO^ 

settlement^ 

celebrated 
,  and  other 
this  vicinity 
re  is  found 
omo  of  the 
d.  Off  this 
ughton  was 
I  engaged  in 
luntry:  Ke- 

oountry  be- 
1  Houghton 

Mnaw  Point 

Ontonagon 

tnoe,  forming 

region. 

)n  Ca,  Mich., 

arie,isadvan- 

louth  of  the 

The  river  is 

Qouth,  with  a 

Br  the  bar  for 

ling  erected 

wat«r.    The 

_^  a  Presby- 

church;  two 

te  and  Johti' 

^ills,  and  ten 

ibouBes,  and 

id  tlie  Minne- 
Lockland,  aud 
Active  copper 
»m  twelve  to 
Ing,  being  im- 
(ills  traversing 
to  S.  W.  lor 
[here  found  in 
ly  intermixed 
[h  abounds  in 


Ifrom  Ontona- 
(re  Mine,  and 

or  fourteen 
[nces  the  cop- 

steamer  ol^ 


runs  on  Ontonagon  Birvr  to  near  the 
Minnesota  and  National  Mines,  where  is 
«   flourishing   settlement   inhalnted   by 


miners. 


tl     .h.'-Tt  ?>;!>■':.•«•»}.•" 


The  Ontonagon  River  is  thus  beautifully 
described  by  IIobjbbt  Alav,  £sq., 

To  the  Ontonagon  Rlrer. 

Sweet  river,  on  thy  silTery  tide 
The  sable  warriors  no  more  glide; 
Along  thy  wild  and  wooded  shore 
Their  iLindling  watcb-flres  blaie  no  more. 
Wherever  thouroam'st  by  dale  or  hill 
Thy  banks  are  silent  now  aud  still, 
As  if  thy  waves,  since  time  be&^an,  ' 

Had  ne'er  t>een  stained  by  savage  man. 
Unlitie  the  tide  of  human  time, 
Which  keeps  each  grief^  retains  each  crime, 
And  deeper,  as  it  downwiu>d  flows, 
Is  stained  with  past  and  present  woes. 
Flow  on,  thou  gentle  river,  flow 
Through  summer's  rain  and  winter  s  snow ; 
May  Indian  war-whoops  no  more  wake 
Thy  echoes,  as  thou  seek'st  the  lake, 
But  peaoeftil  lovers  by  thy  stream 
On  future  Joys  and  pleasures  dream. 
i  T  St.  Amuwmw. 


••*' 


of  Omtm 
ty,  1M«, 

Females. 
31 
10 


Population 
Conn 

Towns,  4ce,  Males. 

Algonquin,  AS 

Flint  Steel,  20 

Oreenland,  lOS  67  ; 

Maple  Grove,  67  57 

Minneiota,  660  184 

National,  346  90 

Nebraska,     '-■-  34  2% 

Ontonagon,      '  650  498 

Pewabic,        '  71  38 

Rockland,  187  95 

Rockland  Mine,  206  41 

Rosendale^  344  S51 

Superior,       '■'■   '*'  16  9 

Webster,  261  79 

Williamsburg,  68  30 


TotiL 
77 
30 

296 

844 
336 

66 
1,148 
109 
283 
253 
696 

24 
340 

98 


Total,  4,488 

The  Porcupine  Mountain,  lying  somo 
16  or  20  miles  west  of  Ontonagon,  is  a  bold 
headland  that  can  distinctly  be  seen  at  a 
great  distance,  rising  some  1,300  feet  above 
the  lake  surface. 


LAKS  8UPEKI0K: 

ITS  CLIMATE  AND  UEALTH-BESTOBINO  INFLUENCE. 
[Extract  firom  a  letter  dated  Mabqvrtb  (Mien.),  September  1, 18^] 


"  The  number  of  visitors  to  this  health- 
restoring  region  during  the  past  summer 
l&B  been  very  great,  and  I  wish  to  record 
my  testimony  of  its  benefit  to  myself  and 
Others.  The  great  mistake,  however,  is, 
with  most  invalids,  tliat  they  do  not  come 
'i&rly  enough  in  the  season,  and  remain 
too  short  a  period  to  feel  the  full  effects 
oa  the  system ;  still  the  beneficial  results 
ftre  usually  felt  immediately  on  arriving 
iu  this  region. 

"  The  following  statement,  made  by  a 
physician,  may  be  relied  on  as  strictly  oor- 
roct: 


»  Dr. ,  of  the  city  of  Philadelphia, 

was  induced  to  leave  home  for  the  benefit 
of  his  httalth,  being  reduced  in  physical 
strength  from  over«application  to  his 
practice,  and  the  heated  weather  of  the 
past  summer  producing  muscular  debility, 
arterial  acceleration  of  the  system,  loss  of 
appetite  and  nervous  irritability,  causing 
restless  and  disturbed  sleep  and  occasional 
confusion  of  the  mental  faculties. 

"On  the  12th  of  August,  1863,  he 
started  for  Cleveland,  Ohio,  and  proceed- 
ed directly  by  steamer  to  Marquette,  Lake 
Superior,  wheru  ho  urrivoJ  ou  the  16th  of 


P 


,'• 


124 


'fni      TRIP   THROUGH   THB   LAKIS'.    ^3 


the  same  month.  The  rojrage  was  con- 
tinued to  Ontonagon  and  thenoe  back  to 
Marquette,  where  he  remained  until  the 
present  date. 

"  The  result  of  this  short  voyage  and 
stay  on  the  lakes  was  truly  gratifying,  he 
being  greatly  invigorated  in  general  health, 
and  now  able  to  endure  any  amount  of 
fatigue  desirable — fishing,  hunting,  or  ex- 
ploring the  mines  in  this  rich  mineral  re- 
gion, and  at  all  times  finding  the  atmo* 
sphere  truly  invigorating,  producing 
buoyancy  of  spirits.  In  his  opinion  the 
atmosphere  of  Lake  Superior  and  the 
surrounding  shore  is  well  calculated  to 
restore  those  who  are  in  any  way  ener- 
vated by  unhealthy  climate  or  disease; 
the  belief  being,  in  his  opinion,  that  tho  at- 
mosphere of  this  northern  region  possesses 
an  excess  of  oxygen,  together  with  a  pe- 
culiar dryness  and  Ughtness  whioh  admi- 
rably adapts  it  to  the  purposes  of  free 
respiration.  The  lowuess  of  the  temper- 
ature, ranging  from  40"  to  70°  Fahrenlieit 
during  the  summer  months,  although  not 
tending  to  provoke  colds  or  ooughs,  causes 
a  disposition  to  sleep  as  easily  and  quietly 
as  a  healthy  babe  in  its  cradle. 

"  Invalids  suffering  from  asthma,  bron- 
chial, pulmonary  affections,  or  general 
debility,  are  directly  relieved  and  invig- 

,.\  J  r^^  J  u  A  •-  »-      ..    * .  i. ' .     ' .;  •     1  *  * '  (L.I 


■ii 


l'     ■         ■'■■■  ■  .  • 

La  Pointe,  11  miles  west  of  Ontonagon, 
situated  on  the  south  end  of  Madeline 
Island,  the  largest  of  the  Apostle  Islands, 
is  one  of  the  oldest  settlements  on  Lake 
Superior;  it  was  first  peopled  by  the 
French  Jesuits  and  traders  in  1680,  being 
420  miles  west  of  the  B£!ut  Ste.  Marie, 
which  was  settled  about  the  same  time. 
The  mainland  and  islands  in  this  vicinity 
have  been  for  many  ages  the  favorite 


orated — these  beneficial  results  being  ac* 
knowledged  by  all  patients  who  give  the 
wonderful  recuperating  influence  of  tliiH 
climate  a  fair  trial.  It  is  not  unusual  for 
invalids  to  gain  half  a  pound  of  Hcyli 
daily,  and  in  the  summer  of  1862  an 
oflBcer  from  the  army  of  West  Tennessee, 
on  furlough  on  account  of  sickness,  stated 
that  he  had  gained  thirty  pounds  withia 
as  many  days,  although  his  strengtli  had 
not  as  yet  returned,  but  no  doubt  he  only 
wanted  time  to  feel  the  full  recuperating 
effects  of  the  Lake  Superior  region. 

'•  Although  the  winters  are  long,  they 
are  considered  the  most  healthy  period 
of  the  year,  the  extreme  cold  not  being 
greater  than  is  sometimes  felt  in  tho 
Northern  and  Eastern  States  near  tho 
seaboard.  There  is  usually  a  heavy  fall 
of  snow,  often  continuing  daily,  at  inter* 
vals  for  some  weeks,  with  but  little  thaw- 
ing weather.  The  cases  of  invalids  being 
relieved,  and  taking  up  their  permanent 
residence  in  this  region,  is  yearly  in- 
creasing, ihey  being  living  witnesses  of 
its  health-restoring  qualities. 

"  I  may  add  my  own  individual  expe- 
rience to  the  above,  during  the  past  eight 
years,  having  four  times  visited  Lake  Su- 
perior. Yours,  &o., 

"J.D." 


.>  *- 


:!  I.. 


r::t 


abode  of  the  American  Indian,  now  lin- 
gering and  fading  away  as  the  country  is 
being  opened  and  settled  by  tho  white 
race. 

The  village  now  contains  300  inhabi* 
tants,  most  of  whom  are  half-breeds  and 
French.  Here  is  an  old  Roman  Catholic 
church,  and  one  Methodist  church ;  2  ho- 
tels, 2  stores,  and  several  coopering  estab- 
lishments for  the  making  of  fish-barrels. 


EXCURSION    ABOUND    LAKK    8UPBRI0R. 


125 


8  being  ac* 
10  give  the 
mce  of  thi« 
unusual  for 
ad  of  rtesh 
>f  1862  an 
Tennessee, 
ness,  stated 
ands  within 
trength  had 
)ubt  he  only 
■ecuperatiog 
egion. 

B  long,  they 
jlthy  period 
d  uoc  beln; 
felt  in  tho 
es  near  tiio 
a  heavy  fall 
«ly,  at  inter- 
it  little  thaw- 
ivalids  being 
r  permanent 
is  yearly  in- 
witnesses  of 

vidijal  expc- 
,he  past  eight 
Ited  Lake  Su- 
fcc, 


The  harbor  and  steamboat  landing  are  on 
thu  south  end  of  tlio  island,  where  may 
usually  be  seen  fislaug-boats  and  other 
crutl  navigating  this  part  of  Lake  Superior. 
Wheat,  rye,  barley,  oats,  peas,  potatoes 
and  other  vegetables,  are  raised  in  large 
quantities.  Apples,  cherries,  gooseberries 
aud  currents  are  raised  in  the  gardens  at 
La  Poinle.  The  wild  fruits  are  plums,  cran- 
berries, strawberries,  red  raspberries,  and 
whortleberries.  The  principal  forest-trees 
on  the  islands  are  maple,  pine,  hemlock, 
birch,  poplar,  and  cedar  trees. 

Bayfield,  capital  of  La  Pointe  Co.,  Wis., 
is  favorably  situated  on  the  southern 
shore  of  Lake  Superior,  80  miles  east  of 
its  western  terminus,  and  3  miles  west  of 
h\  Pointe,  being  80  miles  west  of  Onton- 
ai^on.  The  harbor  is  secure  and  capa- 
Cious,  being  protected  by  the  Apostle 
Islands,  lying  to  the  northeast.  The 
town  Dlot  rises  from  60  to  80  feet  above 
the  waters  of  the  lake,  affording  a  splen- 
did view  of  the  bay,  the  adjacent  islands 
and  headlands.  Its  commercial  advan- 
tages are  surpassed  by  no  other  point  on 
Lake  Superior,  being  on  the  direct  route 
to  St.  Paul,  Minn.,  and  the  Upper  Missis- 
sippi. Here  are  siti'ated  a  Presbyterian, 
a  Methodist,  and  a  Roman  Catholic  church ; 
2  hotels,  4  stores,  2  warehouses,  1  steam 
saw-mill,  and  several  mechanics'  shops. 
Population  in  1860,  300. 

The  Hudson  and  BayfieM  Railroad^  164 
miles  in  length,  has  been  surveyed  and 
will  most  probably  be  completed  within 
a  few  years,  there  being  a  favorable  land 
grant  conceded  to  the  company.  This 
will  afibrd  a  speedy  route  to  St.  Paul  and 
other  ports  on  the  Mississippi  River. 

La  Pointe  Bay,  on  the  west  side  of 
which  is  situated  the  port  of  Bayfield,  is  a 
large  and  safe  body  of  water,  being  pro- 
tected from  winds  blowing  from  every 
point  of  the  compass.  The  shores  uf  the 
islands  and  mainland  are  bold,  while  the 
harbor  affords  good  anchorage  for  the 
whole  fleet  of  the  lakes. 


The  Indian  Agency  for  the  Chippewa 
tribe  of  Indians  residing  on  the  borders 
of  Lake  Superior,  have  their  headquarters 
at  Bayfield.  The  annual  annuities  are 
usually  paid  in  August  of  each  year,  when 
large  numbers  tiock  to  the  Agency  to  ob- 
tain their  pay  in  money,  provisions,  and 
clothing. 

Ashland,  12  miles  south  of  La  Pointe,  at 
the  head  of  Chagwamegon  Bay,  is  another 
new  settlement  no  doubt  destined  to  rise 
to  some  importance,  it  having  a  very  spa- 
cious and  secure  harbor. 

Maskeo  River,  a  considerable  stream, 
the  outlet  of  several  small  lakes,  enters 
Lake  Superior  about  16  miles  east  of  Ash> 
land ;  some  10  miles  farther  eastward  en« 
ters  Montreal  Rivbr,  forming  the  boun- 
dary, in  part,  between  the  States  of  Mich- 
igan and  Wisconsin. 

The  Twelve  Apostlks'  Isles  consist 
of  the  Madeline,  Cap,  Line,  Sugar,  Oak, 
Otter,  Bear,  Rock,  Cat,  Ironwood,  Outer, 
and  Presque  Isle,  besides  a  few  smaller 
islands,  being  grouped  together  a  short 
distance  off  the  mainland,  presenting  du- 
ring the  summer  months  a  most  picuresque 
and  lovely  appearance.  Here  are  to  bo 
seen  clay  and  sandstone  cliffs  rising  from 
iOO  to  200  feet  above  the  waters,  while 
most  of  the  islands  are  clothed  with  a  ricb 
foliage  of  forest-trees. 


The  Twelve  Apostles'  Islands. 

The  following  description  of  these  ro- 
mantic islands  is  copied  from  Owen^s  Geo- 
logical Survey  of  Wisconsin,  &c. 

"  When  the  waters  of  Lake  Superior 
assumed  their  present  level,  these  islands 
were  doubtless  a  part  of  the  promontory, 
which  I  have  described  as  occupying  the 
space  between  Chagwamegon  Bay  and 
Brute  River.  They  are  composed  of 
drift-hills  and  red  clay,  resting  on  sand- 
stone  which  is  occasionally  visible.  In  the 
lapse  of  ages,  the  winds,  waves,  and  cur- 


120 


.:V01   ntxp   TIIROVOH   THl   LAKll,   ''>V^» 


rents  of  the  lakes  oat  awaj  channels  !■ 
these  soft  materials,  and  finally  separated 
the  lowest  parts  of  the  promontory  into 
islands,  and  island^rocks,  now  twenty- 
three  in  number,  which  are  triM  outUers 
of  the  drift  and  sandstone. 

'*  At  a  distance  they  appear  like  main* 
land,  with  deep  bays  and  points,  graduallj 
becoming  more  elevatod  to  the  westward. 
'  lie  au  Chene,^  or  Oak  Island,  which  is 
next  the  Detour  (or  mainknd),  is  a  pile 
of  detached  drift,  260  or  300  feet  high, 
and  is  the  highest  of  the  group.  Made- 
line,  '  Wau-ga-ba-me'  Island,  is  the  lar- 
gest (on  which  lies  La  PointeX  being  13 
miles  long,  from  northeast  to  southwest, 
and  has  an  average  of  3  miles  in  breadth. 
"Muk-quaw"or  Bear  Island,  toid  '*Esh- 
quagendeg"  or  Outer  LMnds,  are  about 
equal  in  size,  being  six  miles  long  and  two 
and  a  half  wide. 

"  They  embrace  in  all,  an  area  of  about 
400  square  miles,  of  which  one-lialf  is 
water.  The  soil  is  in  some  places  good, 
but  the  m%jor  part  would  be  difficult  to 
dear  and  cultivate.  The  causes  to  which 
I  have  referred,  as  giving  rise  to  thickets 
of  evergreens  along  the  coasi  of  the  lake, 
operate  here  on  all  sides,  and  have  covered 
almost  the  whole  surface  with  cedar, 
birch,  aspen,  hemlock,  and  pine.  There 
are,  however,  patches  of  sugar-tree  land, 
and  natural  meadows. 

"  The  waters  around  the  islands  afford 
excellent  white  fish,  trout,  and  siskowit, 
which  do  qot  appear  to  diminish  afler 
many  years  of  extensive  fishing  for  the 
lower  lake  markets.  For  trout  and  sis- 
kowit, which  are  caught  with  a  line  in 
deep  water,  the  best  ground  of  the 
neighborhood  is  off  Bark  Point  or  '  Point 
I'^corce'  of  the  French.  Speckled  or 
brook  trout  are  also  taken  in  ail  the  small 
streams. 

'^That  portion  of  the  soil  of  the  inlands 
fit  for  cultivation,  produces  potatoes  and 
all  manner  of  garden  vegetables  and  roots 
in  great  luxuriance.      In  the  flat  wet 


parts,  both  the  soil  and  dimat*  are  favor 
able  to  grass ;  and  the  crop  is  certain  and 
stout.  Wheat,  oats,  and  barley  do  weU 
on  good  soil  when  well  cultivated. 

*'  In  regard  to  health,  no  portion  of  the 
continent  surpasses  the  Apostle  Ishtnda. 
In  the  summer  months  they  present  to 
the  residents  of  the  South  the  most  cool 
and  delightful  resort  that  can  be  imagined, 
and  for  invalids,  especially  such  as  are 
affected  in  the  lungs  or  liver,  the  uniform 
bracing  atmosphere  of  Lake  Superior  pro- 
duces the  most  surprising  and  beneficial 
effects." 

'  •  i.  .  » .     r. 

Healthy  Inflnenco  of  lAke 
Superior. 

No  better  evidence  can  be  given  of  th« 
healthy  climate  of  the  Lake  Superior  re- 
gpion  than  the  following  extracts  from  let- 
ters, written  by  well-known  individuals: 

"Batfibld,  July  28th,  1860. 

"/)ear  Sir: — Perhaps  it  would  be  inter- 
esting to  you  to  state,  in  a  few  words,  the 
happy  effects  that  this  climate  has  pro- 
duced for  me. 

"Previous  to  my  coming  here  I  consulted 
with  three  physicians  in  Philadelphia, 
one  in  the  central  part «  f  Pennsylvania, 
one  in  Washington,  >:>  C,  and  one  in 
G^eorgetown,  D.  C.  It  was  the  opinion  of 
all  that  consumption  was  tightening  her 
grasp  upon  me,  and  that  soon  I  would  be 
laid  in  the  grave.  Under  medical  advice 
I  made  use  of  an  inhaling  apparatus,  drank 
cod-liver  oil  and  whiskey,  but  all  witliout 
any  beneficial  results.  Through  the  ad- 
vice of  friends,  and  in  hopes  of  saving  my 
life,  I  came  to  this  place,  June  6th,  i^^l, 
bringing  with  me  three  gallons  of  cod- 
liver  oil  and  three  gallons  of  old  rye 
whiskey.  This  bracing  atmosphere  seem- 
ed to  give  me  inunediate  relief,  and  in  a 
short  time  it  seemed  as  if  a  heavy  load 


IXCURSION    AROUND   LAKI   8UPIRIOR. 


127 


)  tre  lkvor> 
jertain  and 
y  do  wett 
ted. 

tion  of  the 
Ue  leliinda. 
present  to 
>  most  cool 
e  imagined, 
uoh  as  are 
he  uuiform 
jperior  pro 
d  beneficial 


r>-  .,«..-» 


9f  l<ake 


:^i;. 


^iven  of  th« 
Superior  re- 
cts  from  let- 
udividuals: 

8th,  I860, 
uld  be  intor- 
V  words,  the 
te  has  pro* 

» I  consulted 
Philadelphia, 
ennsylvania, 
and  one  in 
le  opinion  of 
htenlng  her 
1 1  would  be 
3dical  advice 
kratus,  drank 
t  all  witliout 
)ugh  the  ad- 
>f  saving  my 
16  6th,  i^^l 
ons  of  cod- 
of  old  rye 
sphere  Beem- 
lief,  and  in  a 
heavy  load 


was  remoted  fironi  my  chest  I  used  the 
cod-liver  oil  in  feed  for  young  chickens 
and  greasing  my  bootd,  and  gave  the 
most  of  the  whiskey  away.  I  am  now 
(three  y<^ars  after  my  arrivak  here)  enjoy- 
ing excellent  health. 

**  AespectfuUy  youri, 


f>t  t , »  *'i*  J 


Bronchial,  or  TIbroat  Dibkask. 

Rev.  W L         resided  in  Malcme, 

Franklin  county,  New  York,  during  the 
year  1850,  where  he  first  was  troubled  by 
the  bronchud  disease,  which  led  to  bleed- 
ing of  the  throat    From  Malone  he  re- 
moved to  Fairfield  county,  Connecticut,  in 
1852,  near  Long  Island  Sound,  where  the 
(disease  increased  in  virulenoe,assuming  an 
alarming  dmracter.    In  1855  he  removed 
to  Syracuse,  New  York,  where  he  con- 
tracted a  remittent  fever,  without  being 
benefited  in  regard  to  his  throat  disease. 
In  1 858  he  visited  Europe  for  the  benefit 
of  his  health,  without  his  throat  disease 
being    benefited,  although  he  improved 
in  general  health.     In  August,  1859,  he 
removed  to  Eagle  River,  Michigan,  situ- 
ated on  the  south  shore  of  Lake  Superior, 
where  he  gradually  improved  in  health ; 
but  on  moving  a  few  miles  in  the  interior, 
near  one  of  the  copper  mines,  his  healtii 
rapidly  improved,  and  a  permanent  cure 
was  effected,  as  he  supposes,  by  pure  and 
bracing  air — ^for  which  this  whole  section 
of  country  is  justly  celebrated. 

D<Ued,  on  board  steamer  North  Star, 
July,  1860. 


On  proceeding  from  La  Pointe  west- 
ward, the  steamer  usually  passes  around 
Point  de  Tour,  ten  miles  uorth,^nd  enters 
Fond  du  Lac,  a  noble  bay  situated  at  the 
head  of  Lake  Superior.  It  may  be  said 
to  be  50  miles  long  and  20  miles  wide, 
abounding  in  good  fishing-grounds. 


Saperlor,  or  Svprrior  Citt,  Doaglass 
county,  Wisconsin,  is  most  advantageous- 
ly situated  on  a  bay  of  Superior,  at  tho 
-.rest  end  of  the  lake,  near  the  mouth  of 
St.  Louis  River.  Hero  are  a  church,  two 
hotels,  and  ten  or  fifteen  stores  and  stont- 
hoasea,  an  i  about  1,000  inhabitants.  A 
small  river,  called  the  Nemac^i,  runs 
through  Superior,  and  enters  into  St. 
Louis  Bav.  Perhaps  no  place  on  Lake 
Superior  has  commercial  advantages  equal 
to  this  town  ;*  fts  future  is  magnified  al- 
most beyond  conception.  The  St.  Croijn 
and  Superior  Jiailroad  is  proposed  to  ter- 
minate at  this  place,  extending  south- 
ward  to  Hudst^i,  on  the  St  Croix  River, 
about  140  miles.  Another  railroad  is  pro- 
posed to  extend  westward  to  the  Sa  k 
Rapids,  on  the  Upper  Mississippi,  either 
from  this  place  or  Portland,  Minn. 

I>ISTANOM  FROM   fON D  DtT  LAOTO  ST.  PAVL,  MtNlT. 

F«>SDi>i;LAn(St  Louis  River) Miloc 

Pukii^eiiia.  {Portiiffe) 75 

Fai.u  St.  Croix  (OMioe) 40    115 

Muriiitf  Mills,  {Steamboat) 19    184 

Stillwater.  " 11    146 

St.  Paul  (51fei^<) 19    168 

Distance  from  Superior  City  to  St. 
Cloud  (Sauk  RapidsX  by  proposed  rail- 
road route,  120  inilea.  St.  Cloud  to  St. 
Paul,  76  miles.    Total,  196  miles. 

DISTAMOBS  FBOM  SrPBBIOB  OITTTO  PBMBINA,  MIHir. 

SuPERiOB Mileft. 

Obow   Wino 80 

Otter  Tail  Lake TO  IftO 

Uice  River 14  224 

Siind  IIlllB  Rivtr...              TO  2D4 

Grand  Furk  (Red  River) 40  884 

Pbmbina 80  414 

From  St  Paul  to  Pembina,  via  Crow  Wing,  464  m. 

Fond  dd  Lao,  St.  Louis  county,  Minn.,  is 
situated  on  St.  Louis  River,  2U  miles  above 
its  entrance  into  Lake  Superior.  Vessels 
of  a  large  class  ascend  to  this  place,  being 
within  lour  miles  of  tlte  St.  Louis  FaUa, 
having  a  descent  of  about  60  feet,  aflbrd- 
ing  an  immense  water-power.  Hero  are 
sandstone  and  slate  quarries,  from  which 


il  II 


% 


»  I.  i ,    J 


I'  4: 


',  ii- 


1 


J 

In 


128 


TRIP  THROUGH  THE  LAKES. 


liiiit'iiii. 


Btone  end  slate  are  quarrkd,  and  exten> 
sively  used  for  building  purposes.  Iron 
and  copper  ore  abound  in  the  vicinit/. 
These  advantages  bid  fair  to  make  this 
point  a  mart  of  commerce  and  manufac- 
ture. 

St.  Louis  Rever,  flowing  into  the  S.  W. 
end  of  Lake  Superior,  is  a  large  and  im- 
portant stream,  and  is  navigable  for  steam- 
ers and  lake  craft  for  upward  of  20  miles 
from  its  mouth.  Above  the  falls  (where 
the  water  has  a  descent  of  GO  feet,  pre- 
senting a  beautiful  appearance),  the  river 
is  navigable  for  canoes  and  small  craft  for 
about  80  miles  farther.  This  river  is  the 
recipient  of  tiie  waters  of  several  small 
lakes  lyicg  almost  due  north  of  its  outlet, 
its  head  waters  flowing  south  from  .near 
Rainy  Lake.  j   Ui  ^^  ,to     ,,    . 

PoETLAND,  St.  Louis  coujity,  Minn.,  ad- 
vantageously situated  at  the  extreme  west 
end  of  Lake  Superior,  seven  miles  N.  W. 
from  Superior  City,  is  a  place  of  growing 
importance,  where  is  a  good  steamboat 
landing,  with  bold  shore.  This  is  the  cap- 
ital of  the  county,  and  bids  fair  to  be  a 
successful  competitor  with  Superior  City 
for  the  carrying  trade  of  the  Great  West 
and  Pacific  coast.  Along  the  shore  of  the 
luke  northward  are  to  be  seen  bold  sandy 
bluffs  and  highlands,  supposed  to  be  rich 
in  mineral  wealth. 

Bellville,  Minn.,  is  a  new  settlement, 
situated  on  the  lake  shore,  4  or  5  miles 
nortli  of  Portland. 

Clifton,  St.  Louis  Co.,  Minn.,  situated  11 
miles  N.  B.  of  the  head  of  Lake  Superior, 
is  a  new  settlement.  In  the  vicinity  are 
rich  copper  mines  and  good  farming  lands. 

Buchanan  is  another  new  settlement, 
situated  northeast  of  Clifton,  possessing 
similar  advantages. 

BuRUNQTON  is  a  new  settlement,  situ- 
ated near  Agate  Bay. 

Ekoampmbnt  is  the  name  of  *a  river, 
island  and  village,  where  is  a  good  har- 
bor, thb  r?outh  of  the  river  being  pro- 
tected by  the  Island.    On  the  river,  near 


its  entrance  into  the  lake,  are  falls  afford- 
ing flne  water-power.  Cliflfs  of  green- 
stone are  ta  be  seen,  rising  from  200  to 
300  feet  above  the  water's  edge,  presenting 
a  handsome  appearance.  To  the  north  of 
EncHmpment,  along  the  lake  shore,  abound 
porphyry  and  greenstone.  This  locality 
is  noted  fbr  a  great  agitation  of  the  inn<f 
netic  needle ;  the  depth  of  water  in  the 
vicinity  is  too  great  for  vessels  to  anchor; 
the  shores  being  remarkably  bold,  and  in 
some  places  rising  from  800  to  1,000  feet 
above  the  water. 

Hiawatha  is  another  new  settlement, 
situated  on  the  west  shore  of  Lake  Su- 
perior, where  are  found  copper  ore  and 
other  valuable  minerals,  precious  stones, 
etc. 

Beaver  Bay,  on  the  N.  W.  lake  shore, 
at  the  mouth  of  Beaver  River,  affords  « 
good  harbor,  where  is  a  small  settlement. 

Grand  Portage,  Minn.,  advantngeously 
situated  on  a  secure  bay,  near  the  mouth 
of  Pigeon  River,  is  mi  old  station  of  the 
American  Fur  Company.  Here  are  a  Ro- 
man Catholic  Mission,  a  block-house,  and 
some  12  or  15  dwellings.  Mountains  from 
800  to  1,000  feet  are  here  seen  rising  ab- 
ruptly from  the  water's  edge,  presenting 
a  bold  and  subhme  appearance. 

PiGKON  Bat  and  River  fbms  the  north 
west  boundary  between  the  United  States 
and  Canada,  or  the  Hudson  Bay  Compn- 
ny's  territory.  Pigeon  River  is  but  a 
second-class  stream,  and  by  its  junction 
with  Arrow  River  continues  the  boundary 
through  R*».iny  Lake  and  River  to  the  Lake 
of  the  Woods,  where  the  49th  degree  of 
north  latitude  is  reached.  The  mouth  of 
Pigeon  River  is  about  48  degrees  north 
latitude,  and  89  degrees  30  minutes  west 
from  Greenwich. 

Along  the  whole  west  shore  of  Lake 
Superior,  from  St.  Louis  River  to  Pigeon 
River,  are  alternations  of  metamorphosed 
schi&ts  and  sandstone,  with  volcanic  grits 
and  other  imbedded  traps  and  porphyry, 
with  elevations  rising  from  800  to  1,200 


w.- 


EXCURSION    AROUND    LAKX    SUPBRIOB. 


falls  afford* 
of  green- 
rom  200  to 
I,  presenting 
le  north  of 
lore.  abound 
his  locality 
>f  the  mii<r 
voiGT  in  tlio 
B  to  anchor ; 
bold,  and  in 
0  1,000  feet 

settlement, 
)f  Lake  Su- 
)er  ore  and 
jious  stones, 

.  lake  shore, 
rer,  affords  » 
11  settlement, 
srantageously 
ar  the  mouth 
station  of  the 
ere  are  a  Ko- 
ik-house,  and 
)untains  from 
en  rising  ab- 
e,  presenting 
ce. 

ras  the  north 
Jnited  States 
Bay  CompH- 
ver  is  but  a 
its  junction 
the  boundary 
)T  to  the  Lake 
th  degree  of 
;hs  mouth  of 
egrees  north 
minutes  west 

hore  of  h&\io 
ver  to  Pigeon 
jtamorphosed 

volcanic  grits 
id  porphyry, 
800  to  1,200 


iH"^ 


^^ 


feet  above  the  Iftke,  often  presenting  a 
grand  appearance. 

ISLB  Roy  ALE,  Houghton  Co.,  Mich.,  be- 
ing about  45  miles  in  length  from  N.  E. 
tu  S.  W.,  and  from  8  to  12  miles  in  width, 
is  a  rich  and  important  island,  abounding 
in  copper  ore  and  other  minerals,  and 
also  precious  stones.  The  principal  har- 
bor and  only  settlement  is  on  Siskowit 
Bay,  being  on  the  east  shore  of  the  island, 
about  50  miles  distant  f'om  Eagle  Harbor, 
on  the  main  shore  of  3  ichigan. 

The  other  harbors  tir&— Washington 
Harbor  on  the  southwest,  Todd's  Harbor 
on  the  west,  and  Rock  Harbor  and  Ciiip- 
'  pewa  Harbor  on  the  northeast  part  of 
the  island.  In  some  places  on  the  west 
are  perpendicular  cliffs  of  green-stone, 
very  bold,  -^ising  from  the  water's  edge, 
while  on  ihz  eastern  shore  conglomerate 
rock  or  coarse  sandstone  abounds,  with 
occasional  ^stony  beach.  On  this  coast 
are  many  islets  and  rocks  of  sandstone, 
rendering  navigation  somewhat  danger- 
ous. GkK)d  fishing-grounds  abound  all 
around  this  island,  which  will,  no  doubt, 
before  many  years,  become  a  fa/orite 
summer  resort  for  the  invalid  and  sports- 
man, as  well  as  the  scientific  tourist. 

Siskowit  Lake  is  a  considerable  body 
of  water  lying  near  the  centre  of  the 
island,  which  apparently  has  no  outlet. 
Other  small  lakes  and  picturesque  inlets 
and  bays  abound  in  tdl  parts  of  the 
island.  Hills,  rising  from  300  to  400 
feet  above  the  waters  of  the  lake,  exist 
in  many  localities  throughout  the  island, 
V'hic    is  indented  by  bays  and  inlets. 


Norltaern  Shore  of  ILako  Su- 
perior. 

Extract  from  Report  (Vt  the  Geology  of  the 
Lake  Superior  CqurUry,  by  FosiSR  and 
"Whitney:    ,:;:,,.j   ».„,.,,w;' U'-S 
Northern    Shore.  —  "Beginning    at 

Pigoon  Uay,  the  bouadary  between  the 
9 


United  States  and  the  British  Possessions 
(north  latitude  48*),  we  find  the  eastern 
portion  of  the  peninsula  abounds  with 
bold  rocky  chffs,  consisting  of  trap  and 

red  granite.  ^ 

"  The  Fallo  of  Pigeon  River,  eighty  or 
ninety  feet  in  height,  are  occasioned  by  a 
trap  dyke  which  cuts  through  a  series  of 
slate  rocks  highly  indurated,  and  very 
similar  in  mineralogical  characters  to  the 
old  graywacke  group.  Trap  dykes  and 
interlaminated  masses  of  traps  were  ob- 
served in  the  slate  near  the  falls. 

"  The  base  of  nearly  all  the  ridges  and 
cliffs  between  Pigeon  River  and  Port  Wil- 
ham  ^ituated  at  the  mouth  of  Kaministe- 
quoi  Riyer,  the  western  boundary  of  Up- 
per Canada)  is  made  up  of  these  slates, 
and  the  overlaying  trap.  Some  of  the  low 
islands  exhibit  only  the  gray  grits  and 
slates.  Welcome  Islands,  in  Thunder  Bay, 
display  no  traps,  although,  in  the  distance, 
they  resemble  igneous  products,  the  joints 
being  more  obvious  than  the  planes  of 
stratification,  thus  giving  a  rude  semi- 
columnar  aspect  to  the  cliffs. 

"At  Prince's  Bay,  and  also  along  the 
chain  of  Islands  wliich  lines  the  coast,  in- 
cluding Spar,  Victoria,  and  Pie  islands,  the 
slates  with  the  crowning  traps  are  adinira- 
bly  displayed.  At  the  British  and  North 
American  Company's  works  tho  slates  are 
traversed  by  a  heavy  vein  of  calc-spar 
and  amethystine  quartz,  yielding  gray  sul- 
phuret  and  pyritous  copper  and  galena. 
From  the  vein  where  it  cuts  the  overiay- 
ing  trap  on  the  main  shore,  considerable 
silver  has  been  extracted. 

"  At  Thunder  Cape,  the  slates  form  one 
of  the  most  picturesque  headlands  on  the 
whole  coast  of  Lake  Superior.  They  are 
made  up  of  variously  colored  beds,  sucl^^ 
as  compose  the  upper  group  of  Mr.  Logan, 
and  repose  in  a  nearly  horizontal  position. 
These  detritai  rocks  attain  a  thickness  of 
nearly  a  thousand  feet,  and  are  crowned 
with  a  sheet  of  trappean  rooks  three  hun- 
dred feut  in  thiokuo:iS. 


!f 


ft 


..* 


•'ii 


180 


TRIP  THBOUOH   THE   Li.KK8. 


"At  L'Anse  i  la  BouteiHe  (opposite 
the  Slate  Islands,  on  the  north  shore  of 
Lake  Superior)  the  slates  reappear,  with 
the  graaite  protruding  through  them,  and 
occup7  the  coast  for  fifteen  miles :  numer- 
ous ajkes  of  greenstone,  bearing  east  and 
west,  are  seen  cutting  the  rocks  vertically. 
The  Slate  Islands  form  a  part  of  this  group, 
And  derive  their  name  from  their  geologi- 
cal structure. 

"They  are  next  seen,  according  to  Mr. 
Logan,  for  about  seven  miles  on  each  side 
of  the  Old  Pick  River.  Near  Otterhead  a 
gueissoidal  rock  forms  the  coast,  which 
presents  a  remarkably  regular  set  of  strata 
u  which  the  constituents  of  sienite  are 
anwiged  in  thin  sheets  and  in  a  highly 
crystalline  o(»idition.  From  this  point  to 
the  Hicbipicoten  River  the  slates  and 
granite  occupy  alternate  readies,  along 
ike  coas^  for  the  distance  of  fifty  miles. 
*  With  the  exception  of  a  few  square  miles 
of  the  upper  trap  of  gargantua,  these  two 
rocks  ai)pear  to  hold  the  coast  all  the  way 
to  the  vicinity  of  Pointe  aux  Mines,  at  the 
extremity  of  which  they  separate  from  the 
shore,  maintaining  a  nearly  straight  south- 
easterly line  across  the  Batchewanimg  Bay, 
leaving  the  trap  of  Mamainse  between  them 
and  the  lake.  Thence  they  reach  the  north- 
ern part  of  Goulais  Bay,  and  finally  attain 
the  promontory  of  Gros  Cap,  where  they 
constitute  a  moderately  bold  range  of 
hills,  ronning  eastwardly  toward  Lake 
Huron.'"* 


(yi'/y  rrti/ .  f 


^^h 


Ffslierles  of  LAke  §aperIor. 

:Good  fishing-grounds  occur  all  along 
the  north  shore  of  Lake  Superior,  afford- 
ing a  bountiful  supply  of  white-fish.  Mack- 
IpAC  trout,  and  many  other  species  of  the 
finny  tribe.  On  the  south  shore  there 
are  fishwies  at  White-Fish  Point,  Grand 

*  Guiadiuu  R^itort,  1846^'47. 


I  Island,  near  the  Pictured  Kocks,  Kewee- 
naw  Point,  La  Pointe,  and  Apostles' 
Islands,  and  at  different  stations  on  Isle 
Royale,  wliere  large  quantities  are  taken 
and  exported;  but  there  are  no  reliable 
statistics  as  to  the  number  of  men  em- 
ployed or  the  number  <tf  barrels  exported. 
Between  the  head  of  Keweenaw  Point 
and  the  mouth  of  the  Ontonagon  River, 
considerable  quantities  of  ^sh  are  taken, 
for  which  there  is  a  ready  market  at  the 
mining  stations.  In  addition  to  the  white 
fish  and  Mackinac  trout,  the  siskowit  is 
occasionally  taken.  Its  favorite  resort, 
however,  is  the  deep  water  in  the  viciuiiy 
of  Isle  Royale. 

Lake  Supesiob  Tbout-Fishino  in  Wik- 
TSB. — ^The  Lake  Superiw  Journal  says: 

*'  Angling  through  the  ice  to  a  depth  of 
thirty  fathoms  of  water  is  a  novel  mode 
of  fishing  s<»uewhat  peculiar  to  this  pecu- 
liar region  of  the  world.  It  is  carrying 
the  war  into  fi8hd(»9  with  a  vengeance, 
and  is  denounced,  no  doubt,  in  the  com- 
munities on  the  bottom  of  these  northern 
lakes  as  a  scfdy  piece  of  warfare.  The 
large  and  splendid  salmon-trout  of  these 
waters  have  no  peace;  in  the  summer 
they  are  enticed  into  the  deceitful  meshes 
of  the  gill-net,  and  in  the  winter,  when 
they  hide  themselves  in  tho  deep  caverns 
of  Uie  lakes,  with  fifty  fathoms  of  water 
above  their  heads,  and  a  defence  of  ice 
two  or  three  feet  in  thickness  on  the  top 
of  that,  they  are  tempted  to  destruction 
by  the  fatal  hook. 

"  Large  numbers  of  these  trout  are 
caught  every  winter  in  this  way  on  Lake 
Superior;  the  Indian,  always  skilled  in 
the  fishing  business,  knows  exactly  where 
to  find  them  and  how  to  kill  them.  The 
whites  make  excursions  out  on  the  lake 
in  pleasant  weather  to  enjoy  this  sport. 
There  is  a  favorite  resort  for  both  fish  and 
fishermen  near  Gros  Cap,  at  the  entrance 
of  Lake  Superior,  through  the  rocky  gate- 
way between  Gros  Cap  and  Point  Iroquois, 
abmit  18  miles  above  the  Saul,  and  in;Jiiy 


TfTi 


EXCURSION    AROUND    LAKE    StPfiRIOR. 


131 


Lpostles' 

on  Isle 
re  taken 

reliable 
nen  em- 
aported. 
w  Point 
n  River, 
re  taken, 
et  at  the 
the  white 
gkowit  is 
te  resort, 
,e  viciniiy 

0  IN  Wl«- 

a  says: 
t,  depth  of 
ovel  mode 
this  pecu- 
8  carryinti 
vengeance, 

1  the  coro- 
northern 

•are.  The 
it  of  these 
le  Bummer 
■ful  meshes 
[nter,  when 
jp  caverns 
i8  oi  water 
mce  of  ice 

on  the  top 
ideatniction 


s  VtkTffi  tront,  at  ftas  point,  is  pulled  up 
from  its  wai'm  bed  at  the  bottom  of  the 
lake,  in  winter,  and  made  to  bite  the  cold 
ico  in  ttiis  upper  worid.  To  see  one  of 
these  fine  fish,  four  or  five  feet  in  length, 
and  weighing  half  aa  much  as  a  man, 
floundering  on  the  snow  and  ice,  weltering 
and  freezing  to  death  in  its  own  blood, 
oftentimes  moves  the  heart  of  the  fisher* 
man  to  expressions  of  pity. 

"The  modus  operandi  in  tlUs  kind  of 
great  trout-fishing  is  novel  in  the  extreme, 
and  could  a  stranger  to  the  business  over- 
look at  n^  distance  a  party  engaged  in  the 
Epr.1%  hi:  '^nld  certainly  think  they  were 
mac,  jr  «»ach  one  making  foot-raoes  against 
time.  A  hole  is  made  through  the  ice, 
smooth  and  round,  and  the  fisherman  drops 
down  his  large  hook,  baited  with  »  small 
herring,  pork,  or  6ther  meat,  and  when  he 
ascertains  the  right  depth,  he  waits — with 
fisherman's  luck^— some  time  for  a  bite, 
wbidh  in  this  case  is  a  pull  all  together,  for 
the  fisherman  throws  the  line  over  his 
shoulder,  and  walks  from  the  hole  at  the 
top  of  his  speed  till  the  fish  bounds  out 
on  the  ice.  We  hare  known  of  as  many 
as  fifty  of  these  splendid  trout  caught  in 
this  way  by  a  sip  -  'inhermaa  in  a  single 
day:  it  is  ^us  ^  s.  "t  source  of  pleasure 
and  a  valuable  ^c:  »  of  food,  especially 
in  Lent,  and  the  tosm'  t  iUpulous  anti-pork 
believers  might  here  -  (t  wn  potk  and  up 
&M  without  any  offence  to  conscience." 


lilMt   of   Tessels  liOst  in  the 
I^ake  Superior  Trade. 


Since  the  »  -  overy  of  copper  in  the 
Upper  Peninsii^^ :  in  1845,  and  the  com- 
mencement of  tlie  Lake  Superior  steamer 
and  vessel  trade,  many  craft  engaged  in 
the  trade  have  been  lost.  Previous  to 
the  discovery  of  copper,  there  was  no 
other  trade  but  that  in  furs,  and  one  of 
the  ftir-trad|zig    Vessels    wus    lo8t->-the 


V*la«  Carn. 

Tmt. 

$2,000 

1S4T 

18,000 

1847 

4,000 

1860 

10,000 

1861 

600 

■  •  •  • 

18,000 

1868 

2,600 

1858 

12,000 

1864 

1,509 

1864 

4,000 

law 

10,000 

1856 

15,000 

1856 

26,000 

1857 

2,500 

1868 

John  Jacob  Astor.  Wo  have  compiled 
the  following  table,  which  will  be  found 
of  interest  to  those  connected  with  the 
Lake  Superior  copper  trade : — 

Nmk*  of  VeMel  lott.  Valnn. 

Schooner  MerclMnt $4,000 

Propeller  OoMftth  ....*.,..  18,000 
Steamer  Ben  Franklin..  .16,000 

Propeller  Monticello 80,000 

Schooner  Blskowit 1,000 

Pi-opeller  Indepesdenoe..  12,000 

Steamer  Albany 80,000 

Propeller  Peninsala 18,000 

Steamer  E.  K. Collins..  .100,000 

Steamer  Baltimore 16,000 

Steamer  Superior 15,000 

Propeller B.  L.  Webb.... 60,000 
Propeller  aty  of  8uperior.60,000 
Propeller  Indiana 8,000 

$866,000    $125,000 
—making  a  grand  total  of  $491,000. 

Since  the  above  Table  was  compiled  the 
following  losses  have  occurred  in  the 
Lake  Superior  trade: 

Steamer  Arctic,  wrecked  on  Lake  Supe- 
rior, June,  1860. 

Steamer  Gazelle,  wrecked  on  Lake  Su- 
perior, 1860. 

Steamer  Elgin,  lost  on  Lake  Michigan, 
September  ),  1860. 

Steamer  North  Star,  burnt  at  Cleveland, 
February,  1862. 

The  loss  of  life  by  the  accidents  given 
above  is^  as  near  as  can  be  ascertained, 
as  follows : — 

Schooner  Merchant '18 

Propeller  Independence 3 

Steamer  E.  E.  GoUina 20 

Steamer  Superiw 64 

Steamer  Lady  Elgin 360 

Steamer  Sunbeam 36 


Total. 


,480 


Steamer  Snnbeam  lost  In  a  gale  on  Lake  flope- 
rior,  Aug.  23, 1868. 


'U 


;ll 


:  lit 


lit:    i 


I'M  y 

pi  i  ■  I' 


ifii 


l:",\^'?7.T' "T.VVfl^MTiiai-  '^  •  '".V 


^ 


ill 


132 


J:,' 


TRIP    THROUGH    THE    LAKES. 


The  I^akes— lAnd  of  the  Free. 


^' • 


Columbians  sboms  are  wild  and  wide, 

Columbia's  LakM  are  grand, 
And  rudelf  planted  side  oy  aide, 

Her  forests  meet  the  eye ; 
But  narrow  must  those  shores  be  made, 

And  low  Columbia's  hills, 
And  low  her  ancient  forests  laid,      i.  ,, .;   ^ 

'EitefrMdom  leaves  her  fields; 
For  His  the  land  where,  rude  and  wild, 
Hhe  played  her  gambols  when  a  child. 

And  deep  and  wide  her  streams  that  flow 

Impetuous  to  the  tide, 
And  thicic  and  green  the  laarela  grow 

On  every  river  side ; 
But  should  a  trans- Atlantic  host       '^''"^ 

Pollute  our  waters  fair. 
We'll  meet  them  on  the  rocky  coast, 

And  gather  laurels  there ; 
For  O,  Columbia's  sons  are  braye, 
And  fre  '  as  ocean's  wildest  wave. 

The  gale  that  waves  her  mountain  pine 

Is  fragrant  and  serene. 
And  never  brighter  sun  did  shine       "  ^ 

Than  lights  her  valleys  green ; 
But  putrid  must  those  breezes  blow, 

The  sun  must  set  in  gore, 
Ere  footsteps  of  a  foreign  foe      SCU  ' 

Imprint  Columbia's  shore ;  U 

For  O,  her  sons  are  brave  and  free,     > 
Their  breasts  beat  high  with  Liberfy. 


jC. 


#^ 


n  V' 


■;;.?&  <j.  "sM 


(t 


The  liand  of  Eiake  and 
River. 


?■!' 


U  '1 

It, 


Composed  hy  Dr.  Laycock,  of  Woodstock, 
C.  W. — ^A  Canadian  Song. 

The  Land  of  Lake,  Biver,  and  Forest  ^dde. 
Where  Niagara  plunges  in  splendor  and  pride 
O'er  the  trembling  clifi's  her  precipitous  tide; 
Know  ye  the  land  f 
'Tie  a  glorious  land  t 
And  th«  land  it  our  own  dear  home 


The  land  which  nor  Arts  nor  Industry  p>aeed. 
Where  the  bountiftil  seasons  ran  all  to  waste, 
T  11  the  Briton  the  Savage  and  Sluggard  diB< 
placed; 

Know  ye  the  land,  &C. 


The  land  where  the  Saxon,  the  CtanL  and  the 

Celt, 
The  first  glow  of  patriot  brotherhood  felt. 
And  forgetting  old  feuds  in  amity  dwelt ; 
Know  ye  the  land,  &c. 

T^e  land  nnpollnted  by  Despot  or  Slave, 
'^     ;> «  ^ustictt  is  done  on  the  Dastard  and  Knave, 
W^j        ii  or  is  paid  to  the  Wise  and  the  Brave : 
Know  ye  the  land,  Ac. 

The  land  where  the  Tta4ih«r  is  honored  iaH 

sought ; 
Where  the  Schools  are  all  busy,  the  children  all 

taught ; 
Where  the  Thinker,  unfettered,  can  utter  hii 

thought ; 

Know  ye  the  land,  Jbe. 

The  land  where  the  Famur  Is  Lord  of  the  Soil, 
Where  the  ToiUr  himself  reaps  the  fruit  of  hit 

toU, 
Where  none  has  a  TifU  his  neighbor  to  spoil; 
\  ir-   '.!<-,     'r.i       Know  ye  the  land,  d:c. 

The  land  where  the  Chsristnan  can  openly  priiv, 
As  Scripture  and  Conscience  mAy  show  him  uo 


way, 
leas  of 


Fear] 


clerical  tyrant  or  lay ; 

Know  ye  the  umd,  Ac 


f:j 


IXlV'j^y 


OP.t 


The  land  which,  the  older  and  stronger  it  grew, 
To  Law  and  to  Iioyalty  still  kept  more  true, 
Both  to  Princ*  and  to  People  according  their 
due; 

Know  ye  the  land? 
^s  a  glorious  land  I 
And  the  land  la  our  own  dear  home  I 

?fl    iff  ■  |>o.l    •i»'i'>.'-'>'^Y     'hf    % 

•       ■    '    ■       •'•--•  _-i  ■        ^    >    .'  .         - 

''j  '.'fft'O  !; /■*!.,    y:i..';'i   til   .U:."i'    J,t^«,t  vh^'"     "■ 


'i> 


'.ll' 


to  waste, 
[iggard  diB< 

«a\  and  the 

•dfelt, 
iwelt ; 
,  Ac 

Blave, 

d  and  Knave, 
idtheBraye: 
.,  Jbc. 

honored  iaA 
e  children  all 
can  ntterbii 
1,  Jcc 

>rd  of  the  Soil, 
lie  fruit  of  hii 

bor  to  spoil; 
d,&c. 

1  openly  pray, 
'  show  uim  tko 


td,  kc. 

I'Vi 

ronger  it  grew, 
:  more  true, 
ccording  their 

rnd? 
landl 
ir  homo  t 


m\ 


?;f»-.. 


'U;r: 


'■<^ 


.N 


^rlp  along  the  North  Shore  of  I^ake  Superior, 


-.fir 


Made  on  Boabd  thb  Canadian  Stbameh  Plouohbot,  August,  1860. 


..[-^ 


Qn  leaving  the  mouth  of  the  Ship  Canal^ 
above  the  Rapids  at  the  Saut  Ste.  Marie,  a 
boautiful  stretch  of  the  river  is  passed 
and  Waiska  Bay  entered,  which  is  a  small 
expanse  of  water  extending  westward  to 
Point  Iroquois^  on  the  south  shore,  15  miles 
distant.  Immediately  opposite  rises  Gros 
Gap,  on  the  Canada  side,  being  ftbout  four 
miles  asunder.  This  bold  headland  con- 
sists of  hills  of  porphyry  rising  from  600 
to  700  feet  above  the  waters  of  the  lake. 
"  Gros  Cap  is  a  name  given  by  the  voya- 
geurs  to  almost  innumerable  projecting 
headlands;  but  in  this  case  appropriate — 
since  it  is  the  conspicuous  feature  at  the 
entrance  of  the  lake." 

North  of  Gros  Cap  lies  Goulais  Bat, 
and  Goulais  Point,  another  bold  high- 
land which  is  seen  in  the  distance.  Gou- 
lais River  enters  the  bay,  affording,  in 
conaection  with  the  adjacent  waters,  good 
fishing-grounds;  the  brook  pr  speckled 
trout  being  mostly  taken  in  the  river. 
Here  is  a  large  Indian  settlement  of  the 
Chippewa  tribe.  The  whole  north  shore, 
as  seen  from  the  deck  of  the  steamer,  pre- 
sents  a  bold  and  grand  appearance,  while 
in  the  distance,  westward,  may  be  seen 
the  broad' waters  of  Lake  Superior. 

T  AQUAMENON  B AY  is  next  entered,  which 
is  about  25  miles  long  and  as  many  broad, 
terminating  at  White- Fish  Point,  40  miles 
above  Saut  Ste.  Marie.  Parisien  Island 
is  passed  30  miles  from  the  Saut,  lying 
near  the  middle  pf  the  above  bay,  being 
attached  to  Canada. 

Sandy  Islands,  lying  off  Batcheewaua- 
ung  Bay,  form,  with  others,  a  handsome 
group  of  islands,  where  are  good  fishing- 
grounds,  being  distant  from  the  Saut  Ste. 
Marie  about  35  miles. 

Mamainse  Point  {Little  Sturgeon),  op- 
posite White-Fish  Point,  is  another  bold 
headland,  where  is  u  fishiug  station  and  a 


few  dwellings.  The  Montreal  Company's 
copper  mine  is  located  near  this  point,  46 
miles  north  of  the  Saut,  where  is  a  small 
settlement  of  miners.  Here  is  a  good  har- 
bor,  the  land  rising  abruptly  to  the  height 
of  300  feet,  presenting  a  rugged  appear- 
ance. Some  12  or  16  miles  north  are  lo- 
cated, on  Mica  Bay,  the  Quebec  Copper 
Mining  Company's  Works,  at  present  aban- 
doned, owing  to  their  being  found  unpro* 
ductive.  StUl  farther  north,  skirting  I^ko 
Superior,  is  to  be  found  a  vast  Mineral  Re- 
gion, as  yet  only  partially  explored. 

Montreal  Island,  and  River,  20  miles 
north  of  Mamainse,  afford  good  fishing- 
grounds.  Here  is  a  harbor  exposed  to  the 
west  winds  from  off  the  lake,  which  can 
safely  be  approached  when  the  winds  are 
not  boisterous. 

Lizard  Island  and  Leach  Island,  some 
10  miles  farther  northward,  are  next  pars- 
ed, lying  contiguous  to  the  mainland. 

Cape  Gargantua,  40  miles  north  of 
Mamainse,  is  a  bold  headland.  On  the 
south  side  is  a  harbor  protected  by  a  small 
island.  From  this  cape  to  the  island  of 
Michipicoten  the  distance  is  about  30  miles. 

MiCHiPicoTEN  Harbor,  and  River,  110 
miled  north  of  the  Saut  Ste.  Marie,  situated 
in  N.  lat.  47®  56',  W.  long.  85«  ')6',  affords 
a  safe  anchorage,  being  surrouuded  by 
high  hills.  Hero  is  established  a  Roman 
Catholic  mission,  and  an  important  Hud- 
son Bay  Company's  post,  from  whence 
diverges  the  river  and  portage  route  to 
James's  Bay,  some  350  miles  distant.  The 
shore  of  the  Lake  here  tends  westward 
toward  Otter  Head,  about  60  miles  distant, 
presenting  a  bold  and  rugged  appearance. 
This  post,  no  doubt,  is  destined  to  become 
a  place  of  resort  as  well  as  a  commercial 
dep6t,  from  whence  is  now  distributed  the 
merchandise  belonging  to  the  above  gigan- 
tic company — having  exchisive  sway  over 


[if  ■' 


M ' ' 


134 


TRIP    THROUGH    THE    LAKES. 


I  ii 


an  immense  region  of  country,  extending 
northward  to  the  arctic  regions,  and  west- 
ward to  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

MiCHiPiconsN  Island  (the  Island  of 
Knobs  or  Bills),  66  miles  from  Mamainse 
Point  in  a  direct  course,  running  in  a 
northwest  direction,  lies  about  40  miles 
west  of  Michipicoten  Harbor.  This  island, 
15  miles  in  leng^  and  6  miles  wide,  may 
be  called  the  gem  of  Lake  Superior,  pre- 
senting a  most  beautiful  appearance  as 
approached  from  the  southward,  where  a 
few  picturesque  islands  may  be  seen  near 
the  entrance  to  a  safe  and  commodious 
harbor,  which  can  be  entered  during  all 
winds.  Nature  seems  to  have  adapted 
this  island  as  a  place  of  resort  for  the 
seekers  of  health  and  pleasure.  Within 
the  bay  or  harbor  a  beautiful  cluster  of 
islands  adorns  its  entrance,  where  may  be 
found  agates  and  other  precious  stones: 
while  inland  is  a  most  charming  body  of 
water,  surrounded  by  wooded  hills  rising 
from  300  to  500  feet  above  the  waters  of 
Lake  Superior.  The  shores  of  the  island 
abound  with  greenstone  and  amygdaloid, 
while  copper  and  silver  mines  are  said  to 
exist  in  the  interior,  of  great  value,  al- 
though, as  yet,  but  partially  explored. 
The  fisheries  here  are  also  valuable,  afford- 
ing profitable  employment  to  the  hardy 
fisherman  of  this  region.  As  yet,  but  one 
single  shanty  is  erected  on  the  shores  of 
this  romantic  island,  where,  sooner  or  later, 
will  flock  the  wealthy  and  beautiful  in 
search  of  health  and  recreation,  such  as 
are  afforded  by  pure  air,  boating,  fish- 
ing, and  himting. 

The  fish  mostly  taken  in  this  part  of 
the  lake  are  white-fish,  siskowit,  Macki- 
nac trout,  and  speckled  trout,  the  former 
being  taken  by  gill-nets. 

On  the  mainland  are  found  the  carabou, 
a  large  species  of  deer,  bears,  foxes,  otters, 
boavers,  martins,  rabbits,  partridges,  pig- 
eons, and  other  wild  game.  The  barberry, 
red  raspberry,  and  whortleberry  are  also 
found  in  different  localities. 


Caribou  Lsland,  lying  about  25  miles 
south  of  Michipicoten,  near  the  middle  of 
the  lake,  is  a  small  body  of  land  attached 
to  Canada.  It  is  usually  passed  in  sight 
when  the  steamers  are  on  their  route  to 
Fort  William. 

Otter  Bat,  25  miles  north  of  Michipi- 
coten, is  a  beautiful  and  secure  body  of 
water,  being  protected  by  an  island  at  its 
entrance.  Here  is  a  wild  and  rugged  sec- 
tion of  country,  abounding  in  game  of  the 
fur-bearing  species. 

Other  bays  and  islands  are  found  along 
the  north  shore  beyond  Otter  Head,  toward 
Pic  River  and  Island,  and  said  to  be  of ' 
great  beauty,  the  whole  coast  being  bold 
and  rugged  as  seen  from  the  water.  At 
the  mouth  of  the  Pic  is  situated  a  Hudson 
Bay  Company's  Post. 

Slate  Islands  are  a  cluster  of  great 
interest,  where  is  to  be  found  a  large  and 
secure  harbor,  lying  north  of  the  principal 
island  of  the  group.  To  the  north,  on 
the  mainland,  are  numerous  bays  and  in- 
lets affording  safe  harbor.  As  yet,  the 
wild  savage  of  the  north  alone  inhabits 
this  section  of  Canada  West,  which  no  doubt 
is  rich  in  minerals  of  different  kinds.  The 
Hudson  Bay  Company's  vessels  now  af- 
ford the  only  means  of  visiting  this  inter- 
esting region,  which  can  alone  be  brought 
into  notice  and  settled  by  the  discovery  of 
copper  or  silver  mines  of  value  sufiBcient  to 
induce  capitalists  to  organize  Mining  Com- 
panies. 


Copper  Region   of  Lake 
North  Shore. 


Superior— 


of  the 


See   Whitney's  Metallic   Wealth 
United  States,  Phila.,  1854. 

The  North  Shore  of  Lake  Superior  is 
supposed  to  be  very  rich  in  mineral  pro- 
ductions, although  as  yet  but  partially 
explored.  The  "  Montreal  Mining  Com- 
pany" have  a  mine  which  is  now  being 


HOBTH  SHORK  OV   LAXJt   £ 


IRIOa. 


136 


worked  to  a  limited  extent  at  Mamunse 
Point,  affording  gray  sulphuret  of  copper 
of  a  rich  quality.  The  "  Quebec  and  Lake 
Superior  Slining  Association"  conunenced 
operations  in  1846  at  Mica  Bay,  a  few 
miles  north  of  Mamainse,  on  a  vein  said 
to  be  rich  in  gray  sulphuret  of  copper.  An 
adit  was  driven  200  feet,  three  shafts 
sunk,  and  the  10-fathom  level  commen- 
ced. After  spending  $30,000  it  was  dis- 
covered thi»t  the  mines  were  unproduc- 
tive, and  the  works  were  abandoned. 

A  number  of  localities  were  explored, 
and  worked  to  some  extent  on  Michipico- 
ten  Island  and  on  the  mainland  to  the 
northward,  but  they  are  now  nearly  all 
abandoned.  A  surveying  party,  however, 
are  now  (I860)  enga^d  in  exploring 
the  north  shore  of  Lake  Superior,  under 
the  authority  of  the  Provincial  Parliament, 
in  order  to  be  able  to  report  in  regard  to 
the  mineral  region. 

The  northwest  borders  of  the  lake,  and 
in  particular  the  Island  of  St  Ignace,  Black 
Bay,  Thunder  Cape,  Pie  Island,  and  the 
vicinity  of  Prince's  Bay  are  supposed  to 
be  rich  in  both  copper  and  silver.  Splen- 
did crystallisations  of  amethystine  quartz 
and  calc  spar  have  been  obtained  on  Spar 
Island,  near  Prince's  Bay,  and  at  other 
localities^ 


FoBT  William,  an  important  Hudson 
Bay  Company's  Post,  is  advantageously 
situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Kaministi- 
quia  River,  in  north  latitude  48  degrees 
23  minutes,  west  longitude  89  degrees  27 
minutes.  Here  is  a  convenient  wharf 
and  safe  harbor,  the  bar  off  the  mouth  of 
the  river  affording  7  or  8  feet  of  water, 
which  can  easily  be  increased  by  dredg- 
ing. The  Company's  buildings  consist  of 
a  spacious  dwelling-house,  a  store,  and  3 
storehouses,  besides  some  10  or  12  houses 
for  the  accommodation  of  the  attaches 
and  servants  in  the  employ  of  the  above 
gigantic  company     Thie  land  is  cleared 


for  a  considerable  distance  on  both  sides 
of  the  river,  presenting  a  thrifty  and  fer- 
tile appearance.  Wheat,  rye,  oats,  bar- 
ley, potatoes,  and  most  kinds  of  vegeta- 
bles are  here  raised  in  abundance ;  also, 
grass  and  clover  of  different  kinds.  The 
early  fh>sts  are  the  great  hindrance  to 
this  whole  section  of  country,  which  ia 
rich  in  minerals,  timber,  furs,  and  fish: 
altogether  producing  a  great  source  of 
wealth  to  the  above  company.  Pine, 
spruce,  hemlock,  cypress,  and  balsam 
trees  are  common,  also  white  birch,  sug^* 
maple,  elm,  and  ash,  together  with  some 
hanly  fruit-bearing  trees  and  shrubs. 

The  Roman  Catholic  Miaaion^  sltaated 
2  miles  above  the  company's  post,  on  the 
opposite  side  of  the  river,  is  an  interest* 
ing  locality.  Here  is  a  Roman  CathoUe 
diurch  and  some  50  or  60  houses,  being 
mostly  inhabited  by  half-breeds  and  dvi- 
lized  Indians,  numbering  about  300  souls. 
The  good  influence  of  the  Roman  Catholic 
priests,  along  the  shores  of  Lake  Superior 
are  generally  admitted  by  idl  unpreju^ced 
visitors — the  poor  and  often  degraded  In- 
dian being  instructed  in  agriculture  and 
industrial  pursuits,  tending  to  elevate  the 
human  species  in  every  clime. 

McKay^a  Mountain^  lying  3  miles  west 
of  Fort  William,  near  the  Roman  Catholio 
Mission,  presents  an  abrupt  and  grand 
appearance  from  the  water,  being  elevated 
1,000  feet  Far  inland  are  seen  other 
high  ranges  of  hills  and  mountains,  pre- 
senting altogether,  in  connection  with  the 
islands,  a  most  interesting  and  sublime 
view. 

Kaministiquia,  or  ^^Gah-mahnalekwai- 
ahk^^  River,  signifying  in  the  Chippewa 
language  the,  ^^ place  where  there  are  many 
currents"  empties  its  waters  into  Thun- 
der Bay.  This  beautiful  stream  affords, 
navigation  for  about  12  miles,  when  rap- 
ids are  encountered  by  the  ascending  voy- 
ageur.  Some  30  miles  above  its  mouth  ia 
a  fall  of  about  200  feet  perpendicular  de- 
scent. 


•i' 


ii\¥ 


i!; 


\v 


.  b 


186 


TRIP  THROUGH  THE  LAKES. 


'r*;;fiT- 


;r  ": 


i    '  .:.  :  ■ 


I)  ' 


Thuitdbr  Bat  presents  a  large  expanse 
of  water,  being  about  25  miles  in  length 
and  from  10  to  15  miles  wide,  into  which 
flows  several  small  streams,  abounding  in 
speckled  trout.  Thunder  Cape,  on  the 
east,  is  a  most  remarkable  and  bold  high- 
land, being  elevated  1,350  feet  above 
Lake  Superior.  It  rises  in  some  places 
almost  perpendicular,  presenting  a  basal- 
tic appearance,  having  on  its  summit  an 
extinct  volcano.  From  the  elevated  por- 
tions of  this  cape  a  grand  and  imposing 
view  is  obtained  of  surrounding  moun- 
tains, headlands,  and  islands^-overlook- 
ing  Isle  Roy  ale  to  the  south,  and  the  north 
shore  from  McKay's  Mountain  to  the 
mouth  of  Pigfeon  River,  near  Grand  Port- 
age, Minnesota. 

Pie  Island,  in  the  Indian  dialect  called 
"Mahkeneeng^^  or  Tortoise,  bounding  Thun- 
der Bay  on  the  south,  is  about  8  miles  long 
and  5  miles  wide,  and  presents  a  most 
singular  appearance,  being  elevated  at 
one  point  850  feet  above  the  lake.  This 
bold  eminence  is  shaped  like  an  enormous 
slouched  hat,  or  inverted  pie,  givmg  name 
to  the  island  by  the  French  or  English 
explorers,  while  the  Indians  gave  it  tlie 
name  of  tortoise  from  its  singular  shape. 
This  elevated  point  is  basaltic,  rising  per- 
pendicular near  the  top,  like  the  Palisades 
of  the  Hudson  Biver. 

Thunder  Bay,  and  its  vicinity,  has  long 
been  the  favorite  residence  of  Indian  tribes 
who  now  roam  over  this  vast  section  of 
country,  from  Lake  Superior  to  Hudson 
Bay  on  the  north.  The  mountain  peaks 
they  look  upon  with  awe  and  veneration, 
often  ascribing  some  fabulous  legend  to 
prominent  localities.  A  learned  Mission- 
ary, in  describing  this  interesting  portion 
of  Lake  Superior  and  its  inhabitants,  re- 
marked, that  "  tlie  old  Indians  were  of  the 
opinion  that  thunder  clouds  are  large 
gigantic  birds,  having  their  nests  on  high 
hills  or  mountains,  and  who  made  them- 
selves heard  and  seen  very  far  off".  The 
head  they  described  as  resembling  that  of 


a  huge  eagle,  having  on  one  side  a  wing 
and  one  paw,  on  the  other  side  an  arm 
and  one  foot.  The  lightning  is  supposed 
to  issue  from  the  extremity  of  the  beak 
through  the  paw,  with  which  they  launch 
it  forth  in  fiery  darts  over  tlie  surrounding 
country." 

Black  Bay,  lying  east  of  Thunder  Cape, 
is  45  miles  long,  and  from  six  ^o  eight 
miles  wide,  being  encompassed  on  both 
sides  by  high  and  lofty  hills.  Towards  the 
north  are  two  peaked  eminences  termed 
the  Mamelons  or  Faps,  from  their  singular 
formation,  resembling  a  female's  breast, 
when  seen  at  a  distance.  .       "■  "^* ;  " 

Nsepigon  Bay  is  anothef  romantic  sheet 
of  water,  containing  a  number  of  beautiful 
wooded  islands.  It  is  about  forty  miles 
long  and  fifteen  miles  wide,  being  mostly 
surrounded  by  high  and  rocky  eminences. 
Here  the  explorer,  hunter,  and  angler  may 
alike  enjoy  themselves  with  the  wonders 
of  the  surroimding  scene.  Copp  ^,  silver, 
lead,  and  precious  stones  are  Ljre  to  be 
found  in  abundance  on  the  islands  and  the 
mainland;  while  there  is  no  end  to  the 
game  and  fish  of  this  region. 

The  Island  of  St.  Ignace,  lying  on  the 
north  shore  of  Lake  Superior,  is  a  large 
and  important  body  of  land,  being  rich  in 
minerals  and  precious  stones.  It  is  about 
17  miles  long  and  six  miles  wide;  the 
bills  rising  to  1,300  feet  in  some  places, 
giving  it  a  wild  and  romantic  appearance 
from  the  water.  Here  are  five  small 
lakes,  all  being  connected,  and  the  outlet 
forming  a  beautiful  stream,  with  rapids 
and  faUs.  Large  quantities  of  brook  trout 
make  these  lakes  and  streams  their  favor- 
ite resort,  they  being  but  frequently  visit- 
ed except  by  the  trapper  and  miner. 
Copper,  silver,  and  lead  are  said  to  be 
found  on  this  island  in  large  quantities,  as 
well  as  on  other  islands  in  its  vicinity. 
The  whole  archipelago  and  mainland  here 
afibrd  good  and  safe  harbors ;  the  Canada 
side  of  the  lakes  being  greatly  favored 
in  this  respect. 


T^i 


.;i;-t?*c^t    ,t?T". 


;^:mf^-  '*:tir 


^S^ 


PORTAGE  BOUTE  FBOM  LAKE  SXTPEEIOR  TO  LAKE  '>' 

WIBTHIPEG, 


if*  ' 


Starting  prom  Fort  Willum,  o.  w. 


'.i 


Kamintstaquoiah  River,  emptying  into 
Thunder  Bay  of  Lake  Superior,  formB  the 
west  boundary  of  Canada  proper ;  to  the 
north  and  west  lies  the  extensive  region 
or  country  known  as  the  Hudson  Bay 
Company's  Territory.  Here  commences 
the  great  Portage  Road  to  Rainy  Lake, 
Lake  of  the  Woods,  and  the  Red  River 
settlement ;  also,  to  Lake  Winnipeg,  Nor- 
way House,  and  York  Factory,  situated 
un  Hudson  Bay.  At  the  mouth  of  the  Kam- 
inistaquoiah  stands  Fort  William.  "The 
banks  of  the  river  average  in  height  from 
eight  to  twenty  feet;  the  soil  is  alluvial 
and  very  rich.  The  vegetation  all  along 
its  banks  is  remarkably  thrifty  and  luxuri- 
ant in  its  appearance.  The  land  is  well 
timbered ;  there  are  found  in  great  abun- 
dance, the  fir-tree,  birch,  tamarack,  poplAr, 
elm,  and  the  spruce,  There  is  also  white 
pine,  but  not  in  great  plenty.  Wild  hops 
and  peas  are  found  in  abundance,  and 
Bome  bushes  and  othor  flowering  shrubs, 
in  many  places  cover  the  ban^s  down 
to  the  very  margin  of  the  river,  adorning 
them  with  beau^,  and  often  filling  the 
air  with  fragrance.  The  land  on  this  river 
up  to  the  Mountain  Portage  (32  miles), 
and  for  a  long  way  back,  is  unsurpassed 
in  richness  and  beauty  \ij  any  koids  in 
British  Amenpa." 

The  Mouraavn  FaU,  situated  on  this 
stream,  is  thus  described :  "  We  had  great 
difficulty  in  finding  it  at  first,  but,  guided 
by  its  thundering  roar,  through  such  a 
thicket  of  brush,  thoras  and  briars,  as  I 
never  before  thought  of,  we  reached  the 
spot  from  whence  it  was  visible.  The 
whole  river  plunged  in  one  broad  white 
sheet,  through  a  space  not  more  than  fifty 
feet  wide,  and  over  a  predpioe  higher,  by 
many  feet,  than  the  Niagara  Falls.  The 
concave  sheet  comes  together  about  three- 


fourths  of  the  way  to  the  bottom,  from 
whence  the  spray  springs  high  into  the 
air,  bedewing  and  whitening  the  precipi- 
tous and  wild  looking  crags  with  which 
the  fall  is  composed,  and  clothing  with 
drapery  of  foam  the  gloomy  pines,  that 
hang  about  the  clefts  and  fissures  of  the 
rocks.  The  falls  and  the  whole  surround- 
ing scenery,  for  sublimity,  wildness,  and 
novel  grandeur,  exceeds  any  thing  of  the 
kind  I  ever  saw." — Rev.  J.  Ryerson's  Tour. 

The  danger  of  navigating  these  moun- 
tain streams,  in  a  birch  canoe,  is  greater 
than  many  would  expect  who  had  never 
witnessed  the  force  of  the  current  some- 
times encountered.  Mr.  Ryerson remarks: 
"  During  the  day  we  passed  a  large  num- 
ber of  strong  and  some  dangerous  rapids. 
Several  times  the  canoe,  in  spite  of  the 
most  strenuous  exertions  of  the  men,  was 
driven  back,  such  was  the  violence  of  the 
currents.  On  one  occasion  such  was  the 
force  of  the  stream,  that  though  four  strong 
men  were  holding  the  rope,  it  was  wrench- 
ed out  of  their  hands  in  an  instant,  and 
we  were  hurled  down  the  rapids  with 
violent  speed,  at  the  mercy  of  the  foaming 
waves  and  irresistible  torrent,  until  fortu- 
nately in  safety  we  reached  an  eddy  be- 
low."   {See  Engraving.) 

Doa  Lake  is  an  expansion  of  the  river, 
distant  by  its  winding  course,  76  miles 
from  its  mouth.  Othor  lakes  and  expan- 
sions of  streams  are  passed  on  the  route 
westward. 

"The  Savan,  or  Prairib  Portaoi,  120 
miles  from  Fort  William,  by  portage  route, 
forms  the  height  of  land  between  liake 
Superior  and  tlie  waters  falling  into  Lake 
Winnipeg;  it  is  between  three  and  four 
miles  long,  and  a  continuous  cedar  swamp 
from  one  end  to  the  other,  and  is  therefore 
very  properly  named  the  iSavan  or  Swamp 


M 


'*',i\ 


ii 


I: 


138 


TRIP   THROUGH    THB    LAKBS. 


If  ■ 


Portage.  It  lies  seven  or  eight  hundred 
feet  above  Lakes  Superior  and  Winnipeg, 
and  1,483  feet  above  the  sea." 

The  Savan  River,  whicsh  is  first  formed 
by  the  waters  of  the  Swamp,  enters  into 
the  Lac  Du  Mille,  or  the  Lake  of  Thou- 
sands, so  called  because  of  the  innumer- 
able islands  which  are  in  it.  This  lake 
is  comparatively  nivrrow,  being  sixty  or 
seventy  miles  in  length. 

The  River  Du  Mille,  the  outlet  of  the 
Lake,  is  a  precipitous  stream,  whereon 
are  several  portages,  before  entering  into 
Lac  La  Pluie,  distant  360  miles  from  Fort 
William. 

lUiNT  Laks,  or  Lac  la  Piuie,  through 
which  runs  the  boundary  between  the 
United  States  and  Canada,  is  a  most  beau- 
tiful sheet  of  water ;  it  is  forty-eight  miles 
long,  and  averages  about  ten  miles  in 
breadth.  It  receives  the  waters  flowing 
we8tw;ard  from  the  dividing  ridge  separa- 
ting the  waters  flowing  into  Lake  Supe- 
rior. 


Raivt  Lake  River,  the  outlet  of  the 
lake  of  the  same  name,  is  a  magnificent 
stream  of  water;  it  has  a  rapid  current 
and  averages  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  in 
width ;  its  banks  are  covered  with  the 
richest  foliage  of  every  hue ;  th^  trees  in 
the  vicinity  are  large  and  varied,  consisting 
of  ash,  cedar,  po|^,  oak,  birch,  and  red 
and  white  pines;  also  an  abundance  of 
flowers  of  gaudy  and  variegated  colors.* 
The  climate  is  also  very  fine,  with  a  rich 
soil,  and  well  calculated  to  sustain  a  dense 
population  as  any  part  of  Canada. 

The  Lake  or  the  Woods,  or  Lac  Du 
Bois,  68  miles  in  length,  and  from  fifteen 
to  twenty-five  nules  wide,  is  a  splendid 
sheet  of  water,  dotted  all  over  with  hun- 
dreds of  beautiful  islands,  many  of  which 
are  covered  with  a  heavy  and  luxuriant 
foliage.  Warm  and  frequent  showers  oc- 
liur  here  in  May  and  June  bringing  forth 
vegetation  at  a  rapid  rate,  although  situated 
on  the  49th  degree  of  north  latitude,  from 
whence  extends  westward  to  the  Pacific 


PuLUNO  A  Canok  vr  Tva  Bapipb. 


T^'1 


LAKE    BUPKRIOR   TO    LAKE    WINNIPEG. 


130 


Ocean,  th«  boundary  line  between   the 
United  Stages  and  Canada. 

"There  is  nothing,  1  think,  better  cal- 
culated to  awaken  the  more  solemn  feelings 
of  our  nature,  than  these  noble  lalces  stud- 
ded with  innumerable  islets,  suddenly 
bursting  on  the  traveller's  view  as  he  emer- 
ges firom  the  sombre  forest  rivers  of  the 
American  wilderness.  The  clear,  unrufBed 
water,  stretching  out  on  the  horizon ;  here 
intersecting  the  heavy  and  luxuriant  foli- 
age of  an  hundred  woody  isles,  or  reflect- 
ing the  wood-dad  mountains  on  its  margin, 
clothed  in  all  the  variegated  hues  of  au- 
tumn ;  and  there  glittering  with  dazzling 
brilliancy  in  the  bright  rays  of  the  even- 
ing sun,  or  rippling  among  the  reeds 
and  rushes  of  some  shallow  bay,  where 
hundreds  of  wild  fowl  chatter  as  they 
feed  with  varied  cry,  rendering  more  ap- 
parent, rather  than  disturbing  the  sotomn 
stillness  of  the  scene:  aU  tend  to  raise 
the  soul  from  nature  up  to  nature's  Ood, 
and  remind  one  of  the  beautiful  passage 
of  Scripture,  *  0  Lord,  how  marvellous  are 
thy  works^  in  wisdom  hast  thou  made 
them  aU;  the  earth  is  full  of  thy  riches.'  " 
— BaUantyne. 

The  WiNKiPEO  BiYEB,  the  outlet  of  tho 
Lake  of  the  Woods,  is  a  rapid  stream,  of 
large  size,  falling  into  Winnipeg  Lake,  S 
miles  below  Fort  Alexander,  one  of  the 
Hudscm  Bay  Company's  Posts.  A  great 
number  of  Indians  resort  to  the  Fort  every 
year,  besides  a  number  of  families  who  are 
residents  in  the  vicinity,  here  being  one 
of  their  favorite  haunts. 

Rev.  Mr.  Ryerson  remarks  : — "  The 
scenery  for  many  miles  around  ia  strik- 
ingly beautiful.  The  dimate  for  Hud- 
son's Bay  Territory  ia  here  remarkably 
fine  and  salubrious,'  the  land  ama^ngly 
rich  and  productive.  The  water  in  Lakes 
Lac  La  Pluie,  Lac  Du  Bois,  Winnipeg,  4c., 
is  not  deep,  and  because  of  their  wide  sur- 
face and  great  shallov/ness,  during  the 
summer  season,  they  become  exceedingly 
warm :  this  ha»  a  wonderful  effect  on  the 


temperature  of  the  atmospTTere  in  the  ad- 
jacent neighborhoods,  and  no  doubt  makes 
the  great  difference  in  the  climate  (or  at 
least  is  one  the  principal  causes  of  it), 
in  these  parts,  to  the  climate  and  vegetable 
productions  in  the  neighborhood  of  Lake 
Superior,  near  Fort  William.  They  grow 
opring  wheat  here  to  perfection,  and  vege- 
tation is  rapid,  luxuriant,  and  comes  to 
maturity  before  frosts  occur." 

The  whole  region  of  country  surround- 
ing Lake  Winnipeg,  the  Red  River  coun- 
try, as  well  as  the  Assiniboine  and  Sas- 
katchewan country,  are  all  sooner  or  later 
destined  to  sustain  a  vigorous  and  dense 
population. 


LAKE  WIHHIPEG, 

Situated  between  50^  and  66**  north 
latitude,  is  about  300  miles  Icmg,  and  in 
several  parts  more  than  60  milM  broad ; 
having  an  estimated  area  of  8,600  square 
miles.*  Lake  Winnipeg  receives  the  wa* 
ters  of  numerous  rivers,  which,  in  the 
aggregate,  drain  an  area  of  about  400,000 
square  miles.  The  Saskatchewan  (the  riv- 
er that  runs  fast)  is  its  most  important 
tributary.  The  Assiniboine,  the  Red  Riv- 
er of  the  North,  and  Winnipeg  River  are  ita 
other  largest  tributaries,  altogether  dis- 
charging an  inunense  amount  of  water 
into  this  great  inland  lake.  It  is  elevated 
about  700  feet  above  Hudson  Bay,  and 
discharges  its  surplus  waters  through 
Nisison  River,  a  large  and  magnifioent 
stream,  which  like  the  St.  Lawrence  is 
filled  with  islanda  and  numerous  rapids, 


*La.kk  Baikal,  the  most  extensive  body  of 
fresh  water  on  the  Eastern  Continent,  situatt'd  in 
Southern  Siberia,  between  lat  61"  and  66°  north, 
is  aboQt  870  miles  in  lensth,  45  miles  average 
width,  and  about  900  miles  in  circuit:  being 
somewhat  larger  than  I^ke  Winnipeg  in  area. 
Its  depth  in  some  places  is  very  great,  being  in 
part  surrounded  by  high  mountainB.  The  Y«ni' 
Mt,  its  outlet,  tlows  north  into  the  Arctic  Ocean. 


it-' 


'I 


•ii 


i  I    ! 


1^6 


1  ,iH 


TRIP   THROUGH    THK    I.AKKS.  ^7.1 


^m 


i  s 


11 


preventing  navigation  entirely  below  Gross 
Lake. 

Lakes  Manitohah  and  Winnipegosis,  uni- 
ted, arc  nearly  of  the  same  length  aa  Win- 
nipeg, lying  40  or  50  miles  westward. 
Nearly  the  whole  country  between  Lake 
"Winnipeg  and  its  western  rivals  is  occu- 
pied by  smaller  lakes,  so  that  between 
the  valley  of  the  Assiniboine  and  the 
eastern  shore  of  Winnipeg  fully  one-third 
is  under  water.  These  lakes,  both  large 
and  small,  are  shallow,  and  in  the  same 
water  area  show  much  uniformity  in  depth 
and  coast  line. 


e;<i 


liakei  In  the  Talley  of  the 
Saikatctaenran. 

Leneth  Breadth  Elevation  Area 

"*"         '•'       In  miles,  in  miles,  in  feet  in  m'B. 

Winnipeg, 280  67  628      8,500 

Manitobah, 122  24  670      2,000 

Winnipego-sia,. .  120  27  692      2,000 

St.  Martin, 30  16  665         350 

Cedar, 30  25  688         350 

Dauphin, 21  12  700         fOO 

All  the  smaller  lakes  lie  west  of  Lake 
Winnipeg,  which  receives  their  surplus 
waters ;  the  whole  volume,  with  the  large 
streams,  flowing  into  Ndson  River,  dis- 
charges into  Hudson  Bay,  near  York  Fac- 
tory, in  57**  north  latitude.  The  naviga- 
tion of  the  latter  stream  is  interrupted  by 
falls  and  rapids,  having  a  descent  of  628 
feet  in  its  course  of  about  360  miles. 

"  The  climate  in  the  region  of  the  above 
lakes  and  the  Red  River  Settlement  will 
compare  not  unfavorably  with  that  of 
Kingston  and  Toronto,  Canada  West. 
The  Spring  generally  opens  somewhat 
earlier,  but  owing  to  the  proximity  of  Lake 
Winnipeg  which  is  late  of  breaking  up, 
the  weather  is  always  variable  until  the 
middle  of  May.  The  slightest  breeze  from 
the  north  or  northwest,  blowing  over  the 
frozen  surface  of  that  inland  sea,  has  an 


immediate  effect  on  the  temperature  du- 
ring' the  Spring  months.  On  the  other 
hand,  the  Fall  is  generally  open,  with 
mild,  dry,  and  pleasant  weather."  ... 


1^1 


,,ui 


Red  RlTer  of  the  If  ortta. 

This  interesting  section  of  country  be- 
ing closely  connected  with  the  Upper  Lakes, 
and  attracting  much  attention  at  the  pres- 
ent time,  we  subjoin  the  following  extract 
from  "Minnesota  and  Daoota,"  by  C. 
0.  Andrews: 

"It  is  common  to  say  that  settlements 
have  not  been  extended  beyond  Crow 
Wing,  Minnesota.  This  is  only  techni- 
cally true.  A  few  facts  in  regard  to  the 
people  who  live  four  or  five  hundred  miles 
to  tJie  north  will  best  illustrate  the  nature 
of  the  climate  and  its  adaptedness  to  agri- 
culture. 

"There  is  a  settlement  at  Pemdtno,  near 
the  49th  parallel  of  latitude,  where  the  di- 
viding line  between  British  America  and 
the  United  States  crosses  the  Red  River  of 
the  North.  Pembina  is  said  to  have  about 
600  inhabitants.  It  is  situated  on  the 
Pembina  River.  It  is  an  Indian-French 
word  meaning  *  Cranberry.^  Men  live  there 
who  were  born  there,  and  it  is  in  fact  an 
old  settlement.  It  was  founded  by  Brit- 
ish subjects,  who  thought  they  had  loca- 
ted on  British  soil.  The  greater  part  of 
its  inhabitants  are  half-breeds,  who  earn 
a  comfortable  livelihood  in  fur-hunting  and 
farming.  It  is  460  miles  northwest  of  St. 
Paul,  and  330  miles  distant  from  Crow 
Wing.  Notwithstanding  the  distance, 
there  is  considerable  communication  be- 
tween the  two  places.  West  of  Pembina, 
about  thirty  miles,  is  a  settlement  called 
St.  Joseph,  situated  near  a  large  mytho- 
logical body  of  water  called  Miniw  -'kiit,  or 
Devil's  Lake. 

"  Now  let  me  say  something  about  this 
Red  Riveb  of  the  North,  for  it  is  begin- 


Tt 


LAKB    SDPSRIOR  TO    LAKJB    WINNIPEG. 


141 


ning  to  be  a  g^eat  feature  in  this  upper 
country.  It  runs  north  and  empties  iato 
liako  Winnipeg,  which  connects  with  Hnd- 
Hon  Bay  by  Nelson  River.  It  is  a  muddy 
nnd  sluggish  stream,  navigable  to  tl)o 
mouth  of  the  Sioux  Wood  River  for  vessels 
of  three  fpcl  draught  for  four  months  in 
the  year,  so  that  the  extent  of  its  navigation 
within  Minnesota  alone  (between  Pem- 
bina and  the  mouth  of  Sioux  Wood  River) 
is  400  miles.  Buffaloes  still  feed  on  its 
western  banks.  Its  tributaries  are  nu- 
merous and  copious,  abounding  with  the 
choicest  kind  of  game,  and  skirted  witli 
a  various  and  beautiful  foliage.  It  cannot 
be  many  years  before  this  magniticent 
valley  (together  with  the  Saskatchewan) 
shall  pour  its  products  into  our  markets, 
and  be  '^he  theatre  of  a  busy  and  genial  life. 
"/^  'iv(T  Settlement  is  seventy  miles 
north  'embina,  and  Ues  on  both  sides 
of  the  nver.  Its  population  is  estimated 
at  10,000  souls.  It  owes  its  origin  and 
growth  to  the  enterprise  and  success  of 
the  Hudson  Bay  Company.  Many  of  the 
settlers  came  from  Scotland,  but  the  most 
were  from  Canada.  They  speak  EngUsh 
and  Canadian  French.  The  English  style 
of  society  is  well  kept  up,  whether  we  re- 
gard the  Church  with  its  bishop,  the  tra- 
der with  his  wine-cellar,  the  scholar  with 
his  library,  the  oflBcer  with  his  sinecure,  or 
their  paper  currency.  The  great  business 
of  the  settlement,  of  course,  is  the  fur 
traffic.  ... 

*    ''Ai  immense  amount  of  Buffalo  skins 
18  taken  in  summer  and  autumn,  while  in 


the  winter  smaller  but  more  valuable  ftirs 
are  procured.  The  Indians  also  enlist  in 
the  hunts ;  and  it  is  estimated  that  upward 
of  $200,000  worth  of  furs  are  annually 
taken  from  our  territory  and  sold  to  the 
Hudson  Bay  Company.  It  is  high  time 
indeed  that  a  military  post  should  be  es- 
tablished somewhere  on  Red  River  by  our 
government. 

'*  The  Hudson  Bay  Company  is  now  a 
powerful  monopoly.  Not  so  magnificent 
and  potent  as  the  JEast  India  Company,  it 
is  still  a  powerful  combination,  showering 
opulence  on  its  members,  and  reflecting  a 
peculiar  feature  in  the  strength  and  gran- 
deur of  the  British  empire — a  power  which, 
to  use  the  eloquent  language  of  Daniel 
Webster,  '  has  dotted  over  the  whole  sur- 
face of  the  globe  with  .er  possessions  and 
military  posts,  whose  morning  drum-beat 
following  the  sun,  and  keeping  company 
with  the  hours,  circles  the  earth  daily 
with  one  continuous  and  unbroken  strain 
of  martial  music'  The  company  is  grow- 
ing richer  every  year,  and  its  jurisdiction 
and  its  lands  will  soon  find  an  availability 
never  dreamed  of  by  its  founders,  un 
less,  as  may  possibly  happen,  popvlar  sover- 
eignty steps  in  to  grasp  the  fruits  of  its  long 
apprenticeship." 

The  Charter  of  the  Hudson  Bay  Compa- 
ny expired,  by  its  own  limitation,  in  1860, 
and  the  question  of  annexing  this  vast  do- 
main to  Canada,  or  forming  a  separate 
province,  is  now  deeply  agitating  the  Brit- 
ish public,  both  in  Canada  and  in  the 
mother  country. 


?    |.«i 


.  .11  rf  •»!":': 


'!.1 


('.■'■ 


i*rr'.!i 


/ri'.I'"<^»*^.Yv-- 

14^  TKIP   Tfl^bCOB  THB   LAKES. 

Sl^;;/^i'.  i"-f^?  ::->.  TABLE  OT  DISTAKCES,  ''^^^  ■— i:**r.:/-.> 

Frbm  i^ort  Wtlllam,  situated  at  tbe  Mouth  or  tbi  Kahistaquozah 
^  ^jEivBE,  to  Fort  Alexander,  at  thb  head  of  Lake  Wdtnipeo. 

Fort  Willi  Alt. .  ..v  ..'..'.  * . .  iv ...  t .;.........«. . ..... ................  0 

Parapliue  Portage 25 

*  '~    (8  Portages)   ■  "■  ^^  wj?:r;n     ■  ■  ,  •■       i  i.'O,^  ;■..•)  ?/  f --^.x^vU,  n  ^ ',.:);  j:*!,:..)  «.,.: 

Ddg Portage .............:...........• 6i  76 

(6  Portages) 

'Sayan  or  Swamp  Portage* 64  130 

Thousand  Islands  Lake , 57  187 

(2  Portages) 

Sturgeon  Lake, , . .  71  258 

iVW   ^4  Portages)     '•    J*i'OiMw:-»    -..j    ••>>,;;■    <>•     ^i;■;,i•^,';.Mt^8,}l^•.   -■:.    -■'•1-    ViiV.'     rin^-i:,-. 

LiicLaOroix i.^^;l.. 25  283 

'*^  Portages)        * 

Kft  :>  Lake 40  323 

BaL  ,  Lake  River 38  361 

Lake  of  the  Woods 83  444 

Rat  Portage 68  512 

Fort  ALBZAiri>sB 126  637 

-■%•!>«•.;*..-•*..>-    FroiB  F<n*t  Alexander  to  For  t  Garry     ;i..LniM  .• 

OB  Red  RiYsa  Settlement,  bt  Water.  '    'Vl 

"     '      Mn«8. 

To  Poirte  de  Grand  Marais 24 

"  Red  River  Beacon 26  49 

\  **  l40wer  Fort 23  72 

'<  Fobt  Gabbt „ 24  96 

^J    From  Fort  Alexander  to  Kobwat  House,  passing  through  Lake  Winnipeg, 
300  miles. 

From  Nob  WAT  House  to  York  Faotobt,  passing  throngh  Oxford  Lake  Mkd  Hajes 
River,  400  miles. 

*  Samsut,  elevated  840  feet  abore  Lakt;  Buperior. 


H 


QTTOUH 
h 

MilM. 

0 

..   25 

6i  16 

64  130 
57  187 

71  258 

25  283 

40  323 
38  361 
83  444 
68  512 
125  637 


24 
26  49 

23  72 

24  96 
rinnipeg, 

kd  Hayes 


JTT! 


.,1      a).  ):t  .< 


\<?": 


;*/" 


EAILE0A3>  AHB  STEAMBOAT  B0UTB8 
fWitom  BnlRftlo  to  Niagara  Fallt^  Toronto,  me. 


Thb  most  usual  mode  ot  oonttsyance 
from  Buffido  to  the  Falls  of  Niagara,  and 
thence  to  Lake  Ontario,  or  into  Canada,  is 
by  the  Buffalo,  Niagara  Falls  and  Lewiston 
BaUroad,  28  miles  in  length.  It  runs 
through  Tonawanda,  II  miles;  Niagara 
Falls,  22  miles;  Suspension  Bridge,  24 
miles,  connecting  with  the  Great  Western 
Railway  of  Oanada,  and  terminates  at 
Lewiston,  the  head  of  navigation  on  Ni- 
agara Riyer,  28  miles. 

American  and  Canadian  steamers  of  a 
large  class  leave  Lewiston  several  times 
daily,  for  different  ports  on  Lake  Ontario 
and  the  St.  Lawrence  River. 

xhere  is  also  another  very  desirable 
mode  of  conveyance,  by  Steamboat,  de- 
scending the  Niagara  River,  ft'om  Bui/alo 
to  Chippewa,  0.  W.,  thence  by  the  Erie 
and  Ontario  Railroad,  17  miles  in  length; 
passing  in  full  view  of  the  Falls,  to  the 
Clifton  House,  three  miles  below  Chippe- 
wa; Suspension  Bridge,  five  miles;  Queen- 
ston,  eleven  miles,  terminating  at  Niag- 
ara, C.  W.,  thirty-five  miles  from  Buffalo. 

As  the  steamboat  leaves  Buffalo,  on 
the  latter  route,  a  fihe  view  may  be  ob- 
taiied  of  Lake  Erie  and  both  shores  of 
Nit^p^ara  River.  On  the  Canada  side,  the 
first  objects  of  interest  are  the  ruins  of 
old  Fort  Erie,  captured  by  the  Ameri- 
cans, July  Hd,  1814.  It  is  situated  at  the 
foot  of  the  lake,  opposite  the  site  of  ,a 
strong  fortress  which  the  United  States 


'   •.   .      «)  t,        i   ^  .    i  •  »    ft    *      • 

government  have  recently  erected  for  the 
protection  of  the  river  and  the  dty  of 
Buffalo. 

Waterloo,  G.  W.,  three  miles  belo^ 
Buffalo  and  opposite  Black  Rock  (now  i 
part  of  Buffalo),  with  which  it  is  connect 
ed  by  a  steam-ferry,  is  handsomely  situ 
ated  on  the  west  side  of  Niagara  River, 
which  is  here  about  half  a  mile  wide. 
The  Buffalo  and  Lake  Hwon  BaUroad  runs 
from  Fort  Erie,  near  Waterloo,  to  Paris, 
C.  W.,  where  it  connects  with  the  Great 
Western  Railway  of  Canada.  It  is  now 
completed  to  Goderich,  0.  W.,  lying  on 
Lake  Huron.'^^*'^'"''  "    ^"^^'^'^' 

Grand  IsLAin>,  belonging  to  the  Uni- 
ted States,  is  passed  on  the  right  in  de- 
scending the  river.  It  is  a  large  and  val- 
uable tract  of  good  land,  abonnding  with 
white  oak  of  a  superior  quality. 

Navy  Island,  belonging  to  the  British, 
is  next  passed,  lying  within  gun-shot  of 
the  mainland.  This  island  obtained  great 
notoriety  in  the  fall  and  winter  of  1837-8, 
when  it  was  occupied  by  the  "  Patriots," 
as  they  were  styled,  during  the  troubles 
in  Canada.  The  Steamer  Cardine  was 
destroyed  on  the  night  of  December  29tb, 
1837,  while  lying  at  Schlosser's  Landing, 
on  the  American  sho*^,  having  been  en- 
gaged in  transporting  perscms  to  and 
from  the  island,  which  was  soon  after 
evacuated.  .:'.["  '''V'' ''"  '"  '^''''•:'- 

Opposite  Navytsliind,  on  the  Ck^^a 
side,  near  Chippewa  batde-ground,  is  the 
house  in  which  Captain  Usher  resided, 
when  murdered  in  1838.  It  is  supposed 
he  fell  by  the  hands  of  some  of  the  de- 
luded patriots,  having  been  shot  by  a  se- 
cret foe,  while  in  his  own  house. 

Chippewa,  20  miles  below  Buffalo,  and 
two  mths  above  the  Falls,  is  on  the  west 
side  of  Niagara  River,  at  the  mouHi  of  a 


■^AU 


m 


!  • 


I(,     ' 


144 


TRIP   THROUGH   THE   LAHiCS. 


creek  of  the  same  name,  which  is  naviga- 
ble to  Port  E,obinson,  some  eight  or  ten 
miles  west ;  the  latter  place  being  on  the 
line  of  the  Welland  Canal.  The  village  of 
Chippewa  contains  a  population  of  about 
1,000  souls.  Steamboats  and  lake  craft 
of  a  large  size  are  built  ac  this  place  for 
the  trade  of  Lake  Erie  and  the  Upper 
Lakes.  It  has  obtained  a  place  in  history 
on  account  of  the  bloody  battle  which 
was  fought  near  it  in  the  war  of  1812, 
between  the  United  States  and  Great 
Britain.  The  battle  was  fought  on  the 
5th  of  July,  1814,  on  the  plains,  a  short 
distance  south  of  the  steamboat  landing. 
The  American  forces  were  commanded 
by  Major-General  Jacob  Brown,  and  the 
British,  by  Major-General  Eiall,  who,  af- 
ter an  obstinate  and  sanguinary  fight, 
was  defeated,  with  considerable  loss. 

At  Chippewa  conunences  the  railroad 
extending  to  Niagara,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
.  river,  a  distance  of  17  miles.  Steamboats 
continue  the  line  of  travel  from  both  ends 
of  this  road,  thus  furnishing  an  interesting 
and  speedy  conveyance  between  Lakes 
Erie  and  Ontario. 

On  ariving  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Palls 
OF  KiAaABA,  the  cars  stop  near  the  Clifton 
HousA,  situated  near  the  ferry  leading  to 
the  American  side.  The  site  of  this  house 
,  was  chosen  as  giving  the  best  view  of  both 
the  American  and  Canadian  or  Horse-Shoe 
Falls,  which  are  seen  from  the  piazzas  and 
front  windows.  This  is  the  most  interest- 
ing approach  to  the  Falls. 

In  addition  to  the  Falls,  there  are  other 
points  of  attraction  on  the  Canada  side  of 
the  river.  The  collection  of  curiosities  at 
the  Museum,  and  the  Camera  Obscura, 
which  gives  an  exact  and  beautiful,  though 
miniature  image  of  the  Falls,  are  well  wor- 
thy of  a  visit.  The  Burning  Spring,  two 
xnUes  above  the  Falls,  is  also  much  fre- 
quented; and  the  rides  to  the  battle- 
grounds in  this  vicinity  makes  an  exhila- 
rating and  very  pleasant  excursion.  For 
farther  desonptioa  of  Falls,  see  page  149. 


Drummondsvillb,  one  mile  west  of  the 
Falls,  and  situated  on  Lundy's  Lane^  is 
celebrated  as  the  scene  of  another  san- 
guinary engagement  between  the  Ameri- 
can and  Britis^h  forces,  July  25,  1814. 

The  following  is  a  brief,  though  correct 
account  of  the  engagement :  "  On  the  after- 
noon of  the  above  day,  while  the  Ameri- 
can army  was  on  their  march  from  Fort 
George  toward  Ihrt  Erie,  ascending  the 
west  bank  of  the  river,  their  rear-guard, 
under  the  immediate  command  of  Gen. 
Scott,  was  attacked  by  the  advanced  guard 
of  the  British  army,  under  G«n,  Riall,  the 
British  having  been  reinforced  after  their 
defeat  at  Chippewa,  on  the  6  th  of  the  same 
month.  This  brought  on  a  general  conflict 
of  the  most  obstinate  and  deadly  character. 
As  soon  as  attacked,  Gen.  Scott  advanced 
with  his  division,  amounting  to  about  :i,()00 
men,  to  the  open  ground  facing  the  heiglits 
occupied  by  the  main  British  army,  where, 
were  planted  several  heavy  pieces  of  can- 
non. Between  eight  and  nine  o'clock  in 
the  evening,  on  the  arrival  of  reinforcements 
to  both  armios,  the  battle  became  general 
and  raged  for  several  hours,  with  alternate 
success  on  both  side^:  each  army  evin- 
cing the  most  determined  bravery  and  re- 
sistance. The  command  of  the  respective 
forces  was  now  assumed  by  Major  Gen. 
Brown  and  Lieut.-Geu.  Drummond,  each 
having  under  his  command  a  well-dLsci- 
plined  army.  The  brave  (American)  Col. 
Miller  was  ordered  to  advance  an4  seiz? 
the  artillery  of  the  British,  which  h 
effected  at  the  point  of  the  bayonet  in  the 
most  gallant  manner.  Gen.  Riall,  of  the 
EngUsh  army,  was  captured,  and  the  pos- 
session of  the  battle-ground  contested  un- 
til near  midnight,  when  1,700  men  being 
either  killed  or  wounded,  the  conflicting 
armies,  amounting  altogether  to  about 
6,000  strong,  ceased  the  deadly  conflict, 
and  for  a  time  the  bloody  field  was  left  un- 
occupied, except  by  the  dead  and  wounded 

When  thfl  British  discovered  that  the 
Americans  had  eiicamped  one  or  two  miles 


5t  of  the 
Lane,  is 
ler  san* 

Ameri- 
514. 

I  correct 
;he  after- 

Ameri- 
'om  Fort 
iing  the 
ir-guard, 
of  Gen. 
ed  guard 
Riall,  the 
fter  their 
the  same 
il  conflict 
iharacter. 
advanced 
lOut  :i,000 
le  heights 
y,  where, 
!S  of  can- 
)'clock  in 
jrceraents 
e  general 
,  alternate 
rcay  ovin- 
ry  and  re- 
respective 
[ajor  Gen. 
lond,  each 
well-dLsci- 
rican)  Col. 
ancj  seizp 
which   h 
met  in  the 
all,  of  the 
dthe  pos- 
itested  un- 
aien  being 
conflicting 

to  about 
ly  conflict, 
van  left  un- 
i  wounded, 
•d  that  the 
t.t.womilea 


!    i 


I  ir. 


.#■    '>'U 


Bbook'b  Mo^OMS^'•• — Quefcuston  Beights.       •» 


.::  ■1«IS-.c;v.ra.?ieiv;;^i^  _.„ 


Bv  JTB   FROM    BUFFALO   TO    NIAOAHA    FALLS,  BTO. 


145 


mm^ 


y 


i;^.. 


i 


■  VV-o 


i<l 


distant,  thpy  returned  and  occupied  tlioir 
former  position.  Thus  ended  one  of  the 
most  bloody  conflicts  that  occurred  during 
the  last  war;  and  while  each  party  boasted 
H  victory,  altogether  too  dearly  bought, 
neither  was  disposed  to  icnew  the  con- 
Hict." 

Clifton  ia  a  new  and  flourishing  village, 
situated  at  the  western  termination  of  tho 
Great  Western  Railway,  where  it  connects 
with  the  Suspension  Bridge.  For  descrip- 
tion of  route  to  Detroit,  Ac,  see  page  60. 

QuEENSTOV,  situated  seven  miles  below 
the  Falls,  and  about  the  same  distance 
above  the  entrance  of  Niagara  River  into 
Lake  Ontario,  lies  directly  opposite  the 
village  of  Lewiston,  with  which  it  is  con- 
nected by  a  Suspension  Bridge  850  feet  in 
lengt]^  It  contains  about  500  inhabitants, 
.60  dwelling-houses,  one  Episcopal,  one 
Scotch  Presbyterian,  and  one  Baptist 
church,  four  taverns,  four  stores,  and 
three  warehouses.  This  place  is  also 
celebrated  as  being  tiie  scene  of  a  deadly 
strife  between  the  American  and  British 
forces,  October  13,  1812.  The  American 
troops  actually  engaged  in  the  fight  were 
commanded  by  Gon.  Solomon  Van  Rens- 
selaer, and  both  tlio  troops  and  their  com- 
mander greatly  distinguished  themselves' 
for  their  bravery,  although  ultimately  over- 
powered by  superior  numbers.  In  attempt- 
ing to  regain  their  own  side  of  tho  river 
many  of  the  Americans  perished;  the 
whole  loss  in  killed,  wounded,  and  prison- 
ers amounting  to  at  least  1,000  men. 

Major-GjQneral  Beock,  the  British  com- 
mander, was  killed  in  the  middle  of  the 
tight,  while  leading  on  his  men.  A  now 
monument  stands  on  the  heights,  near 
where  he  fell,  erected  to  his  memorj.  The 
first  monumi.Mit  was'  nearly  destroyed  by 
gunpowder,  April  17.  1840;  an  infamous 
act,  said  to  have  been  perpetrated  by  a 
person  concerned  in  the  insurrection  of 
l837-'38.  ♦ 

Brock's  nkw  Movummxt  was  com- 
meueed   in   I.S5J,  irni  tiuishijd  in  1833; 

10 


being  185  foot  high,  asoonded  on  the  in- 
side by  a  spiral  staircase  of  235  stono 
steps.     The  base  is  40  feet  square  and  3ft  ' 
feet  in  height,  surmounted  by  a  tablet  3^  ** 
feet  high,  with  historical  devices  on  tliipi  ! 
four  sides.    The  main  shaft,  about  100 
feet,  is  fluted  and  surmounted  by  a  Corin- 
thian capital,  on  which  is  placed  a  colossal' 
figure  of  Major-General  Brock,  1 8  feet  in,- 
height.      This    beautiful    structure  cost  - 
£10,000    sterling,    being    entirely    con- 
structed of  a  cream-colored  stone  quar- 
ried in  the    vicinity.     A  massive  istone 
wall,  80  feet  square,  adorned  with  mili- 
tary figures  and  trophies  at  the  corners, 
27  feet  in  height,  surrounds  the  monu- 
ment, leaving  space  for  a  grass-plot  and 
walk  on  the  inside  of  the  enclosure. 
The  following  is  the  inscription: 

Upper  Oanada 

Has  (lodicated  this  Monament 

to  the  in«m<>ry  of  the  late 

Major-Qeneral  Sir  Isaac  Buock,  K.  B. 

Provisional  Lieut -Crovernor  and  OommandMr 

of  the  Forc«,8  in  thia  Province, 

Whose  remains  arv  deposited 

in  the  vault  beneath. 

Opposing  the  invading  enemy 

He  fell  in  action,  near  the  Ileignta, 

OH  tho  18th  October,  1812, 

In  the  43d  year  of  his  age. 

Revered  and  lamented  by  the  people 

whom  he  governe<l,  and  deplored  by 

the  3<)vereign  to  whose  service 

->-         His  life  had  been  devoted. 

The  last  words  of  Major-General  Brock, 
when  he  fell  mortaUy  wounded  by  a  mus- 
ket-shot through  the  left  breast,  were, 
"  Never  mind,  my  boys,  the  death  of  on© 
man — I  have  not  long  to  live."  Thus 
departed  ono  of  the  many  noble  spirits 
tliat  were  s{\crificed  on  this  frontier  during 
tiie  war  of  1812. 

Tho  village  of  Niaoarv  is  advantage- 
ously situated  on  the  Canada  side,  at  tho 
eutruuce  of  the  river  into  Lake  Ontario, 
directly  opposUe  Fort  Niagara^  on  the 
American  side.  It  contains  about  3,000 
inhabitants,  a  court-house  and  jail;  one 
Kplscopal,  one  Predbyterian,  one  Motho- 


,:    I 


'^ 


;    1.     f 

\  I 


'■'    '  i 

^  u 


^  )■■ 


!U 


*^1(.  j!1«^f_J^W^','|T  >| 


14& 


] 


'iif'.' 


TRIP   THROUGH   THE    LAKES.       V   ^  jj-f^jy  ' 


dist,  and  one  Roman  Catholic  Churcli ;  6 
hotels  and  taverns ;  and  20  stores  of  dif- 
ferent kinds;  also,  an  extensive  locomo- 
tive  and  car  factory.  This  is  the  most 
noted  place  in  Canada  West  for  building 
steamboats  and  other  craft  navigating 
Lake  Ontaria  Here  is  a  dockyard  with 
a  marine  railway  and  foundry  attached, 
capable  of  making  machinery  of  the  lar- 
gest description,  and  giving  employment 
to  a  great  number  of  men.  It  is  owned 
by  the  "Niagara  Dock  Company." 
Steamers  leave  daily  for  Toronto,  etc. 

FoBT  Qbobok,  situated  &  short  distance 
south  or  up-stream  from  the  mouth  of  the 


river,  is  now  in  ruins.  This  was  the  scene 
of  a  severe  contest  in  1813,  in  which  the 
Americans  were  victorious.  A  new  fort 
has  been  erected  on  the  point  of  hmd  at 
the  mouth  of  the  river,  directly  opposite 
old  Fort  Niagara  on  the  American  side. 
The  new  fortification  is  called  Fort  Massa- 
sartga. 

The  whole  frontier  on  the  Canada  side, 
from  Port  Gteorge  to  Fort  Erie,  opposite 
Bufifalo,  was  occupied  by  the  American 
army  in  1814,  when  occurred  a  succession 
of  batdes  of  the  most  determined  and  bril- 
liant character.  r  .■ 


NIAOAEA  BIVEE, 

ITS  RAPIDS,    FALLS,   ISLANDS,    AND  ROMANTIC  BOENBBT. 


*'  Majestic  stream  I  what  river  rivals  thee, 
Thou  child  of  many  lakes,  and  sire  of  one-^ 
Tiakes  that  claim  kindred  with  the  all-circling 

sea — 
Laree  at  thj;  birth  as  when  thy  race  is  run  t 
Against  what  great  obstructions  has  thou  won 
Thine  august  way — the  rock -formed  mountain - 

plain 
Has  opened  at  thy  bidding,  and  the  steep 
Bars  not  thy  passage,  for  the  ledge  in  vain 
Stretches  across  the  channel — thou  dost  Itap 
Sublimely  down  the  height,  it>nd  urge  again 
Thy  rock-embattled  course  on  to  the  distant 

maln.^ 


This  most  remarkable  and  romantic 
stream,  the  outlet  of  Lake  Erie,  through 
which  flows  all  the  accumulated  waters 
of  the  Upper  Lakes  of  North  America, 
very  appropriately  forms  the  boundary 
between  two  great  countries,  the  British 
province  of  Upper  Canada  on  the  one  side, 
and  the  State  of  New  York,  the  "  Empire 
State"  of  the  Union,  on  the  opposite  aide. 
In  its  whole  course,  its  peculiar  character 
is  quite  in  keeping  with  the  stupendous 
Cataract  from  which  its  principal  interest 
is  derived. 

The  amount  of  water  passing  through 


this  channel  is  immense ;  from  a  compu- 
tation which  has  been  made  at  the  out- 
let of  Lake  Erie,  the  quantity  thus  dis- 
charged is  about  twenty  millions  of  cubic 
feet,  or  upwards  of  600,000  tons  per 
minute,  all  of  which  great  volume  of 
water,  20  miles  below,  plunges  over  tho 
Falls  of  Niagara. 

The  Niagara  River  commences  at  Bird 
Island,  nearly  opposite  the  mouth  of  Buf- 
falo harbor,  and  passes  by  the  site  of  old 
Fort  Erie  and  Waterloo  on  the  Canada 
side.  At  the  later  place  a  steam  ferry- 
boat plies  across  the  river  to  Black  Rock, 
now  forming  a  part  of  the  city  of  Bufifalo. 
It  is  here  proposed  to  con;^truct  a  railroad 
bridge  across  the  stream,  about  1,800  feet 
in  width. 

Squaw  Island  and  Strawberry  Island 
are  both  small  islands  lying  on  the  Amer- 
ican side  of  the  stream,  near  the  head  of 
Grand  Island.  The  river  is  here  used  in 
part  for  the  Erie  Canal,  a  pier  extending 
from  Squaw  Island  to  Bird  Island,  forming: 
a  large  basin  called  Black  Rock  Harbor. 

Grand  Island,  attached  to  Erie  Co.. 


ijs- 


he  scene 
hich  the 
Dew  fort 
'  land  at 
opposite 
an  side. 
"t  Massa- 

ida  side, 
opposite 
Lmerican 
iccession 
and  bril- 


ROUTS  FROM  BUFFALO  TO  NIAGARA  FALLS,  E1C. 


117 


!| 


,1  ^1  e.  J     4?  I  i 


i^%i  ^  V  'i'i 


%  compu- 
the  out- 

thua  dis- 
of  cubic 

tons   per 

)lum0  of 
over  tho 

s  at  Bird 
h  of  Buf- 
;e  of  old 
Canada 
vm  ferry- 
ck  Rock, 
f  Buffalo, 
railroad 
800  feet 

Y  Island 
le  Amer- 

head  of 

used  in 
xtending 

forminj.: 
Harbor. 

rio  Co.. 


N.  Y.,  is  a  lar^  and  important  body  of 
land,  about  ten  miles  long  from  north  to 
south,  and  seven  miles  wide.  This  island 
is  partly  cleared  and  cultivated,  while 
tiio  larger  portion  is  covered  with  a  large 
growth  of  oaks  and  other  forest  trees. 

The  ship  or  steamboat  channel  runs 
along  the  bank  of  Grand  Island  to  nearly 
opposite  Chippewa,  where  the  whole 
stream  unites  before  plunging  over  the 
Falls  of  Niagara,  being  again  separated 
at  the  head  of  Goat  Island.  From  this 
point  the  awe-struok  traveller  can  scan 
the  quiet  waters  above,  and  the  raging 
rapids  below,  preparing  to  plunge  over 
the  Cataract 

Oayuoa  Island  and  Bugkhormt  Island 
are  small  bodies  of  land  belonging  to  the 
United  States,  situated  immediately  be> 
low  Grand  Island. 

Navy  Island,  lying  opposite  the  vil- 
lage of  Chippewa,  18  miles  below  the 
head  of  the*  river,  is  a  celebrated  island 
belonging  to  the  Canadians,  having  been 
taken  possession  of  by  the  sympathizing 
patriots  in  18.37,  when  a  partial  rebellion 
occurred  in  Upper  and  Lower  Canada. 

Ton'awaxda,  11  miles  below  Buffalo,  is 
situated  at  the  mouth  of  Tonawanda 
Creek,  opposite  Grand  Island.  The  Erie 
Carialhere  enters  the  creek,  which  it  fol- 
lows for  several  miles  on  its  course  to- 
ward Lookport.  A  railroad  also  runs  to 
Lockport,  connectmg  with  the  New  York 
Central  Railroad^  extending  to  Albany. 
A  ship  canal  is  proposed  to  be  construct- 
ed from  Tonawanda  to  some  eligible  point 
on  Lake  Ontario,  thus  forming  a  rival  to 
the  Welland  Canal  of  Canada. 

Schlossbr's  Landing,  two  miles  above 
Niagara  Falls  village,  is  a  noted  steam- 
boat landing,  opposite  Chippewa,  from 
whence  the  steamer  Caroline  was  cut 
adrift  by  the  British  and  destroyed,  by 
being  precipitated  over  the  Falls  during 
the  Canadian  rebellion,  December  29th^ 
1837. 
Thb  Rapids.— Below  Navy  Island,  be- 


tween Chippewa  and  Schlosser,  the  river 
is  nearly  three  miles  in  width,  but  soon 
narrows  to  one  mile,  when  the  Rapids 
commence,  and  continue  for  about  one 
mile  before  reaching  the  edge  of  the  preci- 
pice at  the  Horse-Shoe  Fall. 

At  the  commencement  of  the  Rapids, 
"the  bed  of  the  river  declines,  the  chan- 
nel contracts,  numerous  large  rocks  heavo 
up  the  rolling  surges,  and  dispute  tho 
passage  of  the  now  raging  and  foaming 
floods.  The  mighty  torrent  leaping  down 
successive  ledges,  dashing  over  opposing 
elevations,  hurled  back  by  ri<^s,  and 
repelled  from  shores  and  islands — plunge 
ing,  boiling,  roaring — seems  a  mad  wQ- 
demess  of  waters  striving  against  its 
better  fate,  aQd  hurried  on  to  destruction 
by  its  own  blind  and  reckless  impetuosi- 
ty. Were  there  no  cataract,  these  Rapids 
would  yet  make  Niagara  the  wonder  of  . 
the  world." 

Iris,  or  Goat  Island,  commences  near 
the  head  of  the  Rapids,  and  extends  to 
the  precipice,  of  which  it  forms  a  part, 
separating  the  American  FaU  from  the 
Canadian  or  Horse-Shoe  Fall.  It  is  about 
half  a  mile  in  length,  eighty  rods  wide, 
and  contains  over  sixty  acres  of  arable  land, 
being  for  the  most  part  covered  with  a 
heavy  growth  of  forest  trees  of  a  variety 
of  speoies,  and  native  plants  and  flowers. 
A  portion  of  the  island,  however,  has 
been  cleared  off,  and  a  garden  enclosed, 
in  which  are  some  excellent  fruit-trees, 
and  a  variety  of  native  and  foreign  plants 
and  flowers,  and  a  flsh-pond.  Tlie  island 
is  remarkably  cool,  shady,  and  pleanant, 
and  is  an  object  of  unceasing  admiration 
from  year  to  year.  Comfortable  seats  and 
arbors  are  placed  at  the  most  interesting 
points,  where  the  visitor  can  sit  at  ease 
and  enjoy  the  beautiful  and  sublime  views 
presented  to  his  sight— often  entranced 
by  a  deafening  roar  of  mighty  waters  in 
their  descent,  accompanied  by  diang' 
ing  rainbows  of  the  most  gorgeous  do- 
scription. 


m 


' ' 
i 


^!  i 


'it-  ! 


!i-r 


I  i 

t      \ 

t  \ 

t     ! 


;'*',> .; 

■s  ■■'■'■: 
j  ' '  v.- 


y'  < 


148 


( 

TRIP    THROUGH    THE    LAKES. 


r 


3*  ' 

"i  t  '  ■*! 


'^1 

■•;!l 


Niagara. 


WEITTJIK  BY  LYDIA  H.  SIGOURNBY. 

Flow  on  forever,  in  thy  glorious  robe 
Of  terror  and  of  heuuty ;  God  hath  set 
His  rainbow  on  thy  forehead,  and  the  cloud 
Mantles  around  thv  feet,  and  He  doth  trire 
Thy  voice  of  thunder  power  to  speak  of  Him 
Eternally ;  bidding  the  lip  of  man 
Keep  silence,  and  upon  thy  rocky  altar 
Pour  ince^nse  of  awe-struck  praise. 

Goat  Island  Bridge.— The  Niagara 
Falls  Gazette  gives  the  following  descrip- 
tion of  this  new  structure : 

"  This  bridge  across  tlie  east  branch  of 
the  Niagara  River  is  situated  in  the  Rap- 
ids, about  sixty  rods  above  the  Cataract,  on 
the  site  of  the  old  wooden  bridge.  It  is 
360  feet  long,  and  consists  of  four  arches 
of  ninety  feet  span  each,  supported  be- 
tween the  abutments  of  three  piers.  The 
piers  above  water  are  built  of  heavy  cut 
stone,  and  are  twenty-two  feet  long  and 
six  feet  wide,  tapering  one  foot  in  the 
height.  The  foundations  are  formed  of 
foot-square  oak  timber,  strongly  fVamed 
and  bolted  together  in  cribs,  filled  with 
stone,  and  covered  with  timber  at  the  sur- 
face of  the  water.  These  timber-founda- 
tions are  protected  against  wear  and  iiyury 
from  ice  by  heavy  plates  of  iron,  and  be- 
ing always  covered  with  water,  will  be  as 
durable  as  the  stone. 

"The  superstructure  is  of  iron,  on  the 
plan  of  Whipple's  iron-arched  bridge. 
The  whole  width  is  twenty-seven  feet, 
affording  a  double  carriage-way  of  sixteen 
and  a  lialf  feet,  and  two  foot-ways  of  five 
and  a  fourth  feet  each,  with  iron  railings. 
The  arches  are  of  cast  iron,  and  tlie 
chords,  suspenders,  and  braces  of  wrought 
iron.  All  the  materials  used  in  the  con- 
struction are  of  the  best  quality,  and  the 
size  and  strength  of  all  the  parts  far 
beyond  what  are  deemed  necessary  in 
bridges  exposed  to  the  severest  tests. 

"This  substantial  and  beautiful  struc- 
ture, spanning  a  branch  of  tliis  muje.i- 


tic  river  in  the  midst  of  the  rapids,  and 
overlooking  the  cataract,  is  worthy  of  the 
site  it  occupies,  and  affords  another  in- 
stance of  the  triumph  of  human  ingenuity 
over  the  obstacles  of  nature. 

"  The  islands  connected  by  this  bridge 
with  thei  American  shore  are  the  property 
of  Messrs.  Porter,  and  constitute  the  most 
interesting  features  in  the  scenery  sur- 
rounding the  cataract.  This  bridge  has 
been  erected  by  them  to  facilitate  com- 
munication with  these  interesting  locali- 
ties not  otherwise  accessible." 

This  is  a  toll-bridge,  eve»y  foot  passen- 
ger being  charp'ed  25  cents  for  the  season, 
or  single  crossing. 

There  are  upward  of  thirty  Islands  and 
islets  in  the  Niagara  River  or  Strait,  above 
the  cataract.  Most  of  those  not  described 
are  small,  and  scarcely  worthy  of  enumer- 
ation, although  those  immediately  contigu- 
ous to  Groat  Island  form  beautiful  objects 
in  connection  with  the  rushing  and  mighty 
waters  by  which  they  are  surrounded. 
Bath  Island,  Brig  Island,  Ghapin^s  Island, 
and  Bird  Island,  all  situated  immediately 
above  the  Americau  Fall,  are  reached  by 
bridges. 

When,  on  Goat  Island,  ttirning  to  the 
right  toward  the  Falls,  the  first  object  of 
interest  is  Hogg^s  Back,  a  point  of  land 
facing  the  American  Fall,— Bridge  to  Ad- 
ington  Island  immediately  above  the  Cave 
of  the  Winds,  1 60fe6t  below.  Sam.  Patch' s 
Point  is  next  passed  on  the  right,  from 
which  he  took  a  fearful  leap  some  years 
since.  Biddle's  Stairs  descend  to  the 
water's  edge  below  and  the  Cave  of 
the  Winds,  which  are  annually  visited  by 
thousands  of  visitors.  Terrapin  Bridge 
and  Terrapin  Tower  afford  a  grand  view 
of  the  Canadian  or  Horse-Shoe  Fall  and 
Rapids  above  the  Falls.  Three  Sister  Isl- 
ands are  contiguous  to  Goat  Island,  on  tho 
American  side.  Passing  around  Goat  Isl- 
and toward  the  south,  a  grand  view  ia 
afforded  of  the  river  and  rapids  above  the 
Canadian  and  American  FaUs. 


.1 


Is,  and 
of  the 
ler  in- 
;enuity 

bridge 
roperty 
le  most 
ry  8ur- 
ige  has 
e  com- 
;  locali- 

passen- 
season, 

ads  and 
t,  above 
3scribed 
enumer- 
contigu- 
L  objects 
1  mighty 
^ounded. 
i  Island, 
lediately 
tched  by 

g  to  the 
bject  of 

of  land 
to  Ad- 
the  Cave 

Patch's 
;ht,  from 
oae  years 
to  the 
Cave  of 
isited  by 
Bridge 
and  vievsr 

Fall  and 
Sister  Isl- 
id,  on  the 

Goat  Isl- 
l  view  is 
ibove  the 


X^l^'- 


'   --i  '3  .>.<if!i  -^     THE  AMK»!OAM   KAM,8  JIY   UOOXUGBT. 


4.H'f:-r*--i-'~'*-t^' 


.  ^   ■i'^'A' 


■VM  ' '!:^:^t''    V^JtJK 


i   I 


i 

1 


I 


i 


'U 


] 

\  M 

'i   , 
i 

,1 

i 


"!W""WliPP9II^PW 


^'Wv* 


m^^4^-  :*s./*^^: 


.■*;:'.t 


T^' 


ROUTS   FROM    BUFFALO    10    NIAGARA   FALLS,  BTO. 


149 


!   .' 


jN laCiara  is  a  word  of  Indian  origin — 
the  orthography,  accentuation,  and  mean- 
ing of  which  are  variously  given  hy 
different  authors.  It  is  highly  probable 
that  this  diversity  might  be  accounted 
for  and  explained  by  tracing  the  appellation 
through  the  dialects  of  the  several  tribes 
of  aborigines  who  formerly  inhabited  the 
neighboring  country.  There  is  reason  to 
believe,  however,  that  the  etymon  belongs 
to  the  language  of  the  Iroquois,  and  signi- 
fies the  "  Thunder  of  Waters.'' 

"  When  the  traveUer  first  arrives  at  the 
cataract  he  stands  and  gazes,  and  is  lost 
in  admiration.  The  mighty  volume  of 
water  which  forms  the  outlet  of  the  great 
Lakes  Superior,  Michigan,  Huron,  and 
Erie,  is  here  precipitated  over  a  precipice 
160  feet  high,  with  a  roar  like  that  of 
thunder,  which  may  be  heard,  in  favora- 
ble circumstances,  to  the  distance  of  fif- 
teen miles,  though,  at  times,  the  Falls  may 
be  nearly  approached  without  perceiving 
much  to  indicate  a  tremendous  cataract 
in  the  vicinity.  In  consequence  of  a  bend 
in  the  river,  the  principal  weight  of  water 
is  thrown  on  the  Canadian  side,  down 


what  is  called  the 
Horse- Sfwe  Fall,  which 
name  has  become  in- 
appropriate, as  the 
edges  of  the  precipice 
have  ceased  to  bo  a 
curve,  and  form  a 
moderately  acute  an- 
gle. Near  the  mid- 
dle of  the  fall.  Goat 
Island,  containing  7S 
acres,  extends  to  the 
brow  of  the  precipice,  dividing  th^  river 
into  two  parts;  and  a  small  projecting 
mass  of  rock  at  a  little  distance  from  it, 
toward  the  American  shore,  again  divides 
the  cataract  on  that  side.  Goat  Island, 
at  the  lower  end,  presents  a  perpendicu- 
lar mass  of  rocks,  extending  from  the  bot- 
tom to  the  top  of  the  precipice.  A  bridge 
has  been  constructed  from  the  American 
shore  to  Bath  Island,  and  another  connects 
the  latter  with  Goat  Island,  and  a  tower 
is  erected  on  the  brow  of  the  Horse-Shoe 
Fall,  approached  from  Goat  Island  by  a 
short  bridge,  on  whicli  the  spectator  seems 
to  stand  over  the  edge  of  tlio  mighty  cat- 
aract, and  which  aflbrds  a  fine  view  of  this 
part  of  it.  The  distance  at  the  fall  from 
the  American  shore  to  Goat  Island  is  05 
rods ;  across  the  front  of  Goat  Island  is 
"78  rods;  around  the  Horse-Shoe  Fall,  on 
the  Canadian  side,  144  rods;  directly 
across  the  Horse-Shoe,  74  rods.  The 
height  of  the  fall  near  the  American  shore 
is  163  feet;  near  Goat  Island,  on  the  same 
side,  158  feet;  near  Goat  Island,  on  the 
Canada  side,  154  feet.  Table  Rock,  a 
shelving  projection  on  the  Canadian  side, 
at  the  edge  of  the  precipice,  is  150  feet 
high.  This  place  is  generally  thought  to 
present  the  finest  view  of  the  Falls; 
though,  if  the  spectator  will  visit  the  tow- 
er on  the  opposite  side  on  Goat  Island,  at 
sunrise,  when  the  whole  cavity  is  enhght- 
ened  by  the  sun,  and  the  gorgeous  bow 
trembles  in  the  rising  spray,  he  cannot 
olsawhere,  the  world  ovei,  enjoy  such  an 


,! 


i-m 


'i!  ,;, 


t! 


150 


ra  ,iJi    TRIP  THROUGH   THE    LAKES.  ''^   ST'JOIf 


I  ,1'- 


incomparable  scene.  A  covered  stairway 
on  tho  American  side  descends  from  the 
top  to  the  bottom  of  the  precipice. 

"  It  hfis  been  computed  that  100  million 
tons  of  water  are  discharged  over  the 
precipice  every  hour.  The  Kapids  com- 
mence about  a  mile  above  the  Falls,  and 
the  water  descends  57  feet  before  it  ar- 
rives at  the  cataract.  The  view  from  the 
bridge  to  Goat  Island,  of  |he  troubled 
water  dashing  tumultuoasly  over  the 
rocks  of  the  American  fall,  is  terrific. 
IVhiia  curiosity  constitutes  an  attribute 
of  the  human  character,  these  falls  will  be 
frequented  by  admiring  and  delighted 
visitors  as  one  of  the  grandest  exhibitions 
in  nature. 

"'  "This  stupendous  Cataract,  situated  in 
north  latitude  43°  6',  and  west  longitude 
2°  6'  from  Washington,  is  22  miles  north 
from  the  efflux  of  the  river  at  Lake  Erie, 
and  14  miles  south  of  its  outlet  into  Lake 
Ontario.  The  whole  length  of  the  river  is 
therefore  36  miles,  its  general  course  is  a 
few  points  to  the  west  of  north.  Though 
commonly  called  a  river,  this  portion  of  t.ie 
St.  Lawrence  is,  more  properly  speaking, 
a  strait,  connecting,  as  above  mentioned, 
the  Lakes  Erie  and  Ontario,  and  conduct- 
ing the  superfluous  waters  of  the  great 
seas  and  streams  above,  through  a  broad 
and  divided,  and  afterward  compressed, 
devious,  and  irregular  channel  to  the  lat- 
ter lake,  into  which  it  empties — ^the  point 
of  union  being  about  40  miles  from  the 
western  extremity  of  Lake  Ontario. 

"  The  climate  of  the  Niagara  is  in  the 
highest  degree  healthful  and  invigorating. 
The  atmosphere,  constantly  acted  upon 
by  the  rushing  water,  the  noise,  and  the 
spray,  is  kept  pure,  refreshing,  and  salu- 
tary. There  are  no  stagnant  pools  or 
marshes  near  to  send  abroad  their  fetid 
exhalations  and  noxious  miasmas,  poison- 
ing the  air  and  producing  disease. 
'  "Sweet-breathing  herbs  and  beautiful 
wild  flowers  spring  up  spontaneously  even 
on  the  sides,  and  in  the  crevices  of  the 


giant  rocks;  and  luxuriant  clusters  of  firs 
and  other  stately  forest  trees  cover  the 
islands,  crown  the  cliffs,  and  overhang 
the  banks  of  Niagara.  Here  are  no  mos- 
quitoes to  annoy,  no  reptiles  to  alarm, 
and  no  wild  animals  to  intimidate,  yet  thore 
is  life  and  vivacity.  The  many-hued  but- 
terfly sips  ambrosia  from  the  fresh  opened 
honey-cup ;  birds  carol  their  lays  of  love 
among  the  spray-starred  branches;  and 
the  lively  squirrel  skips  chattering  (rota 
tree  to  tree.  Varieties  of  water-fowl,  at 
certain  seasons  of  the  year,  sport  among 
the  rapids,  the  sea-gull  plays  around  the 
precipice,  and  the  eagle — the  banner  bird 
of  freedom — hovers  above  the  cataract, 
plumes  his  gray  pinions  in  its  curling  mists, 
and  makes  his  home  among  the  giant  firs 
of  its  inaccessible  islands. 

"  No  place  on  the  civilized  earth  offers 
such  attractions  and  inducements  to  visi- 
tors as  Niagara,  and  they  can  never  be 
fully  known  except  to  those  who  see  and 
study  them,  from  the  utter  impossibility 
of  describing  such  a  scene  as  this  wonder- 
ful cataract  presents.  When  motion  can 
be  expressed  by  color,  there  will  be  some 
hope  of  imparting  a  faint  idea  of  it ;  but 
until  that  can  be  done,  Niagara  must  re- 
main undescribed." 


;!\;^*^^  /' 


Cataract  of  Niagara. 

"Shrine  of  Omnipotence  1  how  vast,  how  grand, 
How  awful,  yet  how  beautifhl  thoa  art! 
PillarM  around  thy  everlastiDg  hillb, 
Robed  in  the  drapery  of  descending  floods, 
Orowned  by  the  rainbow,  canopied  oy  cl6ads 
That  roll  in  incense  up  from  thy  dread  Vkae, 
Hid  by  their  mantline  o'er  the  vast  abyss 
Upon  whose  verge  thou  standest,  whence  as- 
cends 
The  mighty  anthem  of  thy  Maker^s  praise, 
Hymn'd  in  eternal  thundtr*  f 

Below  the  Falls,  the  first  objects  of  in- 
terest are  the  Ferry  Stairs  and  Point  View 
on  the  American  side ;  while  on  the  op- 


•"If' 


ROUTE  FROM  BUFFALO  TO  NIAGARA  FALLS,  KTC. 


161 


poaite  side  is  a  ferry-house  and  landing, 
where  carriages  aro  iiHually  to  be  found 
to  eoftvey  pasaengors  to  the  Chfton  House, 
Table  Hock,  and  other  places  of  groat 
interest. 

About  30  rods  below  the  Ferry  Stairs  is 
the  spot  where  the  hermit  Abbct  was 
drowned.  Half  a  mile  below  the  latter 
point  is  Gatlin's  Cave,  formerly  much  fre- 
quented. 

The  Suspension  Bridge,  the  greatest 
artificial  curiosity  in  America,  is  situated 
two  miles  and  a  half  below  the  Falls, 
where  has  recently  sprung  into  existence 
Niagara  City,  or  better  known  as  the 
JSiti.'ipenfiion  Bridge,  on  the  American  side, 
and  Giifton  on  the  Canadian  side  of  the 
riyer,  here  being  about  800  feet  in  width, 
with  perpendicular  banks  of  325  feet. 

The  Whirlpool  and  Rapids,  one  mile 
below  the  Bridge,  are  terrific  sights  of 
great  interest,  and  well  worthy  a  visit. 

The  Devil's  Hole,  one  mile  farther  down, 
is  also  a  point  of  great  attraction,  together 
with  the  Bloody  Ruii,  a  small  stream  where 
a  detachment  of  English  soldiers  were 
precipitated  hi  their  flight  from  an  attack 
by  Indians  during  the  old  French  war  in 
1759.  An  amphitheatre  of  high  ground 
spreads  around  and  perfectly  encloses  the 
valley  of  the  Devil's  Hole,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  a  narrow  ravme  formed  by 
Bloody  Run — from  which,  i^ainst  a  large 
force,  there  is  no  escape,  except  over  the 
precipice.  The  Ice  Cave  is  another  object 
of  interest  connected  with  the  Devil's. 
Hole. 

The  Rapids  below  the  Whirlpool  are 
the  next  object  of  attraction ;  tl^ei^  Queens-. 
ton  Heights  and  Brook's  Mo^unienv  on 
the  Canadian  side,  and  the  Suspen&iwi 
Bridge  at  Lewistonj  altogether  forming 
objects  of  intereatt  itufficient  to^^  «  well- 
sized  volume. 

The  Nia^«k  Bivec  if  QtAvtgable  from 
LewistQQ  ^.  Its,  i^Pii^  ftt  Pof ^  Niagara,  a 
farther  4ist;aupQ  of  mE^ven  miles,  or  fqur-i 
teocL  \jsllpV  ^  ^^  of  Niagara, 


The  village  of  Niagara  Falls,  Niagara 
Co.,  N.  Y.,  is  situated  on  the  east  side  of 
Niagara  River,  in  the  immediate  vicinity 
of  the  grand  Cataract,  22  miles  from  Buf- 
falo and  3U3  miles  fVom  Albany  by  rail- 
road route.  No  place  in  the  Union  exceeds 
this  favored  spot  as  a  fashionable  place  of 
resort  during  the  summer  and  fall  months, 
when  hundreds  of  visitors  may  be  seen 
every  day  flocking  to  Goat  Island,  or 
points  contiguous  to  the  Rapids  and  Falls. 
The  village  contains  several  largo  hotels 
for  the  accommodation  of  visitors,  the 
most  noted  of  which  are  the  Cataract 
House  and  the  International  Hotel ;  the 
Monteagle  Hotel,  situated  two  miles  be- 
low the  Falls,  near  the  Suspension  Bridge, 
and  the  Chfton  House,  on  the  Canada 
side,  are  all  alike  popular  and  well-kept 
hotels ;  there  are  five  churches  of  diflbrent 
denominations;  15  stores,  in  many  of 
which  are  kept  for  sale  Indian  curiosities 
and  fancy  work  of  difterent  kinds.  The 
water-power  here  afibrded  by  the  de- 
scending stream,  east  of  Goat  Island,  is 
illimitable.  A  paper-mill,  a  flouring-mill, 
two  saw-mills,  a  woollen  factory,  a  fur- 
nace and  machine  shop,  together  with 
other  manufacturing  establishments,  here 
use  the  water-power  so  bountifully  sup- 
plied.   The  population  is  about  3,500. 

The  railroada  centring  at  the  Falls  are 
the  Bvffalo^  Niagara  IhUs  and  Lewiston 
Railroc^  &jid  tho  Ntw  York  Central  Rail- 
roa4 1  the  latter  road  connecting  at  Buffalo 
w^itl^i  the  New  York  and  Erie  Railroad,  and 
forming  with  other  roads  a  direct  route  to 
Philadelphia,  Baltimore,  and  Washington. 

An  omnibus  line  and  backs  run  from 
the  village  of  Niagara  Falls  to  Niagara 
City,  or  Suspension  Bridge,  during  the 
summer  months^  and  thence  to  the  CUfton 
House  and  Table  Rock  on  Canada  side. 

Niagara  City,  situated  two  miles  below 
the  Falls,  at  the  Suspension  Bridge,  is  a 
new  and  flourishing  place  containing  about 
),5XIQ  inhabitants.  Here  is  situated  the 
Morktea^  Hotel. 


'] 


1-1 


*riH  i 


1 1 


'  1 


:;  I 


Mil 


H 


••^T'^'fti:-?^/''^ -■  ■ 


'ViWl" 


152 


.o 


TRIP   THROUGH    THB    LAKES, 


■    4 


"f     < 


Issl 


jr-;*',:f:.'. 

.     .*  w 

■;>  •.^'.  If 

'  ^^    ! ' 

J'.'  '-Jf".. 

*      .,l^    i'    ' 

•   r '. . 

-  1/     . 

-•■•• 

■,;i.     ,, 

; ' '     i 

fctnvfl 

« 


STTSFEHSIOSr   BRIDGE 

i    i   .f  AN1>  THB 

Cataract  aMd  Rapids   c1   Niagara* 


To  give  the  reader  some  idea  of  the 
grandeur  of  this  triumph  of  engineering 
BkiU— -THE  SUSPENSION  BRIDGE— 
we  copy  the  following  article  from  a  lato 
Buffflo  paper: 

AN  ENGINEER'S  MONUMENT. 

Spanning  the  chasm  of  the  Niagara 
Riyer,  uniting  the  territories  of  two  differ- 
ent Governments,  and  sustaining  the  unin- 
terrupted railroad  traffic  of  the  Provinces 
of  Canada  with  the  Unitf^d  States,  250  feet 
above  a  flood  of  water  which  man  has 
never  been  able  to  ferry,  stands  the  monu- 
ment of  John  A.  Roebling.  The  Niagara 
Railway  Svspension  Bridge,  is  the  grandest 
and  the  mosL  distinguishing  achievement 
of  Art  in  this  world.  It  is  the  proudest, 
it  is  the  most  beautiful,  and  will  prove  to 
be  the  most  enduring  monument  anywhere 
set  up  on  this  continent. 

Regard  this  wonderful  product  of  engi- 
neering skill.  Its  span  is  822  feet.  Yet 
an  engine,  tender  and  passenger  car,  load- 
ed with  men,  and  weighing  altogether  47 
tons,  depress  the  long  floor  in  the  centre 
but  5^  inches.  The  Bridge,  loaded  with 
a  loaded  freight  train,  covering  its  whole 
length,  and  weighing  326  tons,  is  deflected 
in  the  middle  only  10  inches.  This  ex- 
treme depression  is  perceptible  only  to 
practised  eyes.  The  slighter  changes  of 
level  require  to  be  ascertamed  with  in- 
struments. Delicftte  as  lace  work,  and 
seemingly  light  and  airy,  it  hangs  there 
high,  between  heaven  and  the  boiliiig  flood 
below,  more  solid  than  the  earthbeds  of 
the  a^iacent  railways.  Tho  concussions 
of  fast  moving  trains  are  sensibly  felt  miles 


oflTthroivrh  solid  rocky  soil.  In  cities  lo- 
comotives shake  entire  blocks  of  stone 
dwellings.  The  waters  of  the  Cayuga 
Lake  tremble  under  the  wheels  of  tho 
express  trains,  a  mile  away  from  the 
bridg-e.  But  a  freight  train  traversing 
John  A,  Roebling's  Monument,  at  the 
speed  of  five  miies  an  hour,  commuuicates 
no  jar  to  passengers  walking  upon  the 
carriage  way  below.  The  land  cables  of 
the  bridge  do  not  tremble  under  it — the 
slight  concussions  of  the  superstructure 
do  not  go  over  the  summits  of  the  towers 
This  last  fa'^^  in  the  stiffness  of  the  great 
work  is  of  much  importance.  It  furnishes 
a  guarantee  of  the  durability  of  the  ma- 
sonry. Fast  anchored  with  stone  and 
grouted  in  solid  rock  cut  down  to  the 
depth  of  twenty-five  feet,  the  great  cables 
are  immovable  by  any  mechanical  force 
incidental  to  the  use  of  the  briclge,  or  the 
natural  influences  it  will  be  subject  to. 
The  ultimate  strength  of  these  cables  is 
12,400  tons.  The  total  weight  of  the  ma- 
terial of  the  bridge,  and  of  the  trafBc  to 
which  it  will  ordinarily  be  subjected  is 
2,262  tons,  to  sustain  which  the  Engineer 
has  provided  in  his  beautiful  and  scientific 
structure,  a  strength  of  1 2,400  tons.  He 
demonstrates,  too,  that  while  the  .strength 
c^'the  cables  is  nearly  sii  times  as  great 
as  their  ordinary  tension,  th>t  strength 

WILL  NEVER  BE  IMPAIRED  BY  VIBRATION. 

Tliis  r  IS  *.he  question  raised  by  The  De- 
mocracy, a  year  ago,  which  excited  such, 
general,  and  in  instances  such  angry  dis- 
cussion. Roebling  treated  our  doubts 
with  a  cool  reason  and  the  stores  of  au 
eAtensive  engineering  experience,  which 
gave  us  to  believe  that  Art  had  at  last 
attained  to  a  method  of  suspending  Iron 
Bridgett  for  Railroad  use,  that  should  en- 


f 


1^! 
i 


ROUTF  FROM  BUFFALO  TO  NIAGARA  FALLS,  ETC. 


15a 


i 


cities  lo- 
of  stone 
Cayuga 
l8  of  the 
from   the 
raversing 
t,  at  the 
MuuicateB 
upon  the 
cables  of   ^ 
!r  it — the 
rstructure 
le  towers 
the  great 
furnishes 
if  the  ma- 
stone  and 
vn  to  the 
reat  cables 
ileal  force 
ge,  or  the 
ubject  to. 
cables  is 
of  the  ma- 
traffic  to 
jjccted  is 
Engineer 
1  scientific 
;ons.    He 
3  strength 
as  great 

STREyOTH 

ibration. 
The  De- 
cited  sucb. 
angry  dis- 
ir  doubts 
)res  of  an 
ice,  which 
ad  at  last 
iding  Iron 
should  en- 


tirely obviate  the  objections  to  them  felt 
by  most  of  the  Iron- Masters  of  the  United 
States.  Ho  has  since  that  demonstrated 
it  in  a  most  wonderful  structure. 

There  arc  in  the  bridge  624  "  suspend- 
ers," each  capable  of  sustain* ng  30  tons — 
and  all  of  sustaining  18,720  tons.  The 
weight  they  have  ordinarily  to  support  is 
only  1,000  tons.  But  the  Engineer  has 
.skilfully  distributed  the  weight  of  the- 
b.xrdens,  by  the  means  of  "girders"  and 
"  t.  usees."  These  spread  the  34  tons  heft 
cf  a  Icccrr.ctl-."^  <»nd  tender  over  a  length 
of  200  feet.  How  ample  is  J^his  provision 
made  for  defective  iron  or  sudden  strains  1 

The  Anchor  Chains  are  composed  of  9 
links,  each  7  feet  long,  save  the  last, 
which  is  10  feet.  The  lowest  link  is  made 
of  7  bars  of  iron,  7  inch  by  1  k.  It  is  se- 
cured to  a  cast  iron  anchor  plate  3^  inch;)s 
thick,  and  6  feet  6  'nches  square.  The 
other  links  are  equally  strong.  The  iron 
used  was  all  made  from  Pennsylvania  char- 
coal, Ulster  county,  N  Y.,  and  Salisbury 
Fig,  and  can  be  depended  upon  for  a 
strength  of  64,000  poimds  to  the  square 
inch.  The  central  portions  of  the  anchor 
plates,  through  which  th^  links  pass  is  12 
inches  thick.  The  excavations  in  the  sohd 
rock  were  not  vertical  They  iaclined  from 
the  river.  The  rock  upon  which  the  work 
may  rely  on  the  New  York  side  of  the 
chasm  is  100  feet  long,  70  feet  wide,  and 
20  feet  deep.  It  weighs  160  pounds  to 
the  cubic  foot,  and  presents  a  resistance  of 
14,000  tons,  exclusive  of  the  weight  of  the 
superincumbent  masonry  and  embankment. 

The  To  WEES  are  each  15  feet  square  at 
the  base,  60  feet  high  above  the  arch, 
an<l  8  feet  square  at  the  top.  The  limestone 
of  which  they  are  built  will  support  a  pres- 
sure of  500  tons  on  e«ch  square  foot  witb- 
(ii'.t  crushing.  While  the  greatest  weight 
cliat  can  f«dl  upon  the  tower  will  rarely 
o'xceed  600  tons,  a  pressure  of  32,000  tons 
>vill  be  required  to  crush  the  top  course. 
There  are  4,000  tons'  weight  in  each  of  the 
towers  on  the  New  York  side. 


The  cables  are  4  in  number,  10  inche» 
in  diameter,  and  composed  each  of  3,640 
small  No.  9  wires.  Sixty  wires  form  one 
square  inch  of  solid  section,  making  the 
solid  section  of  the  entire  cable  60.40 
square  inches,  wrapping  not  included. 
These  immense  masses  of  wire  are  put 
together  so  that  each  individual  wire  per- 
forms its  duty,  and  in  a  strain  all  work 
together.  On  this,  Mr.  RosBLiNa,  who 
is  a  moderate  as  well  as  a  modest  man, 
feels  justitied  in  speaking  with  the  word 
PERFECT.  Each  of  the  large,  cables  is 
composed  of  four  smaller  ones,  called 
"strands."  Each  strand  has  520  wires. 
One  is  placed  in  the  centre.  The  rest  are 
plased  around  that.  These  strands  were 
manufactured  nearly  in  the  same  position 
the  cables  now  occupy.  The  preparatory 
labors,  such  as  oiling,  straightening,  spli- 
cing, and  reehng,  were  done  in  a  long 
shed  on  the  Canada  side.  Two  strands 
were  made  at  the  same  time,  one  for  each 
of  the  two  cables  under  process  of  con- 
struction. On  the  completion  of  one  set, 
temporary  wire  bands  were  laid  on,  about 
nine  inches  apart,  for  the  purpose  of 
keepinc^  the  wires  closely  united,  and  se- 
curing their  relative  position.  They  were 
then  lowered  to  occupy  their  permanent 
position  in  the  cable.  On  completion  of 
the  seven  pairs  of  strands,  two  platform 
carriages  were  mounted  upon  the  cables, 
for  laying  on  a  continuous  wrapping,  by 
means  of  Roebling's  patent  wrapping 
machines.  During  this  process  the  whole 
mass  of  wire  was  again  saturated  with 
oil  and  pamt,  which,  together  with  the 
wrapping,  will  protect  them  efifectually 
against  all  oxidation.  Five  hundred  tons 
of  this  wire  is  English.  American  man- 
ufacturers did  not  put  in  proposals.  That 
used  was  remarkably  uniform,  and  most 
carefully  made. 

The  law  deduced  from  large  use  of  wire 
rope  in  Pennsylvania,  is,  that  its  durabili- 
ty depends  upon  its  usage.  It  will  last 
much  longer  under  heavy  str^s  moving 


i 


'ill, 


\i 


154 


■•^H<ii 


TRIP   THROUaH   THE   LAKES. 


W     »fa!iii"7  *   ""r 


'   f'.-Ak 


l! 


dowly,  than  it  will  under  light  strains' 
moving  rapidly.  This  law  was  borne 
constantly  in  mind  by  the  Engineer  of 
the  Niagara  Railway  Bridge.  The  cables 
and  suspenders  are,  so  to  speak,  at  rest. 
They  are  so  well  protected,  too,  from  rust, 
that  they  may  be  regarded  as  eternally 
durable. 

Among  the  interesting  characteristics 
of  this  splendid  architecture,  is  its  elas- 
ticity. The  depression  under  a  load  com- 
mences at  the  end,  of  course,  and  goes 
regularly  across.  After  the  passage  of  a 
train,  the  equilibrium  is  perfectly  restored. 
The  elasticity  of  the  cables  is  fully  equal 
to  this  task,  and  will  never  be  lost. 

The  equilibrium  of  the  Bridge  is  less 
aSfected  in  cold  weather  than  in  warm. 
If  a  change  of  temperature  of  100  de- 
grees should  take  place,  the  difference  in 
the  level  of  the  floor  would  be  2  feet  3 
inches. 

So  solid  is  this  Bridge  in  its  weight, 
its  stiffness,  and  its  staying,  that  not  the 
slightest  motion  is  communicated  to  it  by 
the  severest  gales  of  wind  that  blow  up 
through  the  narrow  gorge  which  it  spans. 

Next  to  violent  winds,  suspension  bridge 
builders  dread  the  trotting  of  cattle  across 
their  structures.  Mr.  Roebling  says  that 
a  heavy  train  ruuuiug  20  miles  an  hour 
across  his  Bridge,  would  do  less  injury 
to  it  than  would  20  steers  passing  on  a 
trot.  i„  is  the  severest  test,  next  to  that 
of  troops  marching  in  time,  to  which 
bridges,  iron  or  wooden,  suspension  or 
tubular,  can  be  subjected.  Strict  regula- 
tions are  enforced  for  the  passage  of  hogs, 
horses,  and  oxen,  in  small  bodies,  and 
always  on  a  walk. 

This  great  work  cost  only  $500,000. 
The  same  structure  in  England  (if  it  could 
possibly  have  been  built  there)  would 
have  cost  $4,000,000.  It  is  unquestiona- 
bly the  most  admirable  work  of  art  on 
this  continent,  and  will  make  an  imper- 
ishable monument  to  the  memory  of  its 
Engineer,  Jomr  A.  BosBLma. 


We  append  a  Table  of  Quantities  for 
the  convenience  of  our  readers,  and  the 
more  easy  comprehension  of  the  cliarac- 
ter  of  the  structure :      "  'v  • 

Length  of  span  from  centre  to  centre  of 

Towers 822  feet 

Height  Of  Tower  above  nick  on  Ameri- 
can side 8S  feet 

Height  of  Tower  above  rock,  Canada  side    78  foet 
Height  of  Tower  above  floor  of  Railway .  60  feet 

Number  of  Wire  Cables 4 

Diameter  of  each  Cable 10  Inches 

Number  of  No.  9  wires  in  each  Cable. .  8,569 
Ultimate  aggregate  strength  of  Cables,  12,400  tons 

Weight  of  Superstructure 750  tons 

Weight  of  Superstructure  and  maxi- 
mum loads 1,250  tons 

Dltiuiate  supporting  strength 780  tons 

Height  of  Track  above  water .  .* 250  feet 

Base  of  Towers 16  feet  etiuare 

TopofTowers 8    "       " 

Length  of  each  Upper  Cable 1,26^^  feet 

"  "     Lower  Cable 1,190  feet 

Depth  of  Anchor  Pits  below  surface 

of  Rock 80  feet 

Number  of  Suspenders 624 

Ultimate  strengtn  of  Suspenders 18,720  tons 

Number  of  O verfloor  Stays 64 

Aggregate  strength  of  Stays 1,920  tons 

Number  of  River  Stays 56 

Aggregate  strength  u(  Stays 1,680  tons 

Elevatiou  of  Railway  Track  above  mid- 
dle stageof  River 246  feet 

Total  length  of  Wir^s 4,000  miles 

The  weights  of  the  materials  in  the 
bridge  are  as  follows : 

LBB. 

Timber. 919,180 

Wrought  Iron  and  Suspenders 118,120 

Castings. 44,882 

Rails....... 66,740 

Cables  (between  towers) 686,400 

Total 1,678,722 

The  Great  Western  Railway  op 
Canada,  which  unites  with  the  New  York 
Central  Railroad,  terminating  on  the  Ameri- 
can side  of  the  river,  here  commences 
and  extends  westward  through  Hamilton, 
London,  and,  Qhatliam  to  Windsor,  oppo- 
site  Detroit,  Mich.,  forming  one  of  the 
great  through  lines  of  travel  from  Boston 
and  New  York  to  Detroit,  Chicago,  and 
the  Far  West.     See  page  50. 

This  road  also  furnishes  a  speedy  route, 
of  travel  to  Toronto,  Montreal,  etc. 


Qu( 


9n 


^^ 


ROUTE  FROM  BUFFALO  TO  NIAGARA  FALLS,  ETC. 


155 


ies  for 
id  the 
jliarac- 


822  feet 

SSfeet 
78  feet 
60  feet 
•  4 

lOinchea 

5,569 

!,400  tons 
750 tons 

L,250  tons 
780  tons 
250  feet 

et  ?.iuare 

U  It 

S^  feet 
m  feet 

.    80  feet 

624 
8,720  ton* 

64 
1,920  tons 

56 
1,680  tons 

245  feet 
t,000  miles 

s  in  the 


..  919,180 

..  118,120 

..  44,882 

..  66,740 

.  586,400 

..1,678,722 
WAY     OF 

Uew  York 
16  Ameri- 
mmences 
lamilton, 
sor,  oppo- 
se of  the 
m  Boston 
cage,  and 

edy  route, 
itc. 


Rates  of  Cliari^es  at  Niagara 
Falls. 

The  following  are  the  rates  of  charges 
usually  exacted  from  persons  visiting  Ni- 
agara Falls — but,  unfortunately,  imposi- 
tions are  often  practised  by  unprincipled 
individuals  at  this,  as  well  as  other  fash- 
ionable resorts : 

AMERICAN  8IDB. 

Board,  from  one  to  two  and  a  half  dol- 
lars per  day. 

For  services  of  guide,  from  one  to  three 
dollars. 

For  guide  behind  the  Central  Fall,  and 
visiting  the  Cave  of  the  Winds,  one  dollar. 

For  crossing  bridge  to  Goat  Island,  25 
cents. 

Fare  to  and  from  Suspension  Bridge, 
12^  cents. 

Fare  for  crossing  Suspension  Bridge, 
25  cents. 

Fare  to  the  Whirlpool,  50  cents. 

For  use  of  steps  or  cars  on  Inclined 
Plane,  5  cents. 

Ferriage  to  Canada  side,  20  cents. 

Omnibus  fare  and  steam  ferriage  to 
Canada  side,  25  cents. 

CANADA  SIDE. 

Board,  from  one  to  two  and  a  half  dol- 
lars per  day. 

Visiting  Barnett's  Museum,  Camera  Ob- 
scura,  and  Pleasure  Grounds,  25  cents. 

For  guide  and  use  of  dress  to  pass  be- 
hind the  Fall  at  Table  Bock,  one  dollar. 

Carriage  fare  to  Whirlpool,  Lundy's 
Lans  Battle  Ground,  Burning  Spring,  and 
back  to  Ferry,  50  tp  75  cents. 

Guide  to  Battle  Ground  and  visiting 
Monument,  25  cents. 

Carriage  fare  to  Brookes  Moniiment  on 
Queenston  Heights,  one  dollar. 

Carriage  fare  per  day,  four  dollars. 

The  drives  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Falls, 
pn  both  sides  of  the  river,  are  unrivalled, 


and  no  visitor  should  lose  the  opporianiiy 
to  visit  all  the  objects  of  attraction  above 
and  below  the  mighty  Cataract. 

It  is  necessary  to  make  exact  agree* 
ments  with  the  hackmen  and  guides  in 
order  to  avoid  imposition;  some  on  the 
Canada  side  refuse  to  take  American  bank- 
bills  except  at  a  great  discount. 

Lbwiston,  Niagara  Co.,  N.  Y.,  is  de- 
lightfully situated  on  the  east  bank  of  the 
Niagara  River,  seven  miles  below  the 
Falls,  and  seven  miles  above  the  mouth 
of  the  river  where  it  falls  into  Lake  On- 
tario. It  is  an  incorporated  village,  and 
contains  about  1,000  inhabitants,  four 
churches,  an  incorporated  academy;  a 
custom-house,  it  being  the  port  of  entry 
for  the  district  of  Niagara ;  three  hotels, 
nine  stores,  and  three  storehouses.  Here 
is  a  very  convenient  steamboat  landing, 
from  which  steamers  depart  daily  for  Os- 
wego, Ogdensburgh,  etc.,  on  the  Amevi- 
can  side,  and  for  Toronto,  Kingston,  etc., 
on  the  Canadian  side.  The  Buffalo,  Niag- 
ara Falls,  and  Lewiston  Railroad  termi- 
nates at  this  place,  where  is  a  magnificenV 
Suspension  Bridge  thrown  across  the  Ni- 
agara, connecting  Lewiston  with  Queens- 
ton,  Canada.  The  mountain  ridge  here 
rises  about  300  feet  above  the  river,  form- 
ing many  picturesque  and  romantic  points 
of  great  interest.  On  the  American  side 
of  the  river  stands  the  site  of  old  Fort 
Gray,  erected  during  the  war  of  1812, 
while  on  the  Canadian  side  are  situated 
Queenston  Heights^  surmounted  by  a  beau- 
tiful monument  erected  to  the  memory  of 
General  Brock,  of  the  British  army,  who 
was  here  kiiled  in  a  sanguinary  conflict, 
October  13th,  1812.  From  this  height  a 
most  extensive  and  grand  view  is  obtained 
of  Lake  Ontario  and  the  surrounding  coun- 
try. 

YouNQSTOWN,  six  milcs  below  Lewis- 
ton,  and  one  mile  above  old  Fort  Niagara 
at  the  mouth  of  the  river,  is  a  regular 
steamboat  landing.  The  village  contains 
about   800  inhabitants;   three  churches, 


Ih 


'!  i 


■■  f... 


i'l 


■nnHHBni 


156 


^.i^.    :    ;.4TRIP   THRuUOH   THK   tAKKS.    yjir^ti 


t>'' 


two  publio-houseg,  tive  stores,  and  two 
flouring  mills,  besides  other  maniifactur- 
ing  ostablishments.  A  railroad  is  uearly 
completed,  extending  from  this  place  to 
Niagara  Falls,  being  a  continuation  of  the 
Ganandaigua  and  Niagara  Falls  BAilroad, 
now  completed  to  the  Suspension  Bridge. 


A.  ferry  plies  from  Youngstown  to  the  vil- 
lage of  Niagara  on  the  Canada  side  of  the 
river,  here  about  half  a  mile  in  width. 
This  is  the  first  lauding,  on  the  American 
side  of  the  river,  aft-sr  leaving  the  broad 
waters  of  Lake  Ontario.  Fort  Niagara  ia 
situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  river. 


•'JfS 


■*■  1    ' 


L. 


'it 


■?iiai*-'-   >i 


Route  aroimd  liake  Ontario. 


Miles. 


Kingston,  0.  "W.,  to  Toronto,  via  Grand  Think  Railway   '. 160 

Toronto  to  Hamilton,  C.  W.,  Toronto  and  Hamilton  R.  R. 38 

Hamilton  to  Suspension  Bridge,  via  Great  Western  R.  R.    43 

Suspension  Bridge  to  Rochester,  N.  T.,  via  N.  T.  Central  Railway 76 

Rochester  to  Oswego,  N.  Y.,  by  stage 70 

Oswego  to  Richland,  N.  Y.,            "          ^ 35 

Richland  to  Cape  Vincent,  via  Watertown  and  Rome  R.  R 55 

Cape  Vincent  to  Kingston,  C.  "W.,  via  Wolfe  Island   12 


%QX^mm  ... .- 489 


Note. — ^The  extreme  length  of  Lake  On- 
tario is  190  miles,  from  Cape  Vincent  to 
Hamilton,  C.  W.:  being  about  four  times 

;,.--!^i-j£*«7-lii,ttSii/sJf'i  i;;-.  r  m.  "..=  '/..?     '  ■; 

..  f^>;.tl-lWMf ';.;!. '^  u-;»,    '»<./     .  .;,r     .,,  ;,       ..    , 

■\\.tiMA'-i  a  ■■:';■  ,<  =  .^M-  ■t!r:sm  ■-'■I  ■•  ■  -i.    •  ,,,- 
"Hihi-ii :'&'<>  i'.'f:!)'."  ,i^i.t!;v  '.);.<;  '.<,  t  _-'^;.,>.'  , ,,   , 

:..r  ^.'  H.i%l  .    .',-     viiii     -v.'ii-i-   I      ■'■;'':     .  :•■■    ■■:.■;;.•,■    ,. 


as  long  as  its  greatest  width.  The  circuit 
of  the  water  is  estimated  at  480  miles. — 
Sec  Lake  Erie,  page  14. 


''T  <ij'     'i\  jTj   ;. 


fl'.i 


!;'. 


.:^4J?i 


.:i'h 


i/ 


1 


::^.?- 
alc 


..  .  A 


%iu; 


;i  !..■-' 


'f^^y^jv^'^'f^f^<?. 


I  the  vil- 

le  of  the 
1  width, 
.mericaa 
le  broad 
iagara  is 


X.A1KE  OlTTAEm 


Miles. 

...   160 

. . . .      38 

, . . .     43 

....     1Q 

10 

■ .  • «  oo 
. .. .  55 
. . . .     12 

....  489 

he  circuit 
)  miles. — 


■;      ...» 


r.i  iit 


This  Lake,  the  most  eastern  of  the  great 
chaia.of  Lakes  of  North  ^.merica,  receives 
the  surplus  waters  of  Niagara  River;  it  is 
180  miles  in  length,  and  60  miles  in  ex- 
treme breadth ;  being  about  480  miles  in 
circumference.  The  boundarv  line  between 
the  British  Possessions  and  the  United 
States  runs  through  the  middle  of  the 
like,  and  so  continues  down  the  St.  Law- 
rence to  the  4dth  degree  of  north  latitude, 
where  the  river  enters  Canada. 

The  lake  is  navigable  throughout  its 
whole  extent  for  vessels  of  the  largest 
size ;  and  it  is  said  to  be  in  some  places 
upward  of  600  feet  in  depth.     Its  surface 
is  elevated  234  feet  above  the  Atlantic, 
and  lies  330  feet  lower  than  Lake  Erie, 
with  which  it  is  connected  by-the  Niagara 
River  and  b^  the  Welland  Canal  in  Canada. 
It  has  also  been  proposed  to  construct  a 
ship  canal  on  the  American  side.    The 
trade  of  Lake  Ontario,  from  the  great  ex- 
tent of  inhabited  country  surrounding  it, 
is  very  considerable,  and  is  rapidly  in- 
creasing.    Many  sail  vessels  and  splend'd 
steamers  are  employed  in  navigating  its 
waters,  which,  owing  to  its  great  depth, 
never  freeze,  except  at  the  sides,  where 
the  water  is  shallow ;  so  that  its  naviga- 
tion is  not  so  effectually  interrupted  by  ice 
as  some  of  the  other  large  lakes.     The 
most  important  places  on  the  Canadian  or 
British  side  of  Lake  Ontario  are  Kingston, 
Coburg,   Port  Hope,  Toronto,    Hamilton, 
and  Niagara;   on  the   American   shore, 
Cape  Vincent,  Sacket's  Harbor,  Oswego, 
Charlotte  or  Port  Genesee,  and  Lewiston, 
on  Niagara  River.   This  Lake  is  connected 


with  the  navigable  waters  of  the  Hudson 
River  by  moans  of  the  Oswego  and  I'>ie 
canals.  It  receives  numerous  streams,  b<nh 
from  the  Canadian  and  the  Amerieaa  sides, 
and  abounds  with  a  great  variety  of  fish 
of  an  excellent  flavor.  The  ba.s8  and  sal- 
mon, in  particular,  have  a  high  reputation, 
and  are  taken  in  large  quantities.  The 
principal  Bays  are  Burlington,  Ironde- 
quoit,  Great  and  Little  Sodus,  Mexico, 
Black  River,  Chaumont,  and  the  pictu- 
resque waters  of  the  Bay  of  Quinte. 

The  passage  across  Lake  Ontario  in 
calm  weather  is  most  agreeable.  At  times 
both  shores  are  hidden  from  view,  when 
nothing  can  be  seen  from  the  deck  of  the 
vessel  but  an  abyss  of  waters.  The  re- 
fractions which  sometimes  take  place  in 
summer,  are  exceedingly  beautiful.  Islap^s 
and  trees  appear  turned  upside  down ;  and 
the  white  surf  of  the  beach,  translated 
aloft,  seems  like  the  smoke  of  artillery 
blazing  away  from  a  fort.* 


♦  BBAirmrt,  Mnt aok. — ^That  grand  phenomenon 
occasionally  witnessed  on  the  Lakes— mfrage—wa« 
seen  from  the  steamer  Bay  Siate,  on  a  recent  trln 
from  Niagara  to  Genesee  River  (Augiist,  ia^6), 
with  more  than  ordinary  splendor.  The  Lock- 
port  Journal  says  it  occurred  just  as  the  snn 
was  setting,  at  which  time  some  twelve  vessels 
were  seen  reflected  on  the  horizon,  in  an  Inverted 
position,  with  a  distinctness  and  vividness  truly 
surprising.  The  atmosphere  was  overcast  with 
a  thick  haze  such  as  precedes  a  storm,  and  of  a 
color  favorable  to  represent  upon  the  darkened 
background,  vividly,  the  full  outlines  of  the  rig- 
ging, sails,  etc.,  as  perfect  as  if  the  ships  them- 
selves were  actually  transformed  to  the  aerial 
canvas.  The  unusual  phenomenon  lasted  until 
darkness  put  an  end  to  the  scene. 


''  t:.. 


j 


il^:-}- 


I 


^ 


0 

i 


S  ■ 


1 1 


lMili|-M»]ati 


iMiWIi 


STEAMBOAT  ROUTES. 


150 


i 


\  • 


American  Steamboat  Ronte  from  KeWfston  to"Jliw4go^  ^ 
Kingston,  and  Ogdentburgh. 


Porto,  etc  Miles. 

Lbwiston 0 

Young.sto7vn 6 

Niagara,  Oan 1-7 

Charlotte,  or  Fort  Genesee 80-87 

PuUneymlle 20-107 

Sodua  Point 10-117 

Oswego 30-147 

Stony  Point  and  Island 33-180 

Sa<;kefs  Harbor 12-192 

Grand,  or  Wolfe  Island 28-220 

Kingston,  Can 10-230 

Thousand  Islands 

Clayton,  or  French  Creek 24-254 

Alexandria  Bay 12-266 

BrofJeviUe,  Can 22-288 

Monristown 1-289 

Cfil^SNSBURGH 11-300 


Ports,  eta  Mfles. 

OODENSBUBGH 0 

Morristown U 

BrockviUe,  Can 1-12 

Thousand  Islands 

Alexandria  Bay 22-34 

Clayton,  or  French  Creek 12-46 

Grand,  or  Wolfe  Island 

Kingston,  Can 24-70 

Sackeft  Harbor 38-108 

Stoney  Point  and  Island 12-120 

Oswego 33-153 

Sodus  Point 30-183 

Pultneyville 10-193 

Charlotte,  or  Port  Genesee 20-2 13 

Niagara,  Can 80-293 

Youngstown 1-294 

Lewiston 6-300 


Usual  Tihb  from  Lewiston  to  Ogdensburgh,  via  Oswogo  and  Kingston,  28  hours. 
Usual  Time,  via  Toronto  and  Cape  Vincent,  22  hours. 
Gabin  Fare,  $5.60  (including  meals).     Deck  Fare,  $2.50. 


I  t 


l^ieamboat  Route  from  Iie\¥iiton  to  Toronto  and  Ogdent- 

bnrgb,  via  Express  I^lne. 


Port^  etc.  Miles. 

Lewiston 0 

Niagara 7 

Toronto,  Can 42-49 

Point  Peter  and  Light 128-177 

Duck  Island 30-207 

Tibbet's  Point  and  Light 19-226 

Cape  Vincent 3-229 

Clayton,  or  French  Creek 13-242 

BrockviUe,  Can , 34-276 

OODBNSBURGH 11-287 


Ports,  etc.  MileE. 

Ogdensburgh ^ . .  .^  0 

BrockviUe,  Can 11 

Clayton,  or  French  Creek 34-45 

Cape  Vincent 13-58 

Tibbet's  Point 3-61 

Duck  Island 19-80 

Point  Peter  and  Light 30-110 

Toronto 128-238 

Niagara 42-280 

Lewiston 7-287 


Usual  Fare  from  Ogdensburgh  to  Montreal,         $3.50 

Through  Fare  from  Lewiston  to  Montreal,  9.00 

*'        •'    from  Buffalo  to  Montreal,  10.00 

For  further  information  in  regard  to  Lake  Ontario  and  Route  to  Montreal,  Ac, 

see  "  Piotubesque  Tourist,"  published  by  J.  Disturnell. 


X 


^SHBW 


T.    ^.'X 


.  ^i^-i't  aoflj.-  ■XA*'si'>  ^f  A  mm 


ALPHABETICAEi  ItlST  or  thi  Pbivoipal  Ports  on  the  Great  Lakes 


OF  North  America,  with  their  Situation,  Temperature,  kto. 


t  '£i%i  4* 


PORTS,  Ac. 


Agate  Harbor,  Mich, 

Algonac,  "     

Alpena,  "     

Amherptburg,  Can 

Ashland,  Wis 

Ashtabula,  Ohio 

Bay  City,  Mich 

Bayfield,  Wis.. 

Beaver  Bay,  Min 

Belleville,  Can 

Brockville,  "    

Bruce  Mines,  Can 

Buchanan,  Min. 

Buflfalo,*N.  Y 

Cape  Vincent,  N.  Y 

Charlotte,  "    

Chicago,  Illinois 

Clayton,  N.  Y 

Cleveland,*  Ohio 

Cobourg,  Can 

Collingwood,  Can 

Conneaut,  Ohio 

Copper  Harbor,*  Mich.  (Ft.  Wilkins) 

Detroit,*  "     

Dunkirk,  N.  Y 

Eagle  Harbor,  Mich 

Eagle  River,        " 

East  Saginaw,     "    

Erie,*  Penn 

Euirport,  Ohio. 

Eorrestville,  Mich 

Fort  Gratiot,*  "     

Fort  Niagara,*  N.  Y. 

Fort  William,  Can 

Gena,  Mich., 

Goderich,  Can 

Grand  Haven,  Mich. . . .; 

Grand  Portage,  Mm 

Green  Bay,*  Wi&,  (Fort  Howard) 

Hamilton,  Can 

Hancock,  Mich , 


Latitade. 


47«'30' 
42  36 

45  00 
42  05 

46  33 

41  52 

46  46 

47  12 

46  20 

47  33 

42  63 
44  03 

43  12 
41  53 

44  10 

41  30 

44  30 

47  30 

42  20 

47  28 

47  25 

12  08 

43  40 

42  55 

43  18 

48  23 

43  44 

43  05 
47  60 

44  30 
41  15 


Longitade. 


88'»10' 

82  30 

83  30 
82  58 
91  00 
80  47 

91  00 
91  18 


83  46 
92  00 

78  58 

76  30 

77  51 

87  37 
76  25 

81  42 

80  20 

88  00 
83  00 

88  08 

88  18 

80  05 

82  34 
82  23 

79  08 

89  22 

81  43 
86  12 

90  OC 
88  06 
79  67 


Altitade. 


600  ft. 

670 

574 

562 

600 

660 

674 

600 

600 

236 

230 

574 

600 

600 

236 

236 

676 

234 

640 

235 

574 

660 

620 

600 

660 

600 

600 

674 

660 

560 

674 

598 

250 

600 

576 

574 

576 

600 

620 

235 

600 


Mean  Temp. 


419  pahr. 
46  00 
42  00 
48  00 

00 

00 


41 

47 


46  00 
40  00 
38  00 
45  00 

44  GO 

40  00 

37  00 

47  00 

45  00 

46  00 

47  00 

45  00 

48  00 
15  00 
43  00 
47  00 

41  00 
47  25 
47  26 
41  00 
41  00 

46  00 

47  00 
47  00 

45  00 

46  30 

47  90 
36  00 

43  00 

45  00 

46  00 

38  00 

44  60 

47  00 
41  00 


^paaBsrrn'-iM.  ^  mrBgmaeomCf^^^TWBSS^ 


^^ 


f 


ALPnABSTICAL   LIST   OF    PORTS,    ETC.  J^ 


161 


T  \y.      POKTS,  4«,        "i  «»'>-.**/!^ 


45  00 

46  30 

4:1    90 

36  00 

43  00 

45  00 

46  00 
38  00 

44  50 
41  00 
41  GO 


Houghton,  "    

Huron  Harbor,  Ohia 

Kenodia,  Wis 

Kingston,  Can 

La  PoiRte,  Wig 

Lexington,  Mich 

Lc  wiston,  N,  Y. .\ 

Manistee,  Mich 

Manitouwoc,  Wis 

Mackinac,*  Mich i^,   ,J. 

Marquette,      "     

Michigan  City,  Ind. 

Michipicoten,  Can 

Milwaukee,  "Wis 

Monroe,  Mich 

Munising,  "     

Muskegon,  Mich. 

Neepigon,  Can. 

New  Buffalo,  Mich 

Nenomonee  City,  Wis. 

Niagara,  Can 

Oconto,  Wis 

Oak  Orchard,  N.  Y 

Ogdensburgh,  N.  Y 

Ontonagon,  Mich 

Oshawa,  Can.  ..•../ ^ii .'.  ,< 

Oswego*  N.  Y.,  (Fort  Ontario). . . 

Owen's  Sound,  Can 

Penetanquishene,  Can 

Picton,  ii , . 

Port  Burwell,        ^ 

Port  Colburn,        "  ...; 

Port  Dalhousie,      " 

Port  Dover,  Can 

Port  Hope,     "  

Port  Huron,  Mich    

Portland,  Min » 

Port  Stanley,  Can 

Prescott,  "    

Pultneyville,  N.  Y 

Kacihe,  Wis 

Rock  Harbor,  Mich 

Socket's  Harbor,*  (Madison  Bar.) 

Saginaw  City,  Mich . 

Sandusky,  Ohio 


LaUtnde. 


46»40' 

41  25 

42  36 
44  08 
46  45 


44  07 

45  61 

46  32 
41  41 

47  56 
43  03 
41  63 
46  20 

49  00 
41  45 

43  18 


44  42 

46  52 

43  20 

44  81 


-  -t  -^ 

•  >'}  '  •  ■ 

42  58 

47  00 

44  42 

42  45 

48  05 

43  55 

41  27 


88«30' 
82  40 
87  60 
76  40 
90  57 


87  45 

84  33 
87  33 

86  63 

85  06 

87  55 
83  19 

87  00 

88  30 

86  46 

79  08 


75  35 
89  30 

76  40 
80  40 

V    ]-    !v^i   :> 

■.''■:  ?M^- 

82  25 
92  10 

75  36 

87  48 

88  50 

76  00 

82  45 


Mean  T«mp. 


600  ft. 

560 

676 

236 

600 

574 

238 

576 

676 

728 

600 

676 

600 

576 

660 

600 

676 

600 

576 

676 

235 

576 

236 

230 

600 

235 

250 

674 

674 

235 

560 

660 

235 

560 

235 

572 

600 

560 

230 

235 

576 

600 

265 

574 

560 


Fahr. 


f 


48  00 
46  00 

44  00 

40  00 

45  00 

46  00 
46  00 

45  00 

40  65 

42  00 

49  0O> 
38  00 

46  00 
48  00 

41  00 

46  00 
36  00  « 

47  00  y.J* 

43  OOv  f 
47  00 

44  00 
47  00 
44  00 
40  00 

44  00 
46  44 
43  00 

43  00 

45  00  ,! 

46  00    : 

46  00 

47  00   '; 
46  00 

45  00 

46  00 
40  00 
46  00 

44  00 

46  00 

47  00 
38  00 

45  00 

46  00 

48  00 


illlll. 


IM 


RAPIDS   OF  THK   HT.  LAIfBVirCK    RIVKK. 


M 


.^^'■■'r 


PORTS,  &• 


Lfttltiid«k 


8wTiia,Can 42'»58'  82e24' 

Saugeen,  C&n 44  04  8143 

Saut  Ste.  Marie,*  (Fort  Brady) 46  30  84  43 

Sheyboygan,  Wis 

St.  Clair,  Midi 

Superior,  Wis 

Sodus  Bay,  N.  Y 

Tawas,  Mich~ , 

Toledo,  Ohio 

Toronto,f  Can 

Trenton,  Mich 

VormildoD,  Ohio. .' .,..«. 

Waukegan,  111 

White  River  Harbor,  Mich 

Windsor,  Can 

Wyandotte,  Mich 

«  United  States  MiHtny  Ststiom,  dTinr  the  exact  eleratlon  of  Vorta,  Jb«,   The  ether  BtatioM 
diow  the  water  level  of  the  dUforent  Oreat  Xakea  and  Bivera, 


46  40 


41  38 

43  40 


42  21 
42  21 


Lougltnde. 


AlUtnde. 


92  03 


83  32 

19  20 


81  60 


83  00 


572  ft. 

514 

600 

676 

&10 

600 

%9& 

»74 

560 

265 

666 

ft6» 

676 

676 

570 

670 


Mean  Temp. 


46''  Fahr. 

44  00 
40  37 

45  00 

46  OO 
40  OO 

46  40 

45  00 
49  00 
44  40 

47  00  , 

48  00  \ 
47  00 

46  30 

47  00 
47  00 


t  CaMdian  OhserratiNy. 


X.i- 


m 


*Ji: 


.  A 


<?■  ?. 


%i.    ».-■»• 


> 


&APIDS  OF  THE  8T.  LAWBEKCB  BIVES, 


The  Bapidt  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  in  con- 
nection with  the  •*  ThouscLmd  Islands" 
form  the  most  remarkable  feature  of  this 
truly  noble  stream.  The  "  Thousand  Is- 
lands" are  situated  near  the  foot  of  Lake 
Ontario,  where  the  St  Lawrence  proper 
commences.  Here  are  found  delightful 
resorts  for  those  fond  of  fishing  and  bunt- 
ing, surrounded  by  scenery  of  the  most 
enchanting  character. 

The  fall  in  the  St.  Lawrence  riTr;f, 
between  Ogdensburgh  and  Montreal,  a  dis- 
tance of  120  miles  exceeds  200  feet.  The 
rapids  euoountered  are  the  GaUop  Sa/pith ,;. 


JRopid  Plat ;  Long  SatU  Rapids,  (desctdt 
48  feet.)  The  CoUau  Rapida,  Cedar 
Rapids,  and  Cascade  Rapids^  have  a  des' 
cent  of  S2  feet ;  in  the  distance  of  11 
miles.  The  La  Chine  Rt^idSf  the  last 
formidable  rapids  which  impede  naviga' 
tion,  has  a  descent  of  45  feet. 

The  descent  of  these  Rapidf  by  ^teaoh' 
ere  id  perfectly  safe,  affording  the  most  ex- 
citing and  grand  excursion  imaginable. 
In  ascending  the  stream  steamers  pass 
through  the  St.  Lawrence  Canal ;  total 
length  about  40  miles.  Set  Mngravvng, 
page  162. 


.) ' 


t 

" 

i 

m 

1 
■  1 

ran  Temp. 

16'  Fahr. 
U  00 
10  37 
15  00 
46  00 
40  OO 

46  40 
45  00 
4»  00 
44  40 

47  00     , 

48  00     \ 
47  OO 

46  30 

47  00 
47  00 

>ther  BUttoM 


da,  (desct.it 
pida,  Cedar 
have  a  des* 
taDce  of  1) 
dBf  tbe  lasi 
)ede  naviga- 

•  by  pteam' 
ttie  Bootit  ex- 
imaginable, 
jamera  pasa 
anal;  total 
>  iingraving, 

,        ,'J   t-  >  • 


r:i:;*: 


I! 
II,. 


"■i;iii;i 


r'lii'i  1^''''  Nie- 
lli ,">"f'iiM[Si'   '^*'t' 

'i'':ilV.li;.v.' 

ill,  ''!m 


'  . 


In 


r-w 


1 


'{[■■i. 


!  -.j ' 


-•  fit. 


■;  .',>.' /J ii'(r.iiv;j  in.    ■!•   ':••'■: i-:<:.ii  tiA •  'I'j.       J",  il'.u.'-^.  '.>;l:i  ■'v'i.'vj  ■.•^i>ii'- T.tf:U  ■:.',■  .uci?i -4 

.-.  TMv  APPENDIX.  ,.,^  1-/.V ,:?-:. :?iviJ 

.'  c  /j-f'' '  "'■  .■ji':;-"<'f.iO'.U-"Tr>  •^  M,*    ijiiMU)  ""iig/j  •i;>.'V?  ^'*;.v:>-'*  >>7i(iw  '-vii  iv. 


Father  Marquette  and  hlii  DIfcoverjr  of  the  MlMlMtppl 

■   '•'•  ''-'        River.    '  ^'^  •'-■■-'*^'"''^   ^'   •'•'  ''^i^*^?*  ?«.  ' 

'     '      [Written  for  the  ""Laks  Superior  Mining  Journal,'"'  by  Aomam  J.  Ebklu]      '^^l'"-  ^ 


OuB  hero,  James  MAnQUEiTB,  was  born 
of  the  noble  family  of  Marquette,  in  tlie 
northern  part  of  France,  in  the  yeor  1G37. 
In  the  city  of  Laon,  on  the  meandering, 
vine-clad,  olive-girt  little  River  Oise,  where 
Ills  ancestors  had  raised  and  exerted  a 
wide  influence  for  generations  before  h  m, 
he  also  spent  his  youthful  days  till  the 
age  of  iseventeen;  he  then  attached  him- 
self to  the  Society  of  Jesus,  or  Jesmts, 
and  with  them  pursued  a  course  of  study 
preparatory  to  the  priesthood.  When  in- 
vested with  orders,  having  a  strong  pref- 
erence for  the  missionary  work,  he  deter- 
mined to  make  the  wilds  of  America  the 
fields  for  his  future  labor.  So,  in  the 
Bummer  of  1666,  he  sailed  for  Canada,  on 
the  20th  of  September,  and  landed  at 
Quebec,  then  but  a  trading-post.  He  was 
soon  recognized,  by  his  courage  and  zeal, 
as  a  man  specially  fitted  to  advance  the 
efforts  that  had  been  made  among  the 
Algonquins  on  Lake  Superior,  but  which 
had  been  nearly  extinguished  by  the  in- 
cursions of  the  warlike  Iroquois.  Ac- 
cordingly, Father  James  Marquette,  on 
the  10th  of  October  of  the  same  year  that 
'le  landed^  embarked  again,  but  now  in  a 
bark  canoe,  conducted  by  a  couple  of  the 
iis3ion  Indians,  for  the  "Three  Rivers," 
here  to  commence  the  study  of  the  lan- 
I  guage,  and  soon  after  he  proceeded  to  the 
Ottawa  Mission  on  Lake  Superior.  At 
I  first  he  was  etationed  at  the  Sault  Ste. 


'*■/•> 


Marie,  but  in  a  few  months  it  wui^  deemed 
expedient  to  remove  him  farther  on  to  tixe 
mission  at  La  Pointe. 

Tne  bands  that  lived  about  the  south- 
western shores  of  the  lake  were  annually 
visited  by  the  Illinois,  who  came  from 
thoir  broad  prairie-homes  on  the  "Great 
Mississippi,"  for  the  purpose  of  obtaiuing 
by  barter  the  trinkets  and  chattels  dis- 
tributed by  the  French.  The  glowing  de- 
scription given  by  these  of  the  "Great 
Water,"  the  Mississippi,  that  flowed  south 
through  many  nations,  and  emptied  itself, 
after  many  moons'  journeyings,  Into  the 
salt  sea,  awakened  in  Father  Marquette 
an  ardent  desire  to  explore  this  mysteri'  us 
river,  find  whether  or  no  the  sea  it  emp- 
tied iu  was  the  Western  Ocean,  and  carry 
to  the  southern  nations  the  Gospel  of 
peace. 

The  Hurons  at  La  Pointe  were  about 
abandoning  their  homes,  from  fear  of  the 
Sioux  warriors ;  and  our  missionary,  though 
loth  to  remove  farther  from  his  cherished 
desire  of  going  southwest  to  the  Illinois 
and  other  Mississippi  nations,  yet  accom- 
panied them  back  in  their  canoes  to 
Mackinac,  and  there  rebuilt  the  old  church 
that  had  been  for  a  time  deserted. 

In  the  summer  of  1672,  the  Oomte  de 
Frontenac,  Grovemor  of  Canada,  clearly 
perceiving  the  importance  of  an  explora- 
tion of  the  Mississippi  River  and  its  out-> 
let,  appointed  Sieur  M.  Jolliet,  aocompa- 


it;: 


■«r 


ii' 


ri.' 


m 


164 


FATHER    MARQUETTB  8   DISCOVBRY    OV   THE    MISSISSIPPI. 


K     ^  • 


nied  by  Father  Marquette,  to  make  the 
dldcovery;  but  on  their  return,  Jolliet^s 
journals  and  reports  were  lost  by  the  up- 
setting of  their  c^inoe  below  the  Sault  St 
Louis,  near  Montreal,  and  thus  the  only 
remaining  account  of  the  expedition  was 
that  prepared  by  Marquette. 

In  two  bark  canoes,  their  entire  outfit 
a  stock  of  corn  and  dried  meat,  with  five 
Tndian  attendants,  Jolliet  and  Marquette, 
on  the  nth  of  May,  ♦1673,  started  from 
the  Mission  of  St.  Ignatius,  at  Michili- 
mackinac,  for  the  exploration  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi. Coasting  along  the  shore,  with 
every  precaution  to  avoid  surprise,  they 
entered  and  went  up  Green  Bay,  and 
ascended  the  Fox  River  for  a  distance  of 
260  miles  to  its  source,  in  a  level  prairie 
fiat,  but  a  little  distance  from  the  springs 
of  the  Wisconsin,  which  flowed  into  the 
Great  "Waters  they  were  in  sea'-ch  of. 
Having  carried  their  canoes  over  the  nar- 
row portage,  they  continued  their  voyage 
down  the  shallow  river,  often  quite  hid 
from  sight  by  the  growth  of  wild  oats, 
through  which  they  had  to  open  a  way 
for  their  canoe,  as  one  would  through 
the  thicket  As  they  descended,  it  grew 
broader;  and  dashed  about  among  reeds 
and  sandy  shoals.  About  30  leagues  below 
its  source  they  found  what  they  took  to 
be  an  iron  mine,  and  somewhat  fartler  on, 
about  i  iO  miles  below  the  porta}.  .  a  the 
17th  of  June,  "with,"  says  Marquette,  "a 
joy  that  I  cannot  express,"  they  entered  the 
Mississippi  River.  Down  its  gentle  current 
they  glided,  by  the  unique  tiiough  varied 
scones,  with  countless  herds  of  buffalo 
and  deer  on  its  shores,  and  innumerable 
fish  in  its  waters,  until,  in  some  ten  days, 
for  the  first  time  since  they  left  the  lakes, 
they  perceived  some  indications  of  human- 
ity. From  the  river-side  a  winding  foot- 
path led  off  through  the  prairie;  following 
this,  Jolliet  and  Marquette  soon  came  to 
an  Indian  village,  in  which  they  wore 
cordially  received,  and  which  proved  to 
be  of  the  Illinois,  the  very  people  among 


whom  Father  Marquette  had  so  long  dg- 
sired  to  plant  a  mis  non.  They  strongly 
urged  our  adventurers  not  to  proceed  far- 
ther, for  danger  wouid  encompass  them 
on  every  side;  but,  nothing  daunted, 
again  they  en  barked,  and  after  a  journey 
southward  of  some  60  miles,  they  came 
to  the  river  Onabonbigan,  or  Ohio,  a  little 
alter  which  they  discovered  what  they 
supoosed  to  be  a  very  rich  iron  mine. 

fm  they  still  wenc,  through  several 
nations  of  hostile  Indians,  encountering 
dangers  of  every  kind,  until  they  came 
among  the  Akamsea  or  Arkansas  Indians, 
nearly  where  De  Soto  had  breathed  his 
last,  130  years  b-^fore.  From  this  tribe 
they  learned  they  were  only  ten  days' 
journey  from  the  sea,  where  were  sta- 
tioned traders  who  appeared  mr.oh  like 
themselves,  and  car'ie  and  went  in  great 
ships.  Judging  these  correctly  to  be 
Spaniards,  our  travellers  were  in  doubt 
wliether  it  would  be  heh^  for  them  to 
push  on  to  the  mouth  of  the  river  or  not. 
They  had  alreadv  ascertained  for  a  cer- 
tainty that  the  Mississippi  emptied,  not, 
as  was  supposed,  on  the  eastern  coast  of 
Virginia,  or  through  California  into  the 
Western  Ocean,  but  into  the  Gulf  of 
Mexco,  from  which  they  certainly  could 
not  be  far;  that  DiOuth  tney  knew  to  be 
held  by  the  Spaniards,  with  whom  thej 
were  on  no  friendly  terms.  Should  they 
happen  to  fall  into  the  hands  of  these 
Spaniards,  they  couid  anticipate  nothing 
less  than  to  be  held  as  prisv'iners,  since 
not  only  were  their  respective  countries 
at  war,  but  that;  the  results  of  their  ei- 
plcrations  might  not  be  carried  back  to 
the  French,  and  thus  induce  encroach- 
njents  "n  the  territory  held  in  the  name 
of  Spain.  Thinking  it  then  more  prudent 
to  return,  that  the  fruits  they  had  already 
gathered  might  not  be  at  once  lost  by  an 
eflbrt  to  grasp  too  much,  on  the  17th  of 
July  they  left  the  village  Akamsea,  and 
commenced  puUing  back  their  canoes  up  j 
the  Mississippi  current.    They  took,  on  j 


DTSCOVBR7   AND   8ETTLXMBNT   OF   MACKINAC. 


165 


)  long  ds- 
j  strongly 
oceed  far- 
jass  them 
daunted, 
a  jcurney 
they  came 
tiio,  a  little 
what  they 
I  mine, 
gh   several 
icountering 
they  came 
jas  ladians, 
reathed  hia 
1  this  tribe 
J  ten  days' 
e  were  sta* 
I  mv.ch  like 
ent  in  great 
ectly  to  be 
sre  in  doubt 
for  them  to 
river  or  not. 
}d  for  a  cer- 
>mptied,  not, 
item  coast  of 
•nia  into  the 
the  Gull   of 
Ttainly  could 

[y  knew  to  be 
whom  they 
Should  tbey 
tnds  of  tliese 
lipate  nothing 
fvscners,  since 
Itive  countries 
9  of  their  ex- 
.rried  back  to 
[lice  encroach- 
in  the  name 
more  prudent 
jy  had  already 
,nce  lost  by  an 
,n  the  11th  of 
Akamsea,  and 
\\\e\t  canoes  up 
■hey  took,  on  ] 


returning,  however,  a  different  course. 
Having  ascended  the  Illinois  River,  they 
crossed  over  the  portage  to  the  Chicago 
River,  and  thence  down  to  what  was  then 
called  Lake  Illinois,  but  which  has  since 
changed  its  name  to  Lake  Michigan. 
Coasting  along  the  shore,  they  returned 
to  Green  Bay,  and  there,  at  the  Mission 
of  St.  Francis  Xavier,  Father  Marquette, 
on  account  of  the  enfeebled  and  shattered 
state  of  his  health,  spent  the  ensuing 
winter  and  summer  of  1674. 

This  was  in  reality  the  first  exploration 
of  the  Mississippi  River.  Ferdinand  De 
Soto,  it  is  true,  generally  has  the  credit 
of  having  first  discovered  it  as  early  as 
1541;  but,  in  the  first  place,  whatever 
expeditions  he  made  were  for  the  purpose 
of  gain  and  plunder,  and  so  a  great  deal 
that  would  have  demanded  the  notice  of 
one  with  more  liberal  and  unselfish  aims, 
was  quite  paa^ed  over  by  him ;  and  then 
the  accounts  and  reports  of  his  travels 
that  still  remain  are  of  sucli  an  unreliable 
character,  that  but  little  dependence  can 
be  placed  in  them. 

In  accordance  with  his  promise  to  the 
nations  on  the  Mississippi  River,  Father 
Marquette  embarked,  in  the  month  of  No- 
vember, 1C74,  to  take  among  them  another 


journey,  more  exclusively  than  the  first, 
of  a  religious  character.  Though  detained 
on  the  way  by  illness,  he  reached  the 
Illinois  nation,  on  the  Mississippi,  and 
commenced  a  mission  in  their  midst,  as 
he  had  long  desired ;  but  he  was  obliged, 
the  following  spring,  on  account  of  hia 
declining  health,  to  commence  his  return, 
that  he  might,  if  possible,  die  where  some 
Christian  brother  could  give  him  an  ap- 
propriate -irial;  but  in  this  he  was  dis- 
appoir.f<\L  His  health  and  strength  con- 
tinued failing  rapidly,  until,  on  the  1 5th 
i)f  May,  1675,  on  the  shore  of  Lsike  Michi- 
gan, just  within  the  mouth  of  a  little  river 
that  bears  his  name,  he  was  lifted  out  of 
his  canoe  and  placed  under  a  shed  of  bark 
and  twigs,  but  to  be  borne  thence  to  hia 
grave  on  an  eminence  overlooking  both 
lake  and  river.  Subsequently,  the  Kisha- 
bon  Indians,  once  of  the  mission  at  La 
Pointe,  dug  up  and  unrolled  the  remains, 
and  dissecting  and  washing  the  bones, 
according  to  their  custom,  put  them  neat- 
ly into  a  box  of  birch  bark,  and  bore 
them,  with  n  convoy  of  thirty  canoes,  to 
the  house  of  St.  Ign.itius,  at  Michilimacki- 
nac,  where  they  were  interred  with  all 
due  ceremonies,  to  be  disturbed  again, 
most  likely,  not  till  the  last  day. 


DISCOVEEY  AND  SETTLEMENT  OF  MACKINAC. 


Old  Miaeklnac. 

First  visited  by  the  Courriers  du  Boi3 
lud  Jesuit  missionaries  in  1620. 

Permanent  settleiuent  in  167 1,  by  Father 
Mauquettk.  an  emuient  Jesuit  missionary, 
who,  four  years  previous,  in  1G67,  visited 
die  rfauk  Sto.  Marie,  and  extended  his  jour- 
ney to  La  Pointe,  on  one  of  the  Apostle  Isl- 
ands, Lake  Superior,  where  e  located  nn 
Indian  mission.  In  1669  he  came  to  Point 
St.  Iprnaco.  in  the  Straits  of  Mackinac,  and 
eitublisliud  another  Indian  uiisBion     Two 


years  thereafter,  he  located  a  mission  and 
trading-station  at  Old  Michilimackinac,  or 
''Pequotenouge"  of  the  Chippewa  dialect. 
In  1673,  Father  Marquette,  by  order 
of  his  superiors,  left  St.  Ignaco  and  pro- 
ceeded to  Green  Bay,  thence  up  the  Fox 
River,  crossing  Lake  Winnebago,  and 
down  the  Wisconsin  River  to  the  Mississip- 
pi, being  the  first  discoverer  and  explorer 
of  the  Upper  Mississippi  River.  He  de- 
scended the  stream  to  the  mouth  of  tho 
Ohio  River,  and  returned  to  Lake  Miclii- 
gan  by  the  route  of  the  Illinois  River, 


?vi 


166 


.*  ->'»■•■.■.- 


ISLAND    OF    UACKINAC. 


>iv-?,*"T 


t~\     'if 


w   ,|! 


r      ' 

ft    'm 


^1    'A 


itrl; 


being  the  first  white  man  that  ever  visit- 
ed the  above  region  of  couutry. 

On  the  19th  day  of  May,  1675,  Father 
Marquette,  whose  life  was  devoted  to  the 
cause  of  religion  and  the  welfare  of  the 
Indians,  died  on  the  east  shore  of  Lake 
Michigan,  at  the  mouth  of  the  present 
Marquette  River.  His  body  was  subse- 
quently brought  by  the  Indians,  in  1677, 
to  St.  Ignac<3  Mission,  where  his  remains 
were  interred,  according  to  his  own  in- 
quest when  living. 

Old  Michilimackinac  was  for  many 
years  the  metropolis  of  the  Chippewa  and 
Ottawa  tribes  of  Indians,  the  country  be- 
ing claimed  by  the  French,  who  traded 
with  the  Indians,  it  being  the  rendez- 
vous of  all  the  tribes  in  this  part  of  the 
country. 

The  Indians  remained  on  friendly  terms 
with  the  French  until  1760,  when  the 
English  took  possession  of  the  country 
after  the  capture  of  Quebec  and  capitu- 
lation of  the  French  forces  in  Canada^ 

In  1761,  the  English  built  a  palisade 
fort  a>t  Old  Michilimackinac,  and  traded 
with  the  Indians,  many  of  whom  were 
very  hostile.  In  May,  1763,  the  garrison 
was  surprised,  and  most  of  them  massa- 
cred by  the  Indians.  Out  of  twelve  Eng- 
lish posts  above  Montreal,  nine  were 
similarly  surprised  and  captured  by  the 
combined  Indian  forces  under  the  cele- 
brated Indian  cliief  Pontiac.  Niagara, 
Detroit,  and  Du  Quesne,  or  Pittsburgli, 
alone  narrowly  escaped  a  similar  face. 
After  the  above  massacre,  Old  Michili- 
mackinac was  abandoned  by  the  English, 
and  the  Island  of  Mackinac  selected  as  a 
poraanent  settlement  in  1764. 


ri 


Island  of  IVIack!iiac. 

First  visited  by  the  French  in  1620, 
who  found  it  numerously  inhabited  by 
Ijidians  of  the  Chippewa,  Huron,  and  Ot- 
tftvva  tribes,   who  resided  on  the  Great 


ManitouHn  Island  and  the  surrounding 
shores  of  Lakes  Huron,  Michigan,  and 
Superior,  forming  a  numerous  and  war- 
like people,  under  diflferent  chiefs. 

After  the  massacre  at  Old  Michilimack- 
inac, in  1764,  the  Island  of  Mackinac 
was  K^elected  by  the  English  as  a  military 
positioi:.  and  the  present  fortifications 
commenced  which  stand  on  the  brow  of 
the  hill  overlooking  the  town,  now  ren- 
dered famous  as  a  healthy  place  of  resort 
for  invalids  and  others  during  the  sum- 
mer and  autumn  months. 

The  Indian  name  of  this  lovely  and  ro- 
mantic island  was  Me-she-ne-mock-e-nong- 
gonge,  or  th(^  Island  of  "Great  Giant  Fairies 
or  Genii."  According  to  Schoolcraft,  the 
name  of  the  island  was  translated  from 
another  Indian  word  into  the  Island  of 
the  "Great  Turtle." 

After  the  Revolutionary  War,  in  1793, 
the  island  and  fortress  were  surrendered 
to  the  American  Government  by  the  Brit- 
ish, and  remained  in  our  possession  until 
1812,  when  the  garrison  was  surprised 
and  captured  by  a  British  force  of  regu- 
lars and  Indians,  who  landed  on  the 
north  side  of  the  island,  now  called  the 
English  Landing.  In  1814,  an  American 
•oree,  under  Colt)nel  Croghan,  of  Sandusky 
notoriety,  undertook  to  recapture  the  fort, 
but  were  met  on  the  Dousman  Farm,  near 
the  present  dwelling-house,  and  repulsed 
with  confiiderable  loss,  Major  Holmes,  the 
second  in  command,  having  been  killed  in 
the  engagement. 

Fort  St.  George,  situated  on  the  higliest 
part  of  the  island,  was  erected  by  the 
Bntisli,  who  retained  possession  of  the 
island  until  1815,  when  it  was  peaceably 
'  surrendered  to  the  Americans,  after  the 
Treaty  of  Ghent  was  signed,  the  name  of 
the'  fort  being  ciianged  to  Fort  Ilolnit<, 
in  honor  of  the  vrallant  Major  llolraerf, 
who  was  killed  the  previous  year.  Fort 
Holmes  has  since  been  al>andoned  and 
allowed  to  go  to  ruin,  the  fort  standing 
'  on  the  brow  of  the  hill  overluoking  tUe 


COPPER   MINB8   OF   THE    PORTAOB   DISTRICT. 


167 


tofwa  being  the  only  defensive  work  on   officers*  quarters,  hospital,  chapel,  maga- 
the  isUod.    Within  the  fort  are  barracks,      •  -    ■ 


zine,  and  atore-roonu. 


Straits  of  ]flackiiiac« 

1    '  TABLB  OF  DISTANOSa 

^  MUei. 

Ftobh  Mackhiae  to  Detour  Passage,  E.  by  |N 36 

"  Mackinac  to  Waiigoshance  Light,  W.  ^  S. 23| 

"  Mackinac  to  Duncan  Dock,  S.B.  i  S- 16^ 

**  Mackinac  to  Old  Mackinac,  S.W 1 

"  Mackinac  to  Point  St.  Ignace,  West 4 

"  Mackinac  to  Bois  Blanc  Island,  S.E 3 

"  Mackinac  to  Bois  Blanc  Light,  East 10 

"  Mackinac  to  Round  Island,  S.E. 1 

*'  Mackinac  tfj  Isle  St.  Martin,  North 8 

"  Mackinac  to  Point  St.  Martin,  N.B. 10 

*^  Mackinac  to  mouth  Carp  River,  North 13 

"  Mackinac  to  mouth  Puae  River,  North 1ft 


1 


Island  of  maeklnac 

TABLE  OF  0I8TAM0E& 

MllM. 

From  the  Town  to  Fort  Holmes f 

"  "  Robinson's  Folly t 

'*  «  ArehedRock I 

"  **  Roman  Catholic,  Protestant,  and  Military  Cemeteries 1 . 

"  '♦  SugarLoaf I 

"  **  Lover's  Leap 1 

"  «  Pyramid  Rock If 

«  «  Devil's  Kitchen li 

"  **  Chimney  Rock 2^ 

"  **  Chapman's  Clearing 2^^ 

**  "  Dousman  Farm • 2^ 

"  «  English  Landing 3 


I  / 


A  YItit  to  the  Mines  of  the  Portage  District. 


The  copper  mines  of  the  oldest  date  are 


The  Hancock  Mine,  located  immediate- 


located  on  the  Hancock  side  of  Portage    ly  west  of  the  village,  although  not  fully 
Lake,  here  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  in  |  developed,  promises  to  yield  large  quanti- 
width,  ftc'ng  distant   from  three-fourths  i  ties  ef  copper  ore. 
to  one  or  two  miles  from  the  steamboat       The  Qcingt  Mine,  situated  on  the  brow 
wliarf.  I  of  the  hill  overlooking  the  lake  and  sw 


■'«¥^HS!— H 


168 


COPPER  MINBH   OF   THB   PORTAOB   DIBTttlOT. 


rounding  oonntiy,  is  at  present  the  most 
productive  mine  in  the  Portage  District. 
Here  are  6  or  7  shafts  in  full  operation, 
bringing  ^j  large  quantities  of  copper 
ore ;  some  of  the  shafts  now  extend  600 
or  800  feet  in  depth,  the  descent  being 
made  by  many  of  the  visitors. 

the  Pewabio  Mike  lies  next  in  range, 
on  the  t(^  of  the  hill,  and  is  very  produc- 
tive. It  is  elevated  680  ieet  above  the  sur- 
face of  the  lake.  From  the  highest  works, 
rising  60  or  60  feet  from  the  ground,  an 
extensive  view  can  be  obtained  of  Lake 
Superior  on  both  sides  cf  Keweenaw 
Fomt,  and,  during  clear  weather.  Isle 
Royale;  in  the  far  distance  northward. 
The  specimens  of  ore  and  crystalUzed 
quartz  obtained  at  this  mine  are  highly 
prized.  A  winding  carriage-road  leads 
from  the  stamp-works,  on  the  margin  of 
the  lake,  directly  to  this  location,  passing 
through  a  beautiful  grove  oi  forest-trees. 

The  Fbanklik  Mine,  a  short  distance 
farther  northeast,  is  profitably  worked  by 
an  enterprising  company,  and  managed 
by  the  same  agent  as  the  Pewabio.  On 
the  brow  of  the  liill  is  a  considerable  set- 
tlement of  miners  connected  with  the 
above  works,  while  tram-roads  run  from 
each  of  the  mines  to  the  bottom  of  the 
hill,  where  are  situated  extensive  stamp- 
works.  These  are  all  worthy  of  a  visit, 
as  well  as  the  Smelting  Works,  situated 
near  the  water's  edge. 

The  Mesnard  Mine  lies  next  beyond 
the  Franklin,  and  is  also  a  valuable  loca- 
tion. Here  was  found,  in  18G2,  a  large 
mass  of  native  copper,  weighing  about  20 
tons,  winch  led  to  a  thorough  exploration 
of  that  part  of  the  range,  resulting  in  a 
development  justifying  extensive  opera- 
tions, which  are  now  in  active  progress. 

The  Fontiac,  St  Mary^a,  Dudky,  and 
Albany  ani  Boston  Mines^  next  follow  on 


the  range  northeast,  and  are  easily  reach- 
ed, all  lying  on  the  line  of  the  mail  route 
runnino:  from  Portage  Lake  to  Eagle  River, 
being  elevated  some  500  or  600  feet  above 
the  waters  of  the  lake. 

The  MgJilandf  DouglasSy  Concord,  Arca- 
dian, Edwards,  and  Dover,  are  new  and 
promising  mines  on  the  north  side  of  the 
lake,  one  or-two  miles  east  of  the  Frank- 
lin Mine. 

A  light  one-horse  vehicle  is  the  best 
mode  of  conveyance  to  these  mines,  al- 
thongh  they  are  easily  reached  on  foot, 
ascending  direc*;ly  to  the  Quincy  or  Pe- 
wabio Mines  hy  good  though  steep  car- 
riage-roads. 

On  the  Houghton  side  of  the  lake  the 
mines  of  the  most  interest  and  easiest 
of  access  are  the  Sheldon- Golumbian,  Grand 
Portage,  Isle  Boy  ok,  and  Huron  Mines, 
lying  contiguous  on  the  brow  of  the 
hill,  being  elevated  from  300  to  500  feet 
above  Portage  Lake.  The  specimens  ob- 
tained from  these  mines  are  of  a  rich 
cLaracter. 

The  above  mines  can  most  easily  be 
reached  on  foot,  the  road  being  steep  and 
rocky.  A  tram-road  conveys  the  ore  to 
stamp-works  in  the  village  of  Houghton, 
situated  near  the  water's  edge,  from 
whence  the  copper  is  shipped  to  Eastern 
markets. 

The  other  mines  on  the  south  side  of 
Portage  Lake  are  the  Bodge,  Dacota^  and 
South  Side  Mines.  Other  mineral  localities 
in  the  vicinity  are  as  yet  undeveloped  on 
both  sides  of  Portage  Lake,  this  whole 
region,  no  doubt,  being  underlaid  by 
masses  of  pure  copper,  which,  sooner  or 
later,  will  be  brought  to  light  by  means 
of  capital  and  industry. 

The  following  Table  will  show  the 
productions  of  the  various  mines  in  the 
District  for  the  past  thi^ee  years:— 


•"'\ 


.•,v*»'. 


LAKE   SUPERIOR  OOPPBB  UISISQ   COIIPANIBS. 


169 


reach- 
route 
River, 
above 

Arcor 
w  and 

of  the 
Fr«nk- 

18  beat 
nes,  al- 
m  foot, 

or  Pe- 
>ep  car- 
lake  the 

easiest 
n,Gra7i(i 
I  MineSy 

of  the 
500  feet 
uens  ob- 
i  a  rich 

jasily  be 
teep  and 
le  ore  to 
oughton, 
from 
Eastern 


A'«lt'^ 


1S64. 


1863. 


1963. 


56, 


side  of 
xota^  and 
localities 
loped  on 
lis  whole 
rlaid  by 
jooner  or 
)y  means 

how  the 
33  in  the 


'  •  ^*  Tons. 

(Jufhcy ,  1,485 

Pewabic 932 

Franklin 781 

Isle  Royale 363 

Grand  Portage 316 

Huron 310 


Hancock 

Mesnard 

Sheldon-Columbian . 

Arcadian 

Albany  and  Boston. 
Douglass »... ...... 

St.  Mary's , 


50 
28 
11 
5 
3 
2 
2 


Lbs. 

1,531 

.    U% 

.   18» 

<  920 

883 

283 

320 

1,185 

1,254 


000 


TOD& 

1,252 

1,025 

945 

520 


Lba. 
1,493 
1,789 
1,194 
1,030 


98  874 

66  846 

33  000 


Total 4,292 

Increase  of  1863  over  1862. 
?<  Increase  of  1864  over  1863, 


1,691 


4,100 


1,317     3,942    1,226 
. ..  164  tons,   91  lbs.   , 


186 


Increase  of  1864  over  1862 350  " 


374 


465 


(( 


Considering  the  increased  number  of 
mines  in  1864  over  1862,  the  gain  has 
not,  apparently,  been  in  proportion,  and  a 
little  explanation  may  be  necessary.  In 
1862  the  amount  of  ingot  copper  produced 
was  3,075  tons,  while  in  1864  it  was  3,400 
tons,  which  excess,  when  reduced  to  80 
per  cent,  mineral,  gives  380  tons  instead 
of  350  tons  gain  as  shown  in  the  preceding 
table.  Tliis  has  been  occasioned  by  im- 
provements ill  washing  machinery,  where- 
by a  greater  purity  of  mineral  is  obtained, 


but  the  number  of  tons  is  decreased.  An- 
other item  is  the  scarcity  of  labor  for  the 
past  two  years,  and  every  new  mine  that 
has  been  started  has  drawn  away  labor- 
ers from  producing  mines,  while  the  new 
mines  have  produced  nothing. 

The  prospects  for  another  year,  if  labor 
grows  no  scarcer,  are  much  more  flatter- 
ing than  those  for  the  three  years  past, 
and  we  may  expect  a  decided  increase 
over  the  product  of  1864 — say  800  tons. 


liake  Superior  Copper  Mining  C:oinpanlei. 


Nam^ 
Adventceb,* 

Akbant  Axn  BoiTvA,. 

Aloomah* 
Alloubz,! 

AMYQDALOI»,t 

Arcadian,^ 

AUNOLli>,t 

ATLAa.t 

AZTW,* 


Agtnt. 

S.  S.  Robinson, 
R.  J.  Wood, 
James  D.  Hague 

£.  J.  Hulbert, 
A.  C.  Davla, 
M.  Graveldingen, 
John  Hulbt^rt,  Jr., 
Joseph  Paul, 
F.(Iw»rtl  Jenniniifl, 


Preirident. 

Thomas  F.  MascMO, 

Dlnkley, 

Horatio  Bigelow, 
Win.  S.  Thatcher, 
J.  A.  Duvee, 
Georpe  L.  Oliver, 
Wm.  I).  F.  Marilce. 
J.  M.  Howe, 
James  Beck, 
Stephen  Ball, 


OatoDAgoQ  District. 


t  Keuwonaw  Dietrlct. 


Office. 

New  York,  51  Ex.  PL 

Philadelphia. 

Boston. 

Boston. 

Bost(»n. 

Philadelphia. 

New  York. 

Boston. 
Boston. 

X  Purtage  Dlttriot. 


^ 


i>    ' 


|] 


IVO 


jmi^J'     COPPER  IIIKINO   COUPAVim.^i^*^»^i 


Bay  8TATii,t 
Bohemian,* 
Calbuonia,* 
Cakp  Lakb,* 
Casoads,*     V,.i 

CBNTBAL,t 
OOPPIB  FALUit 
Ck>VLTER,t 

cutadooa,*  ;       « 
Daootao,! 

DANA,t 
DBLAWABXjt 

Dbkby,* 

D0R0UB8T«<4 
DOUGLAB84 
DOVEB,^ 
DCDLEY,! 
IBaOLB  HABBOB,t 
EaOLB  RlVBBjt 

Em  piBE,t 

ECBBKA,* 
EVBBOBBBN  BLUrT,* 

FuNT  Stebl  Biybb,* 
F0BE8T  City, 

Franklin4 
Garden  CiTY,t 

6lRARD,t  » 

Okand  P0BTAOB4 
Hamilton.* 
Hancock,! 
Hanoveb,t 
Harttord,*  '.    ••'*'  f.  '•  - 

Highland^ 

Hilton,* 

Hope,+ 

Hodson,*  >   ■:' 

hdmdoldt4 
Huron,:]: 

Inihana,*         "  ' 
Isle  Uoyalb,^ 
Knowlton,* 
Lafayette,* 
Lake  Supbbiob,* 

MADIBON,t 
MANI>AN,t 
MANIIATTAN,t 

Mass,*  „^,' ...  „.!<i 

MKNUOTA,t      ^. 

MksnarOjJ       ■ 

MlCIIIUAN,t 

minnk8ota,* 
Nationai^* 

NAtrMKEAO,:]: 

New  KN(4LAND,t 

Nul:'rilU-K8TEBM,t 

Norwich,* 

(►OIMA,* 

Ontonagon* 

PlNN.t 


.  ?£»»->    Agem. 

Jacob  Hougbton, 
Wm.  E.  Dickinson, 

Baigess, 

Daniel  Beaaen, 

C.  B.  Petre, 
John  Ureo, 

Biehaid  Moyle, 


8.  W.  Hill, 
Capt  Helms, 
George  Asmns, 


E.  C.  Roberts, 
A.  A.  Bennett, 
W.  W.  Henderson, 
D.  8.  Gash, 
L.  C.  Patterson, 
John  H.  Welch, 

J.  H.  Foster, 
J.  H.  Gatis, 
A.  R  Wood, 
Wm.  B.  Trae, 
Capt  Sowden, 
Edward  Collom, 
A.  B.  Wood, 
A.  Kermatb, 

6.  S.  Rouinson, 
H.  Merryweather, 
Capt  Heima, 

John  CoHom, 
Henry  Buzzo, 
Austin  Mabbs, 
J.  B.  Townsend, 
Daniel  Beasen, 
J.  B.  TownseiM, 
Blchard  Uren, 
A.  B.  Wood, 
L.  C.  Ferfnison, 
Wm.  Webb, 

Jacob  Houghton, 
A,  B.  Wood, 
Wm.  Hairia, 
Wui.  Webb, 

Capt  M,  Moynaban, 

Capt  Sowden, 
Wm.  W.  8i»ldlng, 
D,  P.  Waite, 


PreHdenL 

John  8.  Tyler, 
Wm.  B.  Griffith, 
John  C.  McKenxie, 
H.  G.  Dnnnel, 
P.  C.  BUncan, 
Jordan  It.  Mott, 
Horatio  Blgelow, 
M.  Moore, 

G.  G.  Hnssey, 

Joseph  G.  Hensiey, 
A.  Mulr, 
C.  C.  DoagIa8^ 
L.  H.  Clar\, 

Angnstus  Whltlock, 
Wiu.  Hey  wood, 

Charles  D.  Head, 
Qeorge  L.  Oliver, 
LT.Hotchkiss, 
Robert  8hnltze, 
R.  H.  Rlckaid, 
Peter  Thatcher, 
Henry  Crocker, 
G.  8.  Hulbard, 
T.  8.  Femon, 
A.H.  8Ibloy, 
Thoa.  F.  Mason, 
O.  A.  Farwell, 
J.  A.  Dupee, 


Thos.  F.  Mason, 

B.  H.  Rickard, 
A.  Moir, 

H.  Biselow,      ' 
Wm.  Hey  wood, 

R.  C.  Bnrlafire, 
Thos.  F.  Mason, 
H.  G.  Dunnel, 
Thos.  F.  Mason, 
Horatio  Biselow, 
Cteorge  L  Oliver, 
Wm.  Sheafe, 

C.  G.  Hussey, 

Henry  Crocker, 
Thus.  F.  Mason, 
Joseith  Rudd, 
T.  M.  Howe, 
G.  W.  Coffin, 
Wm.  L.  Beal, 
J.  K.  Moorhcad, 
Edward  Wolff; 
W.  A.  Cobb, 


M.  Moore,  ' 


(^fflee. 
Boston. 

NowTork,21Naasaa. 
New  York. 
New  York,  70  Wall. 
New  York,  85  WalL 
Now  York,  284  Paari. 
Boston. 
Philadelphia. 
Cleveland,  Ohi«.      > 
Boston.       ;.   ,  , ,    • 

Philadelphia. 

New  York,  86  WalL 

New  York. 

Boston. 

New  York. 

New  York,  11  WaU. 

Boston. 

New  York. 

Boston. 

Philadelphia. 

NewYork,18TB'way. 

New  York,  44  Ex.  PL 

New  York,  19  Nassao. 

New  York. 

New  York. 

Chicago,  111. 

Philadelphia. 

New  York,  S3  Pine. 

New  York,  29  WalL 

Boston. 

Boston. 


New  York. 

New  York,  21  Nassao. 

New  York,  85  WalL 

Boston. 

Boston. 

New  York. 

New  York. 

New  York. 

New  York. 

New  York.        f 

Boston. 

Philadelphia. 

New  York. 

Pittsbnrt^li,  P». 

New  York. 

Boston. 

New  York. 

New  York,  12  Pine. 

Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

Boston. 

Boston. 

Boston. 

New  York. 

Nnw  York. 

Ontoua^on,  Mich. 

Phlhdelphia. 


*  Ontonagon  Dlstrlot 


t  Kceweoaw  Distriet 


t  Portage  Disti'^ 


'•%>\ 


tRON   MINING   AND   MANUFACTURING    OOMPANIXB. 


Name,     'in.:r'A%inH'> 

PBNl«TLVANIA,t  « 

PWI«BICK,t  i.^,l:, 

Pkwabio.^ 

PuOtKIX^t 

PlTTSBUBOU  &  BOBTOH  (filSn\i 

PONTIAO4 

PBUVIDBNOKit  .,  ,;      ,   .V  . 

QVIN0T4 

KBLIANOB,t 

KBSOLirrB,t 

SiDOB,*  .       ,      , 

BOOKLAKD,*       ''.-/  ,       ^ 

St.  CLAIB.t  ■? 

St.  Mabt's^ 

SUABON,* 

SlIELPON -COLimBIAM4 
SiLVBK  CBKBK,t 
SOOIBTR  FbaNQAUB,! 
SOCTU  SlDE,^ 
8TAB,t  vv 

Suffoi.k4       -  ;< 
svpbbiob,*     7;^ 

T0I.TEC,* 

Tbemont,* 
Union,* 

ViCTOBIA,* 

West  Minnbsota,* 
"Winona,* 

WlNTUBOP,t 

*  Ontonagon  District 


t>  •*:]■?"- 


B.  W.  Hill, 

Jolia  Uren,  , , 

J.  U.  Foster, 

James  Watson, 
Jacob  Houghton, 

8.  8.  Soblnson. 
Capt  H.  Leteher, 

8.  8.  Robinson, 
J.  B.  Townsend, 

J.  D.  Hague, 
Capt  Heiins^ 
J.  U.  Foster, 

F.  Barthelemy, 

C.  F.  Escbwetler, 
Hall, 

J.  B.  Townsend, 

Henry  Buzzo, 

A.  StfKikley, 

C.  Fisher, 

A.  Stock  ley, 

James  Little,       .^t  r  : 

Joel  Fresider, 


J.  O.  Henszey, 
Horatio  Bigelow, 
£.  L.  Baker, 
John  Jackson, 
C.  O.  Hassey, 
AuShnrtleli; 
C.  F.  Bqrekett, 
Thos.  F.  Mason, 
C.  W.  Thomas, 

Thos.  F.  Mason, 
Charlus  E.  Smith, 

£.  L.  Baker, 
A.  Muir, 
John  Stewart, 


T.  H.  Perkins, 

C.  C.  Dongbss, 
C.  R  Smith, 
L.  W.  Clark, 

James  Carson, 
Beqj.  Howard, 


6.  C.  Jones, 
t  Keewenaw  District  X  Portage 


Philadelphia. 
Boston. 
Boston. 
Boston. 

Pittsburgh,  Ptk 
Boston. 
New  York. 
New  York. 
New  York. 
Phihidelphia. 
New  York. 
New  Yoit. 

Boston. 
New  York. 
New  York. 

Paris,  Franc*. 
Boston. 
Boston. 
New  York. 
New  York. 
Boston. 

New  York. 
Boston. 
Boston. 
Philadelphiik 
Boston,     -f 

Distriek  . 


Wall. 


Is  Pine. 


leh. 


■■     i    .           .■■'''■      *    .  " 

Iron  Mlnlns  Compai 

Name. 

Pi'Mident 

Secretary. 

Clbvbland, 

Wm.  J.  Gordon, 

8.  L.  Mather, 

Ibon  Mountain, 

George  H:.  Hall, 
David  Stewart 

T.  D.  Ells, 

Jackson, 

Lakb  Sdpbbiob, 

Eklwin  Parsons, 

8.  P.  Ely, 

Maonbtic, 

John  C.  McKenzie, 

Alex.  Campbe 

Marqitbttc, 

John  Onthwaite, 

8.  L.  Mather, 

Nbw  England, 

E.  B.Ward, 

New  Yobk, 

Samuel  J.  Tilden, 

Pittsbcboh, 

G.  E.  Hall, 

T.  D.  Ells, 

Tbal  Lake, 

John  Wheelwright 

Washinoton, 

Jos.  8.  Far, 

8.  P.  Ely, 

M 

H.  B.  Tuttle  &  Son, 

t 

Agentt^  . 

A 

yame. 
Bancboft, 
Collins, 
Obkknwood, 

M0R4iAN, 

NORTHEBN, 

r'lONBBB, 


Qfftee. 
Cleveland,  Ohio. 
Cleveland,  Ohio. 
New  York. 
Marquette. 
Marquette. 
Cleveland.  Ohio. 
Detroit  Mich. 
New  York. 
Cleveland,  Ohio. 
New  York. 
Marquette. 
Cleveland,  Ohio. 


Iron  Manuffacturlns  Companies, 


Prendent. 

Wm.  K.  Dodee, 
M.  Ljckwood, 
Jos.  8.  Fay, 
L.  H.  Mon^an, 
L.  D.  Harvey, 
John  C.  McKenzie, 


Seorstary. 


8.  P.  Ely, 
M.  Hoppock, 
Hwnry  Baldwin, 


Qfiee. 
New  York. 
Detmit. 
Marquette.  ' 
Marquette. 
New  York. 
New  Yoric 


173 


^:- 


MINBRAL    WEALTH    OF   LAKE   SUPERIOR,     nil' 


■4'^iS^     Sllver-liead  and  Ck>ld  Mining  Companies,  t^; 


f-t* 


Name. 
AMBmoATf  Gotn  and  Silver  Lbad  Compant, 
Chii>pbwa  Mining  Company, 
Cincinnati  Gold  and  Silvsr  Company, 
CnYSTAL  Lakb  Silver-Lbad  Company, 
Consolidated  8ilvkk-Lbad  Company, 
Eldorado  8ilvkr-Lead  Company, 
Granite  Valley  Silver-Lead  Company, 
Galkna  Silver  Company, 
HoLYOKE  Mining  Company, 
Isabella  Silver- Lead  Company, 
Lakb  Superior  Silvbr-Lbad  Company, 
Marquettk  Mining  Company, 
Marquette  Silver  Mining  Company, 
Mir-HioAN  Gold  Company,  ,  , 

North  81LVRR  Lake  Company,      ''''' 
Northern  Light  Silver-Lead  Company, 
North  Star  Silver  Lead  Company, 
Silver  Lake  Mining  Company, 
Sedgwick  Mining  Company, 
Saouahento  Silver-Lead  Compajtt,  ;' 
Union  Gold  Compa'  /, 


PtetiderU  or  Agent 
Rnnsom  Sheldon,  President, 
Wm.  P.  Spalding,  Agent, 
M.  Gravehlinger,  President, 
Jonathnn  Cox,  President, 
W.  P.  Bcftch,  Agent, 
KansoDi  Slieldon,  President, 
Jas.  A.  Close,  President, 
M.W.  Fechhelmer,  President, 

W.  A.  Northrnp,  President, 

A.  TL  Sibley,  President, 
M.  Moore,  Preftident, 

B.  O.  Sweet,  Agent, 

George  Fuller,  President, 

George  Fuller,  President, 

H.  C.  Parko,  President, 
Myron  Tompkins,  President, 


Houghton,  Mich. 
Philadelphia. 
Houghton,  Mich. 
Houghton.  Mich. 
Hartford,  Conn. 
Houghton,  Mich. 
Hancock,  Mich. 
Houghton,  Mich. 
Springflcld,  Mass. 
Houghton,  Mich. 
New  York. 
Philadelnhia. 
Detroit,  Mich. 
Mvquette,  Mich. 
Houghton,  Mich. 
Marquette,  Mich. 
Marquette,  Mich. 
Houghton,  Mich. 
Marquette,  Mich. 
Hancock,  Mich. 
Houghton,  Mich. 


i:r\ 


Mineral  l¥ealth  of  liake  Superior. 


1  tf 


0 


The  copper  region  of  Lake  Superior 
in  which  mining  is  now  actively  prose- 
cuted is  embraced  within  the  following 
districts:  The  K'^ewenaw,  Portage  Lake, 
Ontonagon,  and  Carp  Lake.  Their  bound- 
aries are  wholly  local,  that  of  Keewenaw 
embracing  a  large  portion  of  that  county, 
and  in  which  are  located  the  following 
well-known  mines:  The  Pittsburgh  and 
loston  (Cliff),  Manhattan,  Phoenis:,  Bay 
State,  Central,  Northwest.  Copper  Falls, 
Amygdaloid,  Pennsylvania,  ^tna,  &c. 
That  of  Portage  Lake,  the  range  as  it 
passes  through  Houghton  County,  and 
comprising,  among  others,  the  following 
mines:  The  Quinoy,  Pewabic,  Franklin, 
Mesnard,  St.  Mary's,  Albany  and  Boston, 
Columbian,  Grand  Portage,  Isle  Royaie, 
and  Huron.  Tho  Ontonagon  and  Carp 
Lake  are  both  in  Ontonagon  County,  the 
former  containing  tha  following,  among 
other  mines:  The  Minnesota,  National, 
Rockland,  Superior,  Flint  Steel,  Evergreen 
Blu£f,  Knowlton,  Caledonia,  Aztec,  Hilton,  j 
Bohemian,  &c. ;  the  latter  comprising  the  ! 


Carp  Lake,  Cuyahoga,  Lafayette,  and 
Union,  with  several  others  thr't  will  break 
ground  the  coming  spring. 

In  point  of  age  the  Keewenaw  is  the 
oldest  district,  tlie  Pittsburgh  and  Boston 
Mine  having  been  opened  in  1845.  The 
Ontonagon  comes  next,  the  Minnesota 
having  been  opened  about  1849.  Then 
come  the  Portage  Lake  and  Carp  Lake, 
the  whole  comprising  a  district  of  country 
from  four  to  twenty  miles  wide,  stretch- 
ing from  Keewenaw  Point  to  the  Montreal 
River,  a  distance  of  about  100  miles. 

n  each  of  the  districts  mining  is  stead- 
ily progressing  in  larger  and  richer  open- 
ings, in  use  of  abundant  and  appropriate 
machinery,  and  in  such  an  increase  of 
products  as  is  most  gratifying. 

No  great  material  interest  of  the  coun- 
try rests  upon  a  firmer  or  njore  enduring 
basis  at  this  time  than  copper  mining 
upon  Lake  Superior,  anl  nono  will  more 
surelv  add  annually  from  its  consta«itly 
increasing  products  to  the  rapidly  aug- 
menting wealth  of  the  nation.        ...     , 


STEAMBOAT  SOUTES. 


173 


hi-J 


LAKE  wPEmmum/jjH 

GiiXsvEsxiAnrii  and  Detroit, 


'm: 


.-  .'i;''i..- 


'■•^  r.'.-fT 


e/» 


^  /■. 


The  magnifloent  Steamers  mentioned  below  will  leave  Clbvelajo)  and  Dbtboit, 
forming  a  Daily  Line  to  all  Lakb  SuPBEiOR  Poets: — 


METEOR, 

Capt.  T.  "Wilson.  - 

MAY  QUEEN, 

'    '        Capt.  P.  S.  Miller. 

NORTHERN  LIGHT, 

Capt.  M.  H.  MuRCH. 

i'T   IRONSIDES, 

Capt.  J.  E.  Turner. 

•  '  V  '  :^  PEWABIC, 

•  ^  '     '  "Capt.  Geo.  IdcKAY. 


•ILLINOIS, 

Capt.  J.  Robinson. 

TRAVELLER, 

Capt.  A.  Stewart 

LAO-LA-BELLE, 

Capt.  John  Spaldino. 

;    IRON  CITY, 

Capt.  B.  G-.  Sweet. 

CONCORD, 

Capt.  P.  Pelkey. 


v;- 


5;^"  Passengers  from  Buffalo,  Niagara  Falls,  Toronto,  Hamilton,  or  Montreal,  can 
c<»nnect  with  one  of  these  Boats  at  Pt.  Huron,  on  the  evening  of  the  day  they 
have  Detroit.  ■ 

^W*  For  further  information  regarding  Freight  or  Passage,  address  : — 


.      ,  Ckv eland  Agents. 

H.  GARRETSON,  <k  CO., 

For  Pewabic,  Meteor,  Illinois,  and  Mineral 
Keck. 

ROBERT  HANNA  &  CO., 

For  Northern  Light,  Lac-la-Belle,  Traveller, 
and  Concord. 

M ALONE,  PETTIT  &  CO., 
For  Ironsides,  Iron  City,  May  Qneen,  and 


Detroit  Agents. 

WHITING  &  O'GRADY, 
.  For  Pewabic,  Meteor,  and  Mineral  Rock. 

S.  P.  BRADY  &  CO., 

For  May  Queen,   Iron  City,  Ironsides,  and 
Illinois.  *" 


BUCKLEY  &  CO.,      ^ 

For  Lac-Ia- Belle  and  Northern  Light. 

JOHN  HUTCHINGS, 
For  Travelle:-,  Concord,  and  Dabuqne. 


1/ 


\. 


V   W' 


}    'I 


;■   ]& 


STSAMBOAT   BOCTEA. 


PIONEERI ILAKE   SUPERIOR  JUNE. 


*W-iAf'jt. 


iS<Mll.-%tit 


The  New  and  Magnificent  Upper  Cabin  Steamers 


GEO.  McKAT,  Master. 
Will  leave  Cleveland,  8  p.  m.  Mondays. 

July 3,  It,  31 

August u,  28 

September ii,  26 

October 9 


METEOR, 

THOS.  WILSON,  Master, 

Will  leave  Cleveland,  8  p.  11.  Mondays. 

June 26 

July 10,  24 

August. •....   7,  21 

September 4,  18 

October 2 

Leaving  DETROIT  on  the  day  following  the  above  named,  at  2  o'clock  p.  il, 
calling  at  PORT  HURON  and  SARXIA  the  same  evening.      ,  ^^ . .  , , ,.,,  .        . 

This  is  the  most  pleasant,  healthful,  and  cheapest  trip  on  the  American  Continent. 

The  within-named  favorite  boats  will  rnn  as  adverti  ted  daring  the  season  of  1866.  They  are 
officered  by  men  of  lung  <;.\pt;rience  on  the  route,  who  will  devote  themselves  to  the  uomfort  and 
safety  of  passengers. 

No  one  shonld  fall  to  visit  this  new,  growing,  and  wonderful  country.  Its  immense  mineral 
deposits  are  attracting  the  attention  of  the  whole  scientitlc  world.  Its  immense  mountains  of 
almost  pure  Iron,  its  inexh:iustible  Native  Copper  and  Silver  Mines,  thdnew  discoveries  of  Silver 
Lead,  and  that  magnificent  and  singular  formation,  the  Pictured  Kocks,  form  a  scries  of  irresistible 
attractions  to  the  {^peculator  and  geologist.  The  cool  and  bracing  atmosphere  suggests  recovery  of 
perfect  health  to  the  invalid,  and  the  sportsman,  with  his  rod  and  line,  will  find  abundant  recrea- 
tion ia  angling  fur  the  beuutlAil  specliltid  trout,  in  the  finest  fishing  streams  io  the  world. 

This  Trip,  of  over  1,000  miles,  embraces  six  desroes  of  latitude  and  eleven  of  longitude,  and  in- 
cludes ill  its  circuit  Lakes  Erie,  St.  Clair,  Huron,  and  Superior,  and  the  beautiful  rivers  Detroit,  St. 
Clair,  and  Ste.  Maries. 

Grand  Pleasure  Excursions  to  alt  points  of  interest  on  Lake  Superior  will  be  made  through  the 
months  of  July  aad  August — leaving  Cleveland  and  Detroit  on  the  days  as  before  stated. 

For  further  information  regarding  Freight  or  Passage,  address,  "  '   \  n*  > 

kf^  ^^i>^'^t^-'  .r:.     'r      ^  G-ARRETSON  &  CO., 

No.  1  RIVER  STREET,  CLEVELAND,  OHIO. 

WHITING  &  O'GRADY, 

.  '  Foot  ow  First  Street,  Detroit,  Mich* 

;  _::      J.  T.  ^rmimG,  &  CO.,  Managers, 

Foot  of  First  Street,  Detroit,  Miok. 


•1'  '¥ 


"J  i.' 


''^I^ti'^t^-  i»i 


STEAMBOAT  B0TJTE6. 


*i»* 

"h 


p.  IL, 


mineral 
Itains  of 

Silver 
•siBtible 
(very  of 

recreft- 

land  in- 
[roit,  SU 

lagb  the 


[10. 


GOODRICH'S 

LAKE   SUPERIOR    LINE. 


^  fl. 


y    t        1^.     l'      » 


.  nJ'-      (;, 


*      tf 


iy . 


■■s 


The  splendid,  First-Class  Pasaenger  Steamboat  PLANET,  Captain  B.  Wil- 
KiNS,  will  run  during  the  season  of  186S,  leavhig  CHICAGO  at  7  o'clock  in  the 
evening,  for  ONTONAGON,  and  all  Intermediate  Ports,  on  the  following  days : — 


Wednesday,  September  13. 
Tuesday,  September  26. 
Monday,  October  9. 
■  r    Saturday,  October  21.       ■         '/ 
Friday,  Novec  ^r  3,  *  "^ 

Thursday,  Ncveaiber  16. 
Wednesday,  November  29. 

Officb  and  Docks  below  Rush  Street  Bridge.    For  Freight  or  Passage  ap> 
ply  onboard,  or  to  V.   .    i  J.  E.   OALLIBA,  Agent,'" 

9^ 


Thursday,  June  16. 
Wednesday,  June  28., 
Tuesday,  July  11. 
Monday,  July  24. 
Saturday,  August  6. 
Friday,  August  18. 
Thursday,  August  31. 


Steamboats  on  Lake  IHicliigan. 

A  FirBt-Glass  Boat  will  leave  Goodrich's  Dock,  below  Kush  Street  Bridge, 

Every  Morning  (Sundays  excepted),    , 

^  V I  i  '^  V  ,  .  At  9  o'clocT  ,  for  ?  ^ ' 

^   MILWAUKEE,  KENOSHA,  RACINE, 
Port    Washington,    Sheboygan,    Manitoiroo, 

and  Two  Rivers. 

Extending  their  trips  to  Kewaunee,  Wolf  River,  and  Escanaba  every  Friday.     Con- 
necting at  the  latter  port  with  the 

PENINSULAR    RAIL'Vr-^Y, 

For  Marquette  and  other  ports  on  Lake  Superior.     During  the  season  of  navigation, 
Passengers  and  Freight  carried  cheaper  than  by  any  other  line. 

||13ip  Passengers  will  please  purchase  their  tickets  on  board  the  boats.    First 
Class  includes  Meals  and  Berths.    For  Freight  or  Passage,  apply  on  board,  or  to 

V  !|T:^'' J.  E.  PALLIB4.,  Age^t,  Chicago. 


ICO. 


^^^^m^^MM 


4[k 


V^  ^  w 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (Ml -3) 


^ 


.V* 


.^ 


./-    ^ 


^     '     <.  <;''•. /^^ 


fe 


Ms 


t=: 


1.0 


1 1 


il.25 


I-  ^ 


6" 


112.5 
2.2 

2:0 

18 


U    11 1.6 


<? 


W' 


/] 


^>- 


e%  ^  > 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


^ 


'^ 


iV 


iV 


4 


6^ 


^    4^ 


^% 


'^^ 


4^ 


Ss 


.  1 


176 


EC  I OA.  Gh  0> 


•■.t'J-. 


..    !-  _  i  J  i^i-  * » 


■J'/'t 


GRAND  CONSOLIDATED 

Gomprising  all  principal  Railroads  from  Chicago  directlj 


\ 


'■*  r 


sif-  ,-?»?f*srf»ui££, 


-m  n^i^if.  rfmfft 


C3ilMtgo  and  HortS&wMtorn  Hallway Wiiconaia  Division,  Chicago  to  Oreon  Baiu  , 

Oaleaa  and  Chicago  Union  Hallway. Oalona  do.      Chicago  to  ^roeport"^ ' 

SiSLon  Alr-Liwi  H^Uroad  . . . .  • : .'. . Galena  do.      Chicago  to  Fnhon.      '^i 

Oodar  ISiipida and XlMonriHiTorJiiiie..  Iowa  do.      Folton to Kevada,  Iowa. 

Honoiha,  Hockford,  and  Hock  Island  Hailroad-  • Kenooha  to  Hockf^d. 

Vox  Elver  Villey  Hailroad  attl  Bejoit  and  ipidiioii  Bbnoh. 

SIX  EXPBES8  TRAINS  LEAVE  OHIOA&O  DAILT  . , 

/Fi;^^;:^>  : :  ^^  *^®  diffbrent  branches  of  th^  ^  \^r^^t^  ' 

Chicago   6l  Northwestern    Railway, 

In  Oonnectlon  with  Trains  from  th^  East  and  South,  for  Dixon,  Fnlton,  Olin- 
toB,  Cedar  Bapids,  ll^eYadft,  Bet  Motoeft;  €onneil  Blnffi^  and  Onidha ;  ttbok-^ 
^  ford,  Beloit,  Freeport,  Mineral  Po|9t,  ,0alen^  ]>nn}eith,  Dubuque,  Indepen- 
decce,  and  Cedar  Falls;  Janesville,  Madison,  Prairie  du  Ohien,  La  Orosse,  St.| 
Paul,  Wi)t'3rtown,  Fonddu  Lac,  Ochkosh,  Bipon,  Berlin,  Green  Bay,  Esoanaba, 
Marquet^j,  £^id  aU  poifiti  itt        f      $1/^      I      «  I  *'| 

Korthem  Illinoiey  Iowa,  Wisconsin,  Minnesota, 
W^^iLAKE  SUPEKIOR  COUNTRY.  : 


.iH^M 


■'■.■1-. 


t 


V. 


y» 

)lin- 

obk- 

Ipen- 

)aba, 


KAnjEtoiM  Jkxm  bt^bamboats. 


ffiofl  i  Ten  I  c^&  0=  tOMi:?!! 


f 


?  :sS*?''- 


..J.iit 


ANI> 


imwiY. 


,.,.i 


Connections  are  made  with  Splendid  Packets  at  DUNLEITH,  PRAIBIS' 
DU  OHEEIS^,  and  LA  OROSSE,  for  points  on  the 

UPPER  MISSISSIPPI  RIVER. 

TizBt  ClMi  Tiflksip  include  Vaalc  aad  State  Soomaoi  fha  Eteamtsi. 

CoonectioDs  are  made  at  Green  Bay,  with  fine  steamers  for  Eacanaba  on 
Little  Bay  de  Koo,  thenco  by  the  Peninsnlar  Bailroad  to  Marquette,  and 
the  Iron  and  Copper  Mines.  For  LAKE  SUPERIOR  this  is  the  shorteal  ' 
and  most  direct  route.  The  Iowa  Division  of  this  Company  is  completed'^ 
to  Boonsboro^  843  miles  west  of  Chicago.  Trains  rnnning  through  without 
change  of  Cars  at  the  Mississippi  BiV'^r ;  and  25  miles  less  Staging  to  Bes 
Moines,  Council  BiufEk  f*nd.  Omdia  than  anj  other  rout^  Superior  ^rraoged^ . 

'  T-     s  L  E  £F  1  n  6    CAR  S, 

on  Night  Tr^s,  are  ran  to  Cedar  Bapids,  Dnhlei^    Ptrairie  dtt  Ohieii, 
Fond  du  Lac,  and  Green  Bay.        ,         --■'-^r.fej'-v.j^^^'^'^^^fj  ^^«"*?^-"^i''f  --^'^ii-"-* 

1^"  Passengers  for  any  point  West  or  Korthwest  of  Chioego,  to  avail 
themselves  of  the  many  advantages  offered  by  this  Company,  shoald  be  ^ 
particular    and  ask  for  Tickets  via    "CHICAGO  &  NOBTHWESTKBJT j 
RAILWAY/' 


>  «**%* 


.a  . 


MOBVLUOJ^,M:.M 


B.  F.  PATRICKi  Geii'I  PasseBger  Agent,  CWcago,^: ..  ,.  ?  &a^  y 

:    -     G£0R6E  L.  BUNLAP,  Geii*l  S«F«rlMtol4«it. 


I  • 


i 


m. 


BAILBOAD  BOUTBS. 


-1     mJfr4 


ILLINOIS  CENTRAL  RAILROAD, 


i    11 


1   «   'S 


^^  ^j  Create,  Through  Route  Jf 

DECATUR, 
SPKINGFIELD, 


I  U' 


JACKSOHTILLB,  I  CST.  LOUIS, 
QUmCT,  JEFFERSON  CITT, 

ALTON,  ST.  JOSEPH, 


•  "0 
« ,  an." 


b'^i 


rte 


And  a^  parts  of  the  WEST  aad  SOUTHWEST.    And  the  only  dfxeot  route  to    .   ->^ 


CAIRO,    ijor 


MEMPHII 


NEW  ORLEANS, 


\ 


TWO  DAILY  EXPRESS  TRAINS 


Leave  Chicago  firbm  the  Great  Central  Bepot,  foot  of  Lake  St,  on  arriral  of  tnuns 
from  the  East,  ninning  through  to  Cairo  witbout  change  of  cars  or  baggage,  and 
oonnectmg  every  evening  with  the  splendid  Steamers  of  tht>  ;  .  ^  ,^  ,,;,, 

■  , IT  V.- 
Atlantic and  Mississippi  Steamship  Company,  ii 

For  Memphis,  Helena,  White  River,  Yicksburg,  Natchez,  New  Orleans,  itc 

Passengers  for  the  South,  by  taking  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad  to  Cairo,  save  200 

miltis  of  river  navigation,  and  from  36  to  48  hours  in  time.  ,  '"•  -^ 

PF  Elegant  Sleeping  Cars  attached  to  Night  Trains,  um  .'I®^|#b|{^^%  ? 
Baggfage  checked  to  all  important  points.  xw^  ua^^^sfe^  »' 


.i.nvtf'i  '•■; 


<frt 


\*  ■■-,^*%'V/'  i 


For  sale  in  the  Great  Central  Depot,  Chicago,  and  at  all  important  points  in  the 
United  States  and  Canada^ 


I  i 


W.  p.  JOHNSON, 

QEN'L  PASSENGER  AGENT,  CHICAGO. 


W.  R.  ARTHUR, 

GEN'L  SUPT,  CHICAGO. 


ip^wippap 


BAILB0AB8  AlTD  STEAMBOATS. 


179 


m 


the 

'"II  »• : 


19M. 


grMM£R    ARRAK^OEIVICNT.  ^      l§e5. 


iiAND  TRUim  lAILWAY 


'■'  i^:;  ■*■'■' 


AND 


■fe 


#&^.*JS^^lM   e   r   s  . 


«^. 


"^I'a;-, 


*  *^  S  A  R  N  I  A   Xi  I  3Sr  E . 

Passengers  leaving  Buflblo  (Brie  street  D^p6t)  on  the  1  a.  h.  and  2.15  p.  m. 


Ex- 


press  Trains  of  this  Railway,  leaving  on  TUESDAYS,  THURSPAYS,  and  SATUR- 
DAYS, will  arrive  at  Samia  in  time  to  make  direct  connections  with  Steamers  be- 
low tor-      A^L^  .»>.■>  *.-i^  ■.?»->  ^vji^"  ^  i'.-\  "■">*" '>^  '  I  i  1 

Chicago,  Milwaukee,  and  all  Points  on  L^e  ttionigan, 

And  all  principal  places  in  the  West  and  Southwest  The  following  steamers  com- 
pose this  line,  sailing  from  SARNIA  and  C^IICAOO: 

B.  B.  WADE,  ANTELOPE^' ;;'  MONTGOMERY       SUN, 

Ci^t  L.  Bb  OoLPSMiTii.       Capt  T.  O.  BuTLnr.^.'  Capt  A.  Gillies.       Capt  R.  A  Jones. 

These  Steamers  are  acknowledged  to  be  equal  to  any  others  on  the  Uppeb  Lakes 
in  their  equipment,  and  for  speed,  comfort,  and  safety  are  unequalled.  Passengers 
purchasing  Tickets  by  this  joint  Rail  and  Steamboat  laDe  will  save  time  and  expense. 

'^-^^m      Lake  Superior  Roote.  '"-^       :""" 

Passengers  by  taking  the  trains  on  this  Railway,  as  above,  will  ooonect  at  Samia 
with  all  Steamers  for  Sault  St.  Marie,  Marquette,  Eagle  Harbor,  Copper  Harbor, 
Ontonagon,  and  all  other  principsd  points  on  this  Lake.  ''*'  ^^  *  -'  - 


t*. 


in  lmiinr\ 


'iiiiit  ^ 


^        SAGINAW    LINE. 

Trains  leaving  Buffalo  at  7.00  a.  m.  on  TUESDAY  and  FRIDAY,  will  connect  at 
Goderich  (weather  permitting)  with  the  first-class  stesimtit  hrnW'a>y<Mo.ii  ti}i,t^:i%!,n.^'  hn^ 

HURON CsptCoLE, 

For  BAY  CITY,  EAST  SAGINAW,  and  SAG  FN  AW  CITY,  arriving  there  early 
the  following  morning,  and  return  from  Saginaw  every  MONDAY  and  THU  US- 
DAY,  arriving  at  Goderich  in  ample  time  to  connect  with  morning  Train  for  Buffalo. 

tW*  Through  contracts  for  Freight  and  Bills  of  Lading  can  be  obtained  at  the 
Freight  OflBce  of  this  Company,  River  Street,  Buffalo.  ,  , 

Mark  Freight     G-.  T.  R.  and  Steamers,*  T*^^ 

And  ihip  to  care  of  R.  CALYERT,  Freight  Agent  G.  T.  R.,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.'"* 

THROUGH  TICKETS  can  bo  obtained  by  these  lines  of  the  Agents  of  the 
Grand  Trunk  Railway,  a;  all  principal  points  in  the  I'^aat,  and  at  tho  Company's 

Offioe,  "Eaffo  Block  "  (2  doors  of  Canai  Bridge),  Erie  street^  Buffalo. 

iviof  ^a;i  j,rH-/<U'     C.  J.  BRYDGES,  Man.  Director,  G.  T.  R.,  Montr^  C.  E.  j.^ 
^  E.  P.  BEACH,  Gen.  Agent,  G.  T.  R.,  270  Broadway,  N.  Y. 


ih 


180 


KAILB0AD8  AKD  8TBAMB0ATB. 


TO  THE  ELEASUEE  TRAVELLER!    c 
NKnr  Ajam  import Aifi  arraiv«eiiieni^. 


yi'': 


Q^asid  Trauk  Hailway    | 

BOTH  KAIL  IIHE  ^F  TBSOJJQK  STEAMEB8. 

TO 

MONTREAL,  QUEBEC,  WHITE  MOUNTAINS,  PORTLAND,  BOSTON,  LAKE 
GEORGE,  SARATOGA,  NEW  YORK,  THE  RIVER 

SAGUENAY,  Ac,  &c.   ^'^;  -L'lAW  .tf.H 

FMseneen  takfnff  N.  T  G.  trsln  at  9.00  a.  h.  from  BuAi:lo,  will  meet  at  Lewiston  the  Steamer 
CITY  OF  TOBONTO,  Oapt  D.  Millot,  for  Toronto,  arrlTing  there  at  S.00  p.  il,  where  direct 
conoeetlon  will  be  made  with  the  following  magnificent^,  Upper  Cabin  Bteamera,  which  compose 
theline,yiz.:  .    ^ 

ORECI AN,  new  (iron). . « . ^rrV  ^ ...  4 .............. .^ ... . Capt.  Hamiltoit. 

JPASSPORT,  " .i^Vv^V. .......Capt.  Kbllibt. 

KINGSTON,         "    C»pt.  DuNLAP. 

BIAGISET,  "    Capt.  Pairobbatis. 

CTaXnnOTS,        " Capt.  Swale. 

NEW  BOAT  (out  in  June) :  .:;=:..:. Capt.  Howard.  ^'^^ 

These  Steamers  will  leave  Ooborg  at  6.00  ».  ic,  Elngston  0.00  A.  u.,  arriving  at  Montreal  at 
&00p.  x. 

This  is  the  only  line  hy  which  passengers  can  .*etaln  their  State  Booms  through  the  entire  trip, 
and  passing  the  scenery  of  the  Thousand  Islands  ai\d  Uapids  of  the  St.  Lawrence  bv  daylight. 

This  route  possesses  peculiar  advantages  over  any  other,  as  by  it  parties  have  their  choice  of  eon- 
veyance  between  Niagara  Falls  and  Quebec,  over  the  whole  or  any  portion  of  it,  without  being 
obliged  to  decide  when  purchasing  their  tickets ;  oonseqaentiv,  should  the  weather  prove  unfavor- 
able, passengers  may  avoid  Lake  Ontario  bv  taking  the  Grar'^  Trunk  Boad  to  Kingston,  and  tram 
thence  by  one  of  the  above  Steamers,  making  close  connections.  No  extra  charge  for  Meals  and 
State  Booms. 

The  Steamer  MAGNET,  commencing  1st  Jnly,  leaves  Qnebeo  fbr  the  fhr-fomed  Saguenay  every 
TUESDAY  and  FBIDAY  morniug.  Also  trains  on  the  Grand  Trunk  Bailway  leave  Point  Levi 
daily  for  Biver  du  Loup,  at  which  point  they  can  also  take  the  Sagnenav  Steamer. 

Arrangements  have  been  made  with  the  proprietors  of  the  principal  Hotels  at  Toronto,  Montreal, 
and  Quebec,  to  take  American  money  at  par,  charging  New  York  Hotel  rates. 

AMEBIC  AN  MONEY  TAKEN  AT  PaB  for  Tickets  by  this  line,  which  can  be  obtained  at  most 
of  the  priucipal  watering  places,  nnd  of  the  Company^s  agents  in  the  United  States;  also  at  the 
ofSce  of  the  Company,  "  aaffo  Block  "  (two  doors  east  of  Canal  bridge),  Erie  Street,  Buffalo. 

ALEX.  MILLOY,  Oen.  Agent,  E.  P.  BEACH,  Q-^n.  Agenti- >' 

ROYAL  MAIL  LINE  STEAMERS,         GRAND  TRUNK  RAILWAY, 
Office,  Great  St  James  St.,  Montreal.  279  Broadway,  New  York. 


BAILBOADS  AND  STEAMBOATS. 


ISI 


l.^<^\ 


eyery 
it  Levi 

ontreal, 

most 
Lt  the 

It. 


HUB,  EMim,  &  1»I1»I8  ISWl 

„.    .     .0.  Between  the  EAST  and  WEST,  is  now  by  the 

DETROIT  AND  MILWAUKEE  B.B. 

Two  EXPRESS  TRAINS  leave  Detroit  Daily  with  Paaaengera  for 

PttHriAC,  HOLLY,  FENTONViLLE,  FLINT, 

i'iJIirt'         SAGINAW.  OWOSSft,  ST.  JOHNS,  LANSING,       »-    *=*^'-^  ^ 
/^,  GRAND  RAPIDS,  PORT  HURON,  MUSKEGON, 

Chicago,  Milwaukee,  St,  Paul,  St  Anthonji 

,.=i^i-iiit''C  .v&S  ii^^  And  all  FointB  on  the  Mississippi  River.  :'-^ml.  J-'UHM^M^i^ 

iaJ-,iiii.ia-,'H|f:.i'  ',.^_^'"'  ^'i-^.inlf^:¥t^H     FIRST-CLASS,  RELIABLE 


'''^'^IIJ 


STEftfiSMIPS, 

Built  expressly  for  this  Line,  ply  on  the  Lakes 


/;«IH.'H     um 


to  and  from  each  Train. 


.r\  ':■•.■! *v,'ii,)i{n,iFsi  £*rA- 


Close  connection  made  at  Detroit  with  the 


MA'- 


Great  Western  and  Grand  Tmnk  Railways  of  Canada, 

For  BiifUd,  !Roehesfe'r;Bdftton,  Kew  York,  PhiladelphiR,  Toronto,  Xont- 
,  x««.^^  .real,  Qnebeo,  and  with  Cleveland  and  Ldce  Superior    ^    :...^ 

Line  of  Steamers.  r>*    iu 

fr  EMIGRANTS.  THIS  LINE  OFFERS  CHEAP  AND  COMFORTABLE  TRANSIT. 

f^  For  particulars,  see  Company's  Time  Table,  to  be  had  at  any  of  the  Stations 
on  application,  i  ^iri-.-H/  ■'s^ijt"  T^t  <i^'.'."i>t'i    i-sj*  ,>  •a.*..>>i.j,v  j..-  it^ii^r*  j.y:,!* 

The  TeleiTVapii  tiine  is  now  open  for  Public  Btudhess.     1  i'V  -  ^  '^ 


»*>'*■*    ^^V"'''  *■•'*>  !*'■'■-  ^■'•^ 


f,,..^  ,^..  ^  ...».ka  ;»r\?^s^fr  li^AT      Yf,  K.  MUIB,  General  Superintendent. 
D.  &  M.  R.  R.  Omcm,  Drbor,  1868.        .f^^^jm^f^^  ^M  ■     .  .-0    «► 


Ml 

■  I 


>It8. 


182  BAILKOADS   AVD   STEAMBOJ 

Milwaukee,  Prairie  du  GMen  &  St  Patd 

RAILWAY   LINE. 

Wi>v  Whitewater,  JTanesville,  Mouroe,  Uladiioii,  Prairie  .4iu 
Cliien,  MoOreyor,  Wiiioaa,  St.  ft'ani,  Jefffemoip,  Foitd  _^ 
du  £iac9  Green  Bay,  Beloit,  Freeport,  Dnuleitii,        "^  \ 

Hmfi\*;    And  all  Intennediate  Points. 

Trains  leave  Milwaukee  immediately  on  arrival  of  Steamers  of  Detroit  tfnd  Milwau-' 

kee  R.  R.  line,  as  foHows  : 

11.00  A.M.-43T.  PAUL'S  EXPRESS,  arriving  at  Pmirie  du  Chien  at  P.M., 

connecting  with  Stc^anusrs  for  St.  Paal  and  Intenx^ediate  Points,  arriving  at  St.  Paul 
during  the  succeeding  night,  passengers  remaining  on  board  undisturbed  until 
morning. 

0ir  This  Train  also  makes  direct  connections  for  Beloit,  Freeport,  Rockford,  etc. 

6745  f.M.— NIGHT  EXPRESS,  with  Sleeping  Gar  attached,  arriving  at  Prairie 
du  Chien  at         A.M. 

imr  i^th  the  above  Trains  make  direct  connections  at  A^ton  Junction  for 
Fort  Atkinson,  Jett'ersun,  Fond  du  Lac,  Oshkosh,  Appleton,  Green  Bay,  Berlin,  etc., 
arriving  at  all  thtse  points  at  the  same  time  as  by  competing  routes. 

Passengers  for  8t.  i'aul  and  Intermediate  Points,  by  taking  this  route,  make  the 
change  from  Cars  to  iSieainerci  by  daylight,  obtaining  Supper  and  a  full  night's  rest 
on  board,  and  arrive  at  St.  Paul,  etc.,  as  soon  as  by  any  other  route.  These  ad- 
vantages can  not  be  secured  by  any  other  route. 

Through  Tickets  sold  t  j  all  the  above-named  points,  as  low  as  by  any  other  route. 


*«4* 


And  Intermediate  Pcinti  leave  Ohic<^o  by  Chicago  and  Northwestern  Railway  at 
AM. 

Via  Prairie  <ia  Cliieii,  ,^  14 

Arrive  at  Prairie  da  Ciiien  at         P.M.,  ^^ 

Making  direct  connection  with  Steamers,  and  getting  Supper  on  board,  and  arritre 
at  St  Paul  the  succeeding  evening. 

pf°  No  change  of  Cars  between  Chicago  and  Prairie  du  Chien.    No  extra  charge 
or  Meals  or  State  Rooms  on  Steiuners. 


^4<i.  '  ■  ilki  «kw««; . 


■-'.iiJ-'-'-vti-. 


The  Splendid,  First-Class  Steamers, 

BQlwaiikee,  Key  City,  War  Jbagle,  Itasca,  and  Northern  Light, 

Unequaled  in  elegance,  speed,  and  comfort  by  any  other  line,  .    ..  - 

LEAVfi  ST.   PAIJI^   DAULY,   ABOUT  7   P.M., 

Arriving  at  Milwaukee  at         P.M.,  and  Chicago  at         P.M.,  making  direct  con- 
nections at  both  points  >vith  Trains  for  the  East. 

WILLIAM  JEBVI8,  Superintendent 


J   0.  8PESCER,  General  Manager. 


.m  #■:.-% 


.. 


irrBAMBOAT  BOTTIBB. 


HUy.' 


AMERICAN  EXPRESS  STEAMERS. 


LAKE  ONTAMO  AND  MVER  ST.  LAWIENCE. 


1865.  ^.ijf,, 


1865. 


Zhd'r/^.V'i: 


The  Splendid  Upper  Cabin  Side-Wheel  Steamers, 

ONTARIO,    ^,,     CATARACT,'  EMPRESS,.*^ 

Capt  J.  B.  ESTES»  Capt  J.  H.  LEDYABD,        Capt  a  B.  DiWIT1\ 

On  MONDAY,  the  8th  of  May,  1865,  will  oommenoe  their  regular  trips,  forming 

,iwfti^    A. TRI- WEEKLY    LINE 


TOUCHING  AT  OHAELOTTB  (EOCHEBTBR), 


Mondays,  "Wednesdays,  and  Fridays,  at  10  P.  M., 


FOB  -i     ■ 

OSWEGO,  SAfiorrr^  harbor,  Kingston,  clayton,  Alexandria 

BAY,  BBOCKVILLE,  MOBRISTOWN,  PRESCOTT  AND 

OGDENSBURGH.   MONTREAL 

AND  QUEBEC. 

"^  roBnpeetInK  at  OriW«^  v!l!h  OSWEGO  AND  8YItACC8E  RAILBOAD.  for  Syraeqae,  Uttoa, 
AlUiiiy,  and  New  York.  Cunneotiaf  at  SarkeU's  Harbor  with  Stage  for  Watertown,  and  at 
KiBtfHtoa  with  the  Bteamer  BAY  OF  QUINTE  for  Belleville  and  Picton,aod  with  tlie  OUAND 
'iUUNK  fcAILTTAY  both  Kast  and  West.  Connecting  at  Ogdenaborgti  witli  the  splendid  new 
(4cumer  EMPRESS  for  Monireai  and  Oucbi^c;  and  NORTHESN  RAILROAD  for  Rouse's  I'oiut. 
riK>  WhitA  Monntalna.  B4»8t<>n,  and  all  points  VmI;  and  at  Prescott  with  PRKSOOTT  AND. 
<»rTAWA  RAILROAD  for  Ottawa. 

f^^  Tcaiiis  feave  BUFFALO  from  Exchange  Street  Depot  at  8.00  p.  h.,  and  connect  witk 
Steamers  at  CHARLOTIIK. 

'      THAlKs  can  be  pitrchaaed  of  M.  D.  WILTilAMS,  at  the  Company's  Office,  OPPOSITE  £RU» 
8T,  DEPOT,  a»d  UNION  TICKET  OFFICE,  No.  17  Exchange  St.  -    >...^.« 


n.  RAMDAIX,  Agentp,  ^:^.T         '^ 

'^^  ;      17  EXCHANGE  STRB©^  ^UfP^^ 

E.  V.  THEOOP,  Gen*!  8iip't»  Ofwego^  H.  "^  ^  ||^£ 


^Ji^  Bj&ILROADS    AxND   BTEAMliOATS. 

NEW  TOBK  GEITTBAL  EAILBOAD. 

Conneotiiig  with  Hudson  Biver  Bailroad  and  Steamen. 


For  Bliflkid,  SiigirA  Falls,  Detroit,  Toledo,^P^^ 
CLEVELAND,  CINCINNATI,  CHICAGO,  m 

HEUwaiikee,  niadlsoii,  Rock  Island,  Iowa  City,  I>ubnqiie» 
Burlington;  <|ttincy,  St.  Paul,  §1.  l^oiii«,  Cairo,  Ac, 


J 


SETHBB  VIA 


;©»  MJ. ,tAM *5*JM  my 


m>nmim  smocE^  aurrAUOt  on  stAOARA  rAUi$» 

Lake  Shore  Bailroad,  BofBEdo  and  Lake  Hnron  Bailro!!!t4,  or  Great 

Western  Bailway  (Canada). 

TB&OirCIB    BXPRUSS    TRAXirS      ^ 

Laave  D^pot  of  Hudson  Biver  Bailroad,      Thirtieth  Street,       New  York 

M  :^  i  »*  H  2,  4,  e,  and  lOi  P.  M.      ■  W^.^^t;,. tutoxd 


■-/^i 


People's  X^ii^,^.  J^t^^^i^^^^* 


-i  ,V.A.Vr 
'.'\.:t4    -: 


t$AAC  SEWTONt   HENOBtCK  HUOSOMt  r 

Ttom   foot   of  Canal  Street,  every  evening,  at  6  p.m.  /$ 

Passengers  for  Cleveland,  Columbus,  Cincinnati,  Indianapolis,  Terre  Haute,  Yiv^ 
cennes,  LouisvUle,  St.  Louis,  etc.,  can  take  Lake  Shore  Baiiroad  from  BufGalo  c . 
Niagara  to  Cleveland;  thence  by  the  Cleveland,  Columbus,  and  Cincinnati  Bail 
roftd,  or  the  Cindnnati,  Hamilton^  and  Dayton  Bailroad  to  above  places,  ai^d  fUl 
tther  points  West  and  Southwest.  ,  l  iij^gj 

For  Through  Tickets,  apply  at  the  Office  of  the  K.  Tork  Central  Bailroad, 


*J^ 


839  Broadway,  come^i'  of  Park  Place,  New  Tork. 

C.  B.  GBEJSNOUQH,  Passenger  Agent.^ 
WHM  H.  MOBE,  Freight  Agent. 


V 


•  T%    ■■tr*-*'-^ 


^■^      vt;-  -.y  - 


imm,  «'  ma?' 


-I 


t^^-''\ 


'-'** 


aXl 


.  RAILROAD   ROUTE.  >    ± 


185 


mm  ^rniMi  MIT 


.ow 


*)    .'V  :T)   W 


i'*     t 


N^iagara  Falls,  Suspension  Bridge,  and  Detroit, 

Mmi  J^m^^m^g,  with  if  oonnectionB,  ^<;  ^^^5  TOO^        . 

_     SBORTfiST  AXfD  BIISV  &OVTB       ^  ' 
TWO  THROUaH  EXfUESS  T^AJD^TO  EACH  WAT  DAILY. 

.     ^       Attached  to  each  Night  Train. 

SMOKING  CARS  TO  ALL  DAY  TRAINS^'^' /    t^t 

All  the  Passenger  Coaches  on  this  road  hare  attached  io  thema  Veiimator,  ^ 
means  of  which  the  interior  is  kept  cool  and  entirely  free  from  dOft  in  smnmer, 
and  nniformly  warm  in  winter.     "  'k^^  -'f^^^:^  T^*^':  ■r!**'^^^  ^  ^'' 

[^Baggage  checked  through  to  all  Important  Pomts.     ^^^>  mliiS  ^«/|^-E 

Fare  as  Low  at  any  other  Route.  '"  ='^-^  "^'^^  '- 

^^  Through  Tickets  by  this  Route  are  for  sale^at  all  the  principal  Ticket  Offioet 
in  the  United  States  and  GanadaK  ^ 

J.  CHABLTOH, 
f^HOXAS  SWIHC^ARD,     v^  General  Agent,  HamiltoD,  0.  W. 

General  Blanager,  Hamilt«iy  0.  W.  *  -.y 


U 


18« 


BIIBIABBB  All V  KHfl'IBSMSHTll. 


,  WHITma  &  O'GRADT,        i 

STORAGE,    FORWARDING, 


Aim 


Y 


€OIIMI88IOil    MERCHANTS, 


\k. 


A^JBKVi  rOB 


■^%.:» 


Lake  Superior  Steamers  &  Vessels.    .] 

liberal  Cash  advanoes  made  on  Cooaignmeiita  for  Sale  in  this  or  Eaatem  Markets. 
FOOT  FIRST  ST.,      -       -       •      DETROIT,  MICH. 
J.  T.  WHmHO.  B.  O'Gbabt. 


H.  B.  TUTTLE  &  SON, 


CLEVELAND,  OfflO, 


trVT 


u 


tt 
cc 


Represent  the  following  Lake  Superior  Companies  ^— 

Xioke  Sai)erior  Iron  Co.      -      -      iron  Ore. 
Washington  Iron  Co.      -      -      -     **     ** 

Morgan  Iron  Co.      -       r ,      %       -       Charcoal  Pig  iron. 

Bancroft  Iron  Ca     - '  :'^  ¥^%^^^^-^#h-  ..^^^^ 
Greenwood  Iron  Co.     -      -      - 

Making  Sales,  deliverable  either  on  board  vessels,  at  Marquette,  or 
at  l^wer  Lake  ports. 

Office  in        .  ^ 

OVIATT'8  EXCHANCE, 

Foot  of  Supxbiob  St^ 
GLEVELANB,   OHIO. 


.1!.  V- 


BUSUTRBR   ADVRBneEMENl'S. 


WHITE  &  MAYNARD, 


■>mSl 


ATTORNEYS-AT-LAW 


'm* 


aw  H 


«.  >n  , 


AMD 


SOLICITORS  IN  CHANCERY, 

Will  Practice  in  the  State  and  United  States  Gourte  in  tliis  State  and  elsewhere— 

FOR  CASH.  .        , 

t*     Also,  Land,  Tax,  Colleotion,  and  Inmiranoe  Af^ents. '    . 

t^-^^ARQUETTE,  Mabquette  County,  Lake  Supe»iob,t 

M.  n.-  Matnabd. 


Pktkb  WncnL  ttnt^ 


i."i   SHU; 


PETER   WHITE,        u, ,,  ., 

iXIARIIVETTfi,  liAKE  SVPKRIOR,   mCHIOAIf.    -^. 


•Is.     ->,1M'  i*,T 


■^ 


:■  i 


Detroit  and  Cleveland 


LINE    OF 


STEAMBOATS. 


?M,J--, 


The  Side-wheel  Steamers, 


..K-.K 


XOBHIITG    STAE, 

^^vv  1,200  Tons, 

U      Capt  B.  R.  yiGER, 


4yjl:.  .•'>v'^  tt.ri?^SlVl    ■-t*^ 


MAT    QUSEH^ 

700  Tons, 
Capt.  WM.  M'KAY 


Ki<- 


Leaving  Cleveland  and  Detroit  at  Eight  o'clock  :^.  M  ' 

Form  a  DAILY  EVENING  LINE  between  Detroit  and  Cleveland,  connecthig  with 
all  early  Morning  Trains  running  East  ::;ud  West. 
0^  Through  Tickets  for  sale  on  board  ta  all  principal  cities.  ^^  h 

^.,4i  ai^,  ;^     KEITH  &  CAETEE,  Agents,  Detroit,  Mich.    * 
L.  A.  PIEECE,  General  Agent,  Cleveland,  Ohio. 


TOl^W*^'*-- 


4V-' 


■'■-U-i 


1S8 


I 


''-'.;^m^m^w   HOTELS,   -tmi^.'^^ 

mM  Mm 


>^ 


9 


MACKINAC,  MICH., 


-  ♦.•ff-'ir?» 


E.  A.  PRANKS,  Pbopbietob. 


H.AiJH 


vi-i. >..;■!  I  ijr  •;.' 


•■ :- ■  '^^i^m^iti^smM^m^&rmJ ,11i*futTuc^  ,-??fi^  el^jKBi  ,o^g!J.    ■ 

.  This  old  and  fiivor^te  Hotel  is  most  delightfully  situated  on  ^e  romantic  Islaks 
ov  Mackinac,  within  a  short  distance  of  the  water's  edge,  and  contiguous  to  the 
Arched  Rook,  Sugar  Loa^  and  other  Natural  Curiosities  in  which  this  famed 
Island  abounds  ;  beiLig  alike  oelehrated  for  its  pure  air,  romantic  scenery,  and  nen- 


r'-f-      r-iP-, 


ing  grounds.  .'■■■     ^'   |    v  |    V''        '1    /j     ?  ■  ,"1    '" 


Mackinac,  Julyf  1864. 


ff'i.  «1  ..K.  /i  r".  '^: 


^]HIPPEWA  HOUSE. 


.ci'i  / 


SA.TJT  STE  Mi^RIE, 


MIOHI&AN. 


MtL^Li^  r:* 


t}  ki  I  Vi  il  U  ,^. 


Tliis  &Torite  Hotel  is  pleasantly  situated,  near  the  Steamboat  Landings,  at  the 
mocth  of  the  Ship  Canal,  and  in  the  immediate  yicinity  of  fort  Brady.  . 
Ko  section  of  country  exceeds  the  Satts  and  it^  vicinity  for 

Fishing,  HuntiDg,  or  Aquatic  ^perts* 

The  table  of  the  Hotel  is  daily  supplied  with  delightful  White  Fish,  an<i  other 
varieties  of  the  season,  no  pains  being  spared  to  make  this  house  a  comfortable 
home  for  the  pleasure-travelsr  or  man  of  busineec. 

H.  P.  SMITH,  Propriety. 


A  ...• 


1^ 


9 


...  *.  i .  ■f  '   \ 

;  vi.i;>..;'ri  at  r*' 

lantic  Island 
fuouB  to  the 
1  this  fasned 
)ry,  and  iisa- 


>E. 


y- 


I  ;   .;;■"?( 


1  i>  . 


•J   > 

lings,  at  the 


I,  and  other 
oomfortabltt 

*ropriet<>7.  li 


.-.-^.,   ,r    V,,    '.i-^,!C--,,;rj.|.- 


HOTELS.*-? 


189 


TREMONT  HOUSE,! 

MARQUETTE.  MICHISAN.,    : 


-•-♦ 


J.  L.   ARMSTRONG,   Proprietor, 

B3g8  leave  to  inform  ths  Public  that  this  Hotel  is  now  opsn  for  the  season.  Hav- 
ing entirely  REFURNISHED  it  throughout,  and  introduced  all  the  modem  im- 
provements of  a  ,  -  , 

PIRST-CLA:SS   HOTEL,       «! 

He  is  now  prepared  to  receive  his  guests  in  a  manner  nnsumassed  by  any  other 
House  on  Lake  Superior.  ^ 

and  hopes,  to  meet  the  approval  of  ail  who  make  the  Hoose  a  resort  fbr         f 

ttlJSIifESS    OR     PliEASVRi:.     - 


Marquettb,  Jime  1st,  1862. 


^1       I 


^  J  ' 


St.  Mary's  Canal      '    _ 

m  trnvm 


^   ^H.  P.  Q.  d'ALIGZm, 

[^lE§0!fi)IIKlir  ^  ^gMTTg  IHl@(lD(§Kl'ii'®[R3p  K5!0©iHIn 

This  Company  now  offers  for  Sale,  on  reasonable  terms,  its  Miueral,  Agricultural, 
and  Timber  Lands  in  the  Counties  of  Ontonagon,  Houghton,  Keweenaw,  and  Mar- 
quette. All  the  Company's  Lands  are  aescribed  in  the  r«HX>rds  of  the  Registers  of 
Deeds  iu  each  of  said  Counties. 

Applications  for  any  of  these  Lands  may  be  made  to  the  Resident  Agent,  and 
will  receive  prompt  attention. 

g^  All  persons  found  trespassing  upon  the  Company's  Land  will  b'  prosecuteit 

to  the  extent  of  the  ]l'\w.  < 

HORATIO  BIGELOW, 
Land  t%s;eni  of  the  St.  Mary's  Canal  Mineral  Lan4  Company. 
July  7, 1862. 


.I'kjl 


190  ^ 


HOTELS. 


JJIFFERSON    AVENUE,    DETROIT. 

E.      LYO-NT,     f*liOPRIETOR. 


WTEItttATIOIIAL  Hf  TEL, 


c 

a 


\\y 


Jmir  ■; 


.Y:U' 


•«; 


•^^1 


■       '     ;       '  "      ,  .         < 


NIAGARA  FALLS,  N.  Y. 


Qi 
ro 

di 


HT- 


.*? 


\  •■,i.;i. 


HOTELS. 


^v. 


191 


ST.   LAWRENCE   HALL, 


I'  f  -  1  i,\  MONTREAL^ 


'h.        •«■*     «.' 


This  splendid  Horn.,  which  is  situated  in  the  most  beautiful  port  of  the  Citj  of 
Montreal,  near  the  Banks  and  Post-Office,  is  fomished  throughout  in  the  best  style 
of  the  New  York  and  Boston  Hotels,  and  comprises  a 


■•    *  *^    r  .,   W 


DINING  SALQOM  AND  CONCERT  ROOM, 


unequaled  by  any  Hotel  in  Canada. 


» '.!■..'■ /■■•' 


1^*  The  TABLE  will  receive  special  attention,  with  the  view  of  rendering  it 
equal,  if  not  superior,  to  any  in  America.    .. 

'       MOl"  AMB  ©OILB '  BATHS 

can  be  had  at  all  hours ;  and  an  OnmiblM  will  always  be  in  attendance  on  th« 
arrival  or  departure  oi  Railway  Cars  and  Steamboats. 

H.  HOQ-AN  Sl  CO.,  Proprietors. 

RUSSELL'S  HOTEL 


r 


#%w 


P^L^CE   STREET, 

>■  ■■'U    A.Lx.fSJ  QUEBEC,  JntA    S^llft*.^ 


-♦-4< 


This  well-man&ged  and  most  comfortable  Hotbl,  kept  by  Messrs.  Russell,  ol 
Quebec,  has  recently  b'-en  ne^vly  painted  and  re-fumished  throughout.  The  Ball- 
room, used  in  summer,  when  the  house  is  full  of  strangers^  as  a  dining-room,  has 
been  entirely  re-decorated  in  the  handsomest  style.  The  room  will  comfortably 
dfaie  260  persons  at  a  time.— Ibnmio  Okb*.  ,  .  ^     :, .,  i  ^  ,i,£  ,., 


mi 


BUSINESS   ADVERTISEMENT 

COHUEBOIAL  • 


jnCARINE  RISKS  TAKKIV   AT  CVRRKMT   RATESJ 

etipital,  $175,000,  with  a  Snrpins. 

JOHN  J.  TALLMAD6E,  Pros.        G.  D.  NOBBIS,  Y.  Prea.        JA8.  B.  EELL0<}0, 8eo<; 
£  ^A^vv.^  £.  OBAMEB,  Treaaarer.  L.  H.  LANE,  Marine  InspecUMr. 

DIRECTORS. 


F.  La3rton.  T.  Littell. 


D.  Newhall.        J.  Plankinton. 


M  B.  Medbery.  Chas.  F.  Ilsley.   L.  H.  Kellogg.     E.  D.  Chapin. 


M  S.  Scott. 
D.  Ferguson. 
O.  E.  Britt. 


Q.  D.  Norris. 
J.  T.  Bradford. 
£.  Cramer. 


Robert  Read.       L.  Sexton. 
J.  Bonnell.  G.  Bremer. 

A- L.Hutchinson.  J.  H.  Inbusch. 


Alex.  Mitchell.    William  Young.  J.  H.  Cordes.       C.  T.  Bmdley. 


R  H  Goodric 
T.  W.  Goodrii 
J.  A.  Dutcher] 
E.  Roddis. 
S.  T.  Hooker.^ 
J.  J.  Tallma 


't'TT  CLEVELAirn    f'fti 

IRON  MINING 


1"^^:.  f 


Miners  and  Dealers  in 


'i.jjt.zi- 


Lake  Superior  Iron  Or 


^I'rA: 


From  their  Iron  Mountains,  at  Marquette,  Lake  Superior,      * 

OFFICE  AT  CLEVELAND,  OHIO. 
■  <^>  ■ 


William  J.  Gordon .Oleyeland. 

John  Outhwaite *• 

George  Worthington . . .  mwi        ** 
8.  D.  McMillan ,  «* 


T.  P.  Handy Clev 

Samuel  L.  Mather 

Isaac  N.  Judson New 

M.  L.  Hewitt Mar 


SAMUEL  L.  MATHER,  Secretary  and  Treasurer.  -^  - vr .  ^^ 


i\  >>■ 


.  t*. 


WILLIAM  J.  GOEDON,  Pr«ri. 


^'ir^«<i«*^i"H'»  .i»mni»niwtiwini»«^!. 


i? 


r£sJ 


50,  Bee': 


Goodricj 

Goodrii 

DutcherJ 

iddis. 

Hooker. 

Tallma 


r 


t 


/ 


.Ciey 
.Mar 


I 


I 


"1^ 


It    •■^;' 


^^ ' '-. .  ■■  ^. 

'   ,  ^  ■  ^' 

•--. .  ^f^-. 

"-;  ,■' 

■   ,         ',,1    : 

'         ^ 

'  .- 

V  ■■■. 

'i 

.     -«:  ^ 

'•■    .•% 

•  ■. 

■••7  < 

A:- 

■f;. 

-;-5 

>,^J« 


s.  *' 


^- 


■■"""^ 


1  ■■ 


•'*1 


,<>i^3e3lt!M*^lil«l#A«««i«ltW«9^^ 


anMBManB 


9h 


.'Mi 


ki 


-mmmm 

,r  ,  Ui'd    Mivfrl  Sflllfitifi 


•>(! 


Il|(i 


'■'"••  H>y,,j.,-  «""".</.</  ^,   (milim,  :l  MlU.OOn  Si,    Mr 


iJoi' 


ua'*^ 


-.^J:^'-^- 


TaI""''-''  h..„,     "^V- 


I^C","*  r/»  rfffiy 


lluilil.ih,!     /'•^ 


8  1 


;'  '*  ,• 


A 


A^^     "??  '*»'-««//j 


'i^. 


J ''"r' 


//" 


.v^/A 


''-A-nf.„ 


Irif*!; 


»*" 


III,/,/,,,,,/ 

v"iM;»tli>iu  V! 


l.i'.i,™/"  \  f  II,, 


/TTTTT 


L'   ,i.(i-.v"--'"/'      •*'"«r. 


•  ■!■ 


''•••in 
''•■••'•ri/ ft/,,a- 

r/^i- 


A 


Q 


n 


/ 


l/nr,;. 


^"Ai 


^' 


•''briiHfc, 


'*<< 


'UowK. 


PI 

■y 


l*t>liti;i 


(Pia»«iii, 


K.-.v.-ll.. 


/ 


^. 


'y^X    .  "rJ-^k'A 


;    "''T'rnul^^'^ 


t'"'>/ 


\.SIi.-ll.>-»i«,v, 


Mmi-vIi/iJ 


JA/i,///,/.J 
^/,t,,r/t.vii//i 

.11.1111. 


nTij^liiiiii 
S',t,,,ti„ 


■■■I'lillH. 


/  f^i'K'f'VaW        *-'-f,>^'^      -\,.^v^u.i 


.»/.-,,..-//,    "ii;-r 


.'  /Ar>Mb> 


^re-- 


^  tijtfjtfniai  i:       a*^*-"""'; 


!)(i 


;)4 


92 


no 


.Ml|,iiiii>.|d 


on 


?n,.:*,„,;'  -^i; 


ll'iyr.i'li.ii 


KlV('iIiiiii;i 


H*i 


k    1,111  .Ir"       1J77(ii«    "  -   ■■ 

W.»„  A.  ■''.'■ 


fn  ^niit 


„,,^.. 


7\-T \  -.L.iifC    7^""'-    T  *"r''*'i'' JTn  '-'fel-,  ra^ 


-fr: 


ff«v 


Il■lL«^ 


\ 


ttn-l.iir 


1        t  K.-i.ti.iir      1  jWrri.iu(     5   T^V'T"»''"''*T'        <„.,.l,.ni 


■^S(||Cl,^•!•l""-*'"  ^<« 


■{.Hffiii'i". 


.,>'■' 


I 

I 


3'"""'.*>  ^f"! 


i.„;..i.i..M'' 


111 \\{5;i>»<'>    s 
^vi'^iViiii 


1.-  l'*^. 


jJrilMUSIUli 


H,uJuUUUIll''K^ 


HnvttlvS 


,> — 


'  V  li  I   I         I 


Kli 


R\ 


(IL' 


7t'> 


r'.M<„ 


ir 


,^ 


<y 


Av.-.".. ..,■'• 


ft**' 


<^(tnind£S      I'Hlom-^ 


"•'        Mir  ^Mu  ' 


/•  I  „ 


Tf'" 


f'.'illin    |,,^l 


mJn.t 


Vr  I  Vi ' 


r  s  (^ 


■    "/a5 


(    1/   *    I*    « 


y„sfllli-'l 


lli,,/>l<trn/  ^1^ 


«^^ 


rr i».  ■  -V  \  i^etimiMy*!    iOr*^TT 


_     Vl"'T.rrt->*- Jv 
#fr  .1''  Siuiilbi'  i 

'A'    A  tUfHIttW 


1^.        /jl^  ^y  tfft  I 


^•/ ""  <J''  „'i^' 


.:2^'C: 


iiiii-nt'"'"    ', 


tffW 


r  <  itiiiuuiii   /    viiirii.v. 

S    *  I        /        \ '''" 

I  ■  C  5)  <:iHil/iilli. 

I         ^     j\,.Sll..r4; 


ly^^'^fl-^^    ...rtilj 

i^?Hill 

ir/v''""'/v'''^" 

i;.nfcr 

•'/../,.„ 

I  /-:^'""'"^'&!^  -^''"M? 

,                    no 

■tn;tt.-u  fit  fc  l'lii.lini|..'!(»li  V         ^- 

,11,./  ftW' '""'  -<*^       V"':"""'   in-^flft^Tw-iT 


%iUil> 


N  liny- '■■■"'           ,,ni|iViiir»»> — 
-'      n,\ ri,ns^>"       I 

\r\rnsia\\  Hi-"**' 


>il   .'..I.;.!!.!  _      . 

/■^  Is  ..         1 

/  \        i';^  ^^^  !  i-#*»limi:i 


fW 


«« 


Si 


